非谓语动词的句法功能.

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1 非谓语动词的句法功能

2 一 作主语 A . 不定式 To see is to believe. (强调具体行动更强调一次性) B. –ing Seeing is believing. 眼见为实 (一般行为) C. the+过去分词 表一类人 The injured were sent to hospital.

3 常用不定式的惯用句 1. It is + adj. +to do sth
eg: It is not safe to drink the polluted water. It is + adj.+ of sb to do sth for sb to do sth eg: It is kind of him to help. ( He is kind.) It is impossible for him to help us. ( He is impossible. x)

4 常用不定式的惯用句 2. It is a/ an +n (crime, mistake, pity, shame, good idea) + to do sth eg: It is an offence to take photos here. 3. It takes + …to do sth eg: It would take years to rebuild the castle.

5 常用-ing的惯用句 1. It is no use /good waiting for him.
2. My sister’s falling ill worried my mother greatly. 逻辑主语　形容词性物主代词 　　　　　 名词所有格

6 二 作表语 Ａ.不定式 说明主语的内容表具体某次动作或即将发生的动作．
二　作表语 Ａ.不定式　 说明主语的内容表具体某次动作或即将发生的动作． 1. My hobby is to collect old coins. The “to” is optional in sentences such as: The only thing to do / we can do is (to) write to him. All we can do is to write to him. 2. Our aim is to build China into a powerful, modern socialist country.

7 Ｂ. –ing 主语常是表示事物或动作的名词－说明主语的内容（动名词） Her job is teaching English. 主语常是表示事物的名词－表示主语所具有的特征（现在分词） The news is exciting. Ｃ. 过去分词－ 表示主语所处的状态主语常是表示人的名词 　　I am married.

8 三　作宾语 Ａ. 不定式 　某些动词后面要接不定式作宾语:intend, decide, wish, want, refuse, promise等 　注意：help (to) do sth 在expect, mean, intend, want, like, prefer, hate等之后 +there to be eg: People don’t want there to be another war.

9 B. –ing 1. 某些动词后要接 –ing作宾语：admit, avoid, dislike, mind, finish, practise, enjoy, imagine, suggest, feel like, can’t help, delay, consider, etc We don’t mind him explaining the problem again.（逻辑主语常由名词或代词也可用名词所有格形容词性物主代词） 2.某些介词词组之后： be fond of, look forward to , be sorry for, what /how about , insist on, have difficulty in, be for / against, be interested in, without, give up, keep on

10 两种形式都可以但意义不同 remember to do sth forget to do sth remember doing sth forget doing sth mean to do sth try to do sth mean doing sth try doing sth stop to do sth go on to do sth stop doing sth go on doing sth regret to do sth be afraid to do sth regret doing sth be afraid of doing sth

11 两种形式意义相同但用法不同 start /begin to do doing sth (1.动词表心理活动,如realize,understand等用不定式； 2.begin与start 的进行时态后只接不定式； 3.主语为无生命物用不定式It began to thunder) need * sth. require doing/ to be done want sth.主语（表物） * be worth doing

12 常用不定式的惯用语： ① We think it impossible to finish the work so soon.
形式宾语 (常见动词： believe, consider, find, discover) ② 动词 （ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn, show, wonder等）+ how/ what/ when等疑问词 + to do eg: He discovered how to open the safe. ③ but/ except (prep.) + to do sth./ do sth. eg: He has no choice but to lie down and sleep. He has nothing to do but lie down and sleep. not… but 连词词组，表示对比或强调 They decide not to visit other places but to remain where their were.

13 四、作宾语补足语 A. 不定式 （宾语为动作的执行者） ① 某些动词之后加带to的不定式作宾补：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, except, get等。 * promise sb. to do sth. （由主语去做的动作） His mother promised (him) to buy him a big cake for his birthday. ② 某些动词之后加不带to的不定式做宾补: make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel, listen to, look at等。 * 被动句式中需添回to He was seen to play by the river.

14 B. –ing （宾语为动作的执行者） 某些动词之后加-ing作宾补: see, hear, notice, watch, observe, feel, listen to, look at, make, have, get, find, keep, leave, catch等。 get the car going, get the engine running catch/ find sb. doing sth. smell something burning see sb. do sth. 看见事物的全过程，目的在于仅仅说明发生了该件事（或 动作已经完成，或经常性动作）。 see sb. doing sth. : 正在进行的动作的一部分，目的是将该动作当时进行的情景呈现于读者之前。

15 C. 过去分词 （宾语为动作的承受者） The mother found all the clothes washed. have… done ① He has had his hair cut. ② He has had his leg broken. The boy tried his best to make himself understood with his broken English. leave the work undone/ half-done keep the door locked

16 五、作定语 A. 不定式 （表将来要发生的动作） This is the doctor to operate on the patient. B. –ing A parcel weighing half a ton has just been delivered. which weighs half a ton (主动式表被动) ① 表示所修饰的名词的作用与用途 （动名词） a swimming pool ② 表所修饰的名词的动作（现在分词）两者逻辑上是主谓关系 a swimming fish *强调正在进行的动作 The doctor operating on the patient is doctor Li. 常用-ing作定语的惯用句： peace-loving people English-speaking country spoken English

17 C. 过去分词 ① 不及物动词的过去分词作定语，表示动作的完成 fallen leaves 落叶 returned students 归国留学生 newly arrived visitors 新到的客人 ② 及物动词的过去分词作定语，表示被动及动作的完成。(与所修饰的词是一种动宾的逻辑关系) cold boiled water 冷开水 developed country

18 常用不定式作定语的惯用句： ① 用于the first, the second etc… the last, the only之后 He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 如果没有主谓关系，则用不定式的被动式。 见身份判断： Do you have any letters to be typed? (打信并不是“you”) (问老板) Do you have any letters to type? (问打字员)

19 ② 用于名词、代词之后 I have a letter to write. ( write a letter.) Have you got anything to say? ( say anything) a table to write on a tool to open it with someone to talk to a restaurant to eat in ( of something to eat ) 不定式作定语，与前面的名词或代词有动宾关系，又和句中另一名词或代词有主谓关系时，用主动式。 Give me some books to read.

20 ③ “there + be + n./ pron. + to do” construction
There is plenty to do. (There is plenty we can do.) *表“责任”时，用被动式。 There is plenty of work to be done. we must do. ④ 在某些名词之后：ability, decision, desire, determination, promise, plan, failure, offer, attempt等。 He prides himself on his ability to speak French. Their offer/ plan/ promise to rebuild the town was not taken seriously.

21 ※与所修饰的词是一种动宾的逻辑关系 ①过去分词的一般式（已经完成的）
The patient operated on will soon be allowed to go home. ②不定式的被动式（即将发生的） The patient to be operated on is Mr. Smith. ③-ing 的被动式（正在进行的）being done The patient being operated on is Mr. Smith. The patient having been operated on is Mr. Smith.(×) → The patient operated on is Mr. Smith.(√)

22 六.作状语 1.目的状语 A.不定式 (not) to do, in order (not) to do
so as (not) to(不用于句首) ※与only的连用,表达”意外与失望”, 表结果指未曾预料的结果 I went to see him only to find him out. She stood up to be seen better. B. –ing go swimming, go fishing, go shopping, go boating

23 2.结果状语 A.不定式 ① to do sth表结果指未曾预料的结果
Eg: He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. He went to Africa in 1963, never to be heard from again.

24 ② too adj/adv to do; adj/adv enough to do; so adj a n
② too adj/adv to do; adj/adv enough to do; so adj a n.as to do; such a adj n. as to do She is so good a student as to be loved by everyone. He moved away from his parents and missed them too much to enjoy the exciting life in New York. He is old enough to go to school. He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked.(他确实没有锁车门.) He was foolish enough to leave his car unlocked.(他就是这样的人,笨到没锁车门.—动作是否发生,我们不清楚.)

25 ※too ready/willing/glad/delighted/anxious to do 非常乐意,愿意…
表请求句式: Would you be so kind as to do me a favour? B. –ing The fish will eat a person in ten minutes, leaving only bones.

26 3. 原因状语 不定式 She was happy to hear the good news.
B. –ing形式(与句中的主语是主谓的逻辑关系) 一般式 Smelling good, the dish was eaten up in no time. ( The dish smells good.) 完成式 Having heard the news about her father, Lucie felt very happy. 否定式 Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. Without being timed, none of us tried our best in the running.

27 C. 过去分词(与句中的主语是动宾的逻辑关系)
Greatly inspired by the teacher’s words, I have made up my mind to work at English even harder. 老师的话对我鼓舞很大, 我下定决心更努力的学习英语.

28 表示被动意义的主动结构 1.某些连系动词,如smell; taste; feel; sound; prove等
Cotton feels soft. (adj) 2.某些用来表示主语内在品质或性能的不及物动词,如shut; open; move; read; write; sell; wash; clean; catch; draw; cut; photograph等 The book sells well. (adv)

29 3.某些表”发生(happen/take place), 爆发(break out) 和传播(spread)”的不及物动词
4.某些可用于”主＋谓＋主补(adj)”结构中的不及物动词,如wear; blow等 This material has worn thin. The door blew open. 5.不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系时 He had an important meeting to attend. 6.在be＋adj＋to do English is difficult to learn.

30 7. be to blame/seek/let The house is to let.这房子是要出租的. The cause is not far to seek.原因不难找到. I felt I was to blame, too.我觉得我也应受责备. 8.sth. need/want/require doing 9.be worth doing

31 4.时间状语 -ing On arriving in Paris, they called at the wine shop.
Having received their final medical check, the astronauts boarded their spacecraft. 在接受最后的身体检查后,宇航员边登上了太空船. (The astronauts received their final medical check.

32 B. 过去分词 Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. 发现这个句子译成英文后词序完全不同了． （The sentence was translated into English.) 与连词连用 Once published, the book caused a remarkable stir.轰动 John, don’t speak until spoken to.

33 5.方式，伴随情况或附加说明状语 -ing He came running back to tell us the news.
他跑着回来告诉我们这个消息． Some students came into the classroom, following Mr. Zhang. He stopped as if remembering something. 与连词连用 B.过去分词 Mr. Zhang came into the classroom, followed by a group of students.

34 6.程度状语 A.不定式 （修饰形容词）用主动式表被动 The sentence is difficult to understand.
B.-ing放在具有相关意义的形容词之前作强调 freezing(冰冻似的)/biting(刺骨的) cold burning/boiling/steaming hot soaking(湿透的) wet dazzling(耀眼的) white dead drunk; wide open; bright red tearing(心碎的，激烈的) angry C.过去分词　　damned pretty 美死了

35 7.条件状语 --ing Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
Given more time, we could do it much better. If left alone on a desert island(荒岛), what would you do first?

36 8.让步状语 –ing Granting this to be true, we cannot explain it. B. 过去分词
Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. Even if invited, I won’t go.

37 With复合结构 ①With a lot of things to buy, she hurried to the supermarket.
②With a lot of things bought, she left the supermarket. ③The old man sat there, with his dog sleeping beside him. ④He sat there on the sofa, (with) a map spread on his knees. ⑤He lay there, (with) his hands crossed behind his head. ⑥He walked into the room, with his head held high.

38 ※常见错误:无依着分词结构 ①When carrying a gun, it should never be pointed at anyone. → When carrying a gun, you should never point it at anyone. ②Rushing out of the house, a lorry knocked me over. → Rushing out of the house, I was knocked over by a lorry.

39 ③Mailed late, we may not receive the postcards before the New Year.
→ Mailed late, the postcards may not be received before the New Year. ④Revised by the experts, we can print the book. → Revised by the experts, the book can be printed.

40 非谓语动词的主动与被动形式 主动形式 被动形式 to do 一般式 to be done 不定式 不定式 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be writing 完成进行式 to have been writing ing形式 being done 一般式 doing having been done 完成式 having done 过去分词 done

41 独立主格结构 不定式 To tell you the truth,… To cut a long story short,…
To be honest,… To be fair ( to sb. ),… To be perfectly frank,… To make matters worse,…

42 -ing Generally / Honestly / Strictly speaking,… Judging from,… Talking of music,… It being a fine day, I went swimming with Tom. There being no pen, I had to write it with a pencil. Weather permitting, we will go camping tomorrow. Without the teacher timing us, none of us tried our best in the running.

43 -ed The work done, we felt relieved. (松一口气） Her eyes dimmed with tears, she didn’t see him come in. （泪水模糊了她的双眼）