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Short Version :. 11. Rotational Vectors & Angular Momentum 短版:. 11

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1 Short Version :. 11. Rotational Vectors & Angular Momentum 短版:. 11

2 11.1. Angular Velocity & Acceleration Vectors 角速度和加速度向量
Right-hand rule右手法則 Angular acceleration vector 角加速度向量: changes direction 改變方向  //     //   

3 11.2. Torque & the Vector Cross Product 力距和向量交叉乘積
手指捲過來 Right hand rule右手法則 拇指 cross product交叉乘積 從紙面出來

4 Cross Product 交叉乘積  Cross product C of vectors A & B: 向量 A & B 的叉積 C:
= area of A-B parallelogram . = A-B 平行四邊形的面積。 Given by right-hand rule, 由右手法則决定, is a vector  A-B plane. 是個  A-B 平面的向量 Dot product C of vectors A & B: 向量 A & B 的點積 C : Properties of cross product 叉積的性質 : Distributive 分配性 Anti-commutative 反交換性 NOT associative 不具结合性 B is a vector in the A-B plane and  A. 是個在 A-B 平面上的向量,且 A 。 A A × ( A × B )

5

6 11.3. Angular Momentum 角動量 Linear momentum: 線動量: Angular momentum:
角動量: particle 粒子 rigid body with axis of rotation along principal axis 剛體,主軸為轉軸 general case, I a tensor. 廣泛情況, I 為張量。  L &  can have different directions. L &  的方向可不同。 In terms of I defined in chap 10 : 以第十章所定義的 I 來說:

7 Example 11.1. Single Particle 單一粒子
A particle of mass m moves CCW at speed v around a circle of radius r in the x-y plane. 一質量為 m 的粒子以速率 v 繞着 x-y 面上一個半徑為 r 的圓圈依反時針方向走。 Find its angular momentum about the center of the circle, 求它對圓心的角動量, express the answer in terms of its angular velocity. 答案以其角速度表示。

8 Torque & Angular Momentum 力距和角動量
System of particles: 一組粒子: rotational analog of 2nd law. 第二定律的轉動比照。

9 11.4. Conservation of Angular Momentum 角動量的守恆
質量靠近軸: I 小, 大, L = I  一樣 Rotating Stool with Weights 旋轉座椅與重物

10 Conceptual Example 11.1. Playground 旋轉台
A merry-go-round is rotating freely when a boy runs straight toward the center & leaps on. 一個旋轉台在自由轉動時,一男孩畢直地朝中心奔走並跳上。 Later, a girl runs tangentially in the same direction as the merry-go-round also leaps on. 稍後,一女孩順着轉台的轉向,朝切線方向跳上。 Does the merry-go-round’s speed increase, decrease, or stays the same in each case? 在每種情況下,轉台的轉速是增加,減少,還是不變? Boy 男孩 Girl 女孩 Lb = 0   L = 0  L = Lg I = Im + Ib    I = Im + Ig  ?

11 Making the Connection 連起來
A merry-go-round of radius R = 1.3 m has rotational inertia I = 240 kg m2 & is rotating freely at 1 = 11 rpm. 一個旋轉台的半徑 R = 1.3 m ,轉動慣量 I = 240 kg m2 ,且正以 1 = 11 rpm 轉動。 A boy of mass mb = 28 kg runs straight toward the center at vb = 2.5 m/s & leaps on. 一質量 mb = 28 kg 的男孩畢直地朝中心以 vb = 2.5 m/s 的速度跳上。 At the same time, a girl of mass mg = 32 kg, running tangentially at speed vg = 3.7 m/s in the same direction as the merry-go-round also leaps on. 在同一時間,一質量 mg = 32 kg 的女孩順着轉台的轉向,以 vg = 3.7 m/s 朝切線方向跳上。 Find the new angular speed 2 once both children are seated on the rim. 求兩孩子在邊緣坐下來後,新的角速率 2 。 Before : After :

12 Demonstration of Conservation of Angular Momentum 角動量守恆示範
倒過來 靜止 Rotating Stool & Bicycle Wheel

13 11.5. Gyroscopes & Precession 陀螺儀和進動
Gyroscope: spinning object whose rotational axis is fixed in space. 陀螺儀:自轉中的物體,其轉軸在空間內固定不變。 External torque required to change axis of rotation 改變轉軸需靠外加力距 Higher spin rate  larger L  harder to change orientation 自轉較快  L 較大  改變方向較難 Usage 用途: Navigation 航行。 Missile & submarine guidance. 飛彈和潛艇導航。 Cruise ships stabilization. 郵輪的平衡。 Space-based telescope like Hubble. 太空望遠鏡,如哈伯。 Gyroscopic Stability 陀螺儀穩性

14 Precession 進動(旋進) Precession: Continuous change of direction of rotation axis, which traces out a circle. 進動:轉軸不停地改變方向,劃出一個圓來。 輸出軸 自轉軸 輸入軸 Gyroscope with Adjustable Weights 附可調重垂的陀螺儀

15 Rate of Precession 進動(旋進)速率
Precession occurs if   L. 如果   L 即會進動。 z L precesses CCW around z. L 逆時針繞 z 進動。 For L constant: L 不變: y x    const Rate of precession : 進動速率:

16 “Torqueless” Precession “無力距”進動
r v v r L is conserved. L 守恆。 Only L// is conserved.祇有 L// 守恆。 Precession is due to torque caused by centripetal force. 進動由向心力的力距引起。 “Torqueless” Precession “無力距”進動

17 Earth’s Precession 地球的進動
13,000 年後 現時 地球 太陽 Earth’s precession (period ~ 26,000 y ) 地球的進動 ( 週期約26,000年 ) The equatorial bulge is highly exaggerated. 赤道處的鼓脹是故意誇大。

18 Perfect sphere 完美的球  = 0  = 0 Oblate spheroid 扁球體  < 
The equatorial bulge is highly exaggerated. 赤道處的鼓脹是故意誇大。

19 GOT IT 懂嗎? You push horizontally at right angles to the shaft of a spinning gyroscope. 一個陀螺正在自旋。你沿水平朝垂直於它轉軸的方向推。 Does the shaft move 轉軸會 upward, (a) 朝上, downward, (b) 朝下, in the direction you push, (c) 朝你推的方向, opposite the direction you push? (d) 朝你推的相反方向走?

20 Bicycling 騎腳踏車 Looking down at bike. 朝下看腳踏車 Direction of bike’s motion
腳踏車走的方向 L+  t wheel 輪子 Wheel turns 輪子轉向 L Biker leans 騎士倚過去 points into paper 指入紙面 L //   wheel turns to biker’s left 輪子轉向騎士的左邊


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