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社会研究方法 第二讲:理论与研究
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提纲 什么是理论?理论的构成要素? 理论与研究的关系:两种推理方式 理论建构和理论检验
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理论的层次:针对不同层次的社会现象,理论 可以分为 宏观理论(macro-level) 中观/中层理论(meso-level)
一. 什么是理论 对社会现象的系统解释 理论的层次:针对不同层次的社会现象,理论 可以分为 宏观理论(macro-level) 中观/中层理论(meso-level) 微观理论(micro-level)
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举出一些你所熟悉和了解的理论 马克思主义理论 韦伯对资本主义兴起的理论 世界体系理论 Impact of social capital in neighborhoods on crime Micro-mobilization theory
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韦伯的资本主义发展理论 (Collins, Randell. 1980
韦伯的资本主义发展理论 (Collins, Randell “Weber’s Last Theory of Capitalism”. American Sociological Review 45. )
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Goodwin, Jeff, and Theda Skocpol. 1989
Goodwin, Jeff, and Theda Skocpol "Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World”. Politics and Society 17:
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理论的基本要素
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理论的组成 概念,变量,指标
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举例:民主的测量 Polity IV Project( 对全世界167个政体从1800年至2012年的民主程度进行打分,分数从 -10到 + 10之间,分数越高代表民主程度越高。 它使用五个指标来测量一个国家的民主程度: 政治参与的竞争性、 政治参与的规范性、 行政雇用的竞争性、 行政雇用的公开性 对最高行政长官的约束
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变量的分类 因变量(dependent variable):由于其他变量的变化而导致自身 发生变化的变量,用y表示
自变量(independent variable):引起其他变量变化的变量, 用x表示 中介变量(intervening variable):处于复杂因果链中的,在自 变量与因变量的联系中处于二者之间的位置,表明自变量影响 因变量的一种方式或途径。
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练习
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Using data collected between 1957 and 1978, from 15 samples of adults, Professor Rodgers (1982 Social Forces) found that (1) the average level of happiness reported by people under 65 years of age declined from 1957 to For this same group, the average level of happiness increased slightly from 1970 to (2) The average level of happiness reported by people age 65 and older increased from 1957 to A(the) variable(s) in this study is(are) a. aged 65 and older b. less than age 65 c. age d. age 65 e. all of these choices are variables
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A study reported in American Sociological Review (1994) was entitled "Race Differences in Sexual Activity Among Adolescent Women." The independent variable was probably a. Sexual activity b. Adolescence c. There is no independent variable d. Women e. Race
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命题(proposition)指的是关于概念间关系的 陈述。 假设是一种有关变量间关系的尝试性陈述,有 待检验。
命题与假设 命题(proposition)指的是关于概念间关系的 陈述。 假设是一种有关变量间关系的尝试性陈述,有 待检验。
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假设提出的方式有1)条件式陈述: 如果A, 则B。 例如
Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory。John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald。American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 82, No. 6 (May, 1977), pp hypothesis 1: As the amount of discretionary resources of mass and elite publics increases, the absolute and relative amount of resources available to the SMS increases. 2)函数式:A=fx (B ) 举例: wage=f(edu,exper, training) 3)差异式:A不同,B 也不同。例如,年龄不同的 人,生活方式也不同。
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二. 理论与研究的关系 (华莱士的科学环 -《社会学中的科学逻辑》)
演绎逻辑和理论检验 (左边):从一般性 的理论出发,推出假 设,然后到现实中去 观察收集资料,以检 验这种一般性理论。 归纳逻辑和理论构建 (左边): 从具体的 观察结果推导出一般 性的规律。
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练习
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Sally begins to think about the grades she receives for class participation. Recalling her prior semester she writes down that she received a 10/10 from Ms. Smith and a 9/10 from Ms. Baxter, 4/10 from Mr. Cagney, 3/10 from Mr. Wiley and 10/10 from Ms. Dona. Examining the list she realizes that she spoke a lot in classes with Smith, Baxter and Dona and very little in her other two classes. She also notices that the classes in which she spoke have female instructors and that she rarely spoke in the two classes with male instructors. She then begins to list all her college courses, the gender of the professor and whether or not she spoke in class. She notices that she tends to speak in classes where the instructor is female and rarely speaks when the instructor is male and that her class participation grades are higher when she speaks more. Sally is using a. Inductive reasoning(归纳) b. Qualitative analysis c. Deductive reasoning(演绎) d. Ordinary human inquiry
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理论与研究的双向互动关系
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三. 理论建构和理论检验 以归纳推理为标志的理论建构过程:从观察到概括(提出经验 概括),再从概括到理论(试图进行解释)。
以演绎推理为特征的理论检验过程:
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三. 理论建构和理论检验 以演绎推理为特征的理论检验过程:
竞争假设competing hypothesis, 需要通过理论建议来 选择一种最好的解释。 理论检验的步骤: 详细说明待检验的理论。 由理论演绎出一组命题。 将命题操作化为假设 收集资料 分析资料 评价理论
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