Translation Skills 翻译技巧

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1 Translation Skills 翻译技巧
Section5-6

2 Chapter 5 Repetition 重复法
重复法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的词是上文刚出现过的词。翻译和写作一样，本应力求简练，尽量省略一些可有可无的词；但有时为了明确、强调或生动，却往往需要将一些关键性的词加以重复。

3 Chapter 5 Repetition 重复法
一、为了明确 （一）重复名词 1. 重复英语中作宾语的名词 1）Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations. 我们来修订安全规则和卫生规则吧 2）They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy. 他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情 2. 重复英语中作表语的名词 1）He became an oil baron -- all by himself. 他成为一个石油大王——一个白手起家的石油大王 3）John is your friend as much as he is mine. 约翰既是你的朋友，又是我的朋友。

4 Chapter 5 Repetition 重复法
3. 重复英语前置词短语前所省略的名词 英语中常重复使用前置词，而将第二个、第三个前置词前的名词省略，翻译时则往往要把此名词重复。 1）The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients. 医生从我身上得到的实践，会比从1700个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。 2）The story of Jurgis is a story of groans and tears, of poor human beings destfoyed by the capitalist industrial machine. 尤吉斯的故事是一篇充满呻吟和泪水的故事，是资本主义工业机器摧残不幸的人们的故事

5 Chapter 5 Repetition 重复法
4. 重复英语中作先行词的名词 英语定语从句常用关系词引导，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个先行词（名词或代词），一方面在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系词，往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。 1）They have staged demonstrations and sit-ins and distributed petitions which inevitably find their way to foreign correspondents posted in Moscow. 他们举行了示威游行和静坐，散发了请愿书，而这些请愿书必定会传到驻莫斯科的外国记者手中 2）Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity. 水可由能量来分解，所谓能量也就是电流

6 Chapter 5 Repetition 重复法
（二）重复动词 1. 英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中往往要重复这个动词。 1）Is he a friend or an enemy? 他是个朋友呢，还是个仇人？ 2）The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too. 这一下不仅震痛了他的手，也震痛了他的肩膀 3）For a good ten minutes, he cursed me and my brother. 足足有十分钟，他既骂我，又骂我的兄弟

7 Chapter 5 Repetition 重复法
2. 英语句子中动词后有前置词时，在第二次第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在译文中则要重复动词以代替英语中重复的前置词。 1）We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other -- of everything but our host and hostess. 我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况——谈到一切，只是不谈我们的男女主人。 3）He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength. 他不再梦见风涛，不再梦见惊人的遭遇，也不再梦见大鱼、搏斗和角力。

8 Chapter 5 Repetition 重复法
（三）重复代词 1. 英语中用代词的地方，翻译时往往可按汉语习惯重复其所代替的名词。 1）Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears. 杰西睁开眼睛，眼里充满了泪水 2）In China, they "made mistakes", suffered by them, acknowledged and studied them, thus planned victory. 在中国，他们“犯过错误”，吃过错误的亏，承认错误，研究错误，从而制定了胜利的方针。

9 Chapter 5 Repetition 重复法
2. 英语中用物主代词its，his，their等等以代替句中作主语的名词（有时附有修饰语）时，翻译时往往可以不用代词而重复其作主语的名词（有时附有修饰语），以达到明确具体的目的。 1）Happy families also had their own troubles. 幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。 2）Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 强国有强国的策略，小国也有小国的路线。

10 Chapter 5 Repetition 重复法
3. 英语中强势关系代词或强势关系副词whoever，whenever，wherever等等，翻译时往往使用重复法处理。 1）Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized. 谁犯了纪律，谁就应该受到批评。 2）Wherever severe oppression existed, there would be revolution. 哪里有残酷的压迫，哪里就有革命。 4. 英语用some ... and others ...(some ..., others ...)连用的句子，译成汉语时主语往往是谓语重复形式的“的”字结构，有时也可以用“有的……，有的……”句式。 1）Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside. 上大学的，上大学了，下乡的，下乡了。（=有的上大学了，有的下乡了。） 2）Some played soccer and others played basketball. 踢足球的，踢足球去了，打篮球的，打篮球去了。（=有的踢足球去了，有的打篮球去了。

11 Chapter 5 Repetition 重复法
二． 为了强调 （一）英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以保持同样的词的重复。英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复，译成汉语时对仗句一般可以保持同样的词的重复。 1.Dead is the monarch, dead the servant who cringed before him, dead the city in which they dwelt. 君主死了，在他面前卑躬屈膝﹑阿谀奉承的侍臣死了，他们居住的这个都城也死了。 2.Eye for eye, tooth for tooth. 以眼还眼，以牙还牙。

12 Chapter 5 Repetition 重复法
（二）英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以用同义词重复之。 1. During their stay in Peking, they visited some old friends of theirs, visited Peking University and visited the Great Wall. 他们在北京逗留期间，拜访了几个老朋友，参观了北京大学，游览了长城。

13 Chapter 5 Repetition 重复法
三、为了生动活泼 英语原文中及时没有此的重复，翻译是为了使译文生动，又是也会采用下列各种重复手段。、 （一）运用叠词重复 1. The rain falls in drops. 雨淅淅沥沥地下着。 2. I wasn’t evasive in my reply. 我的回答并不躲躲闪闪。 （二）运用两个四字词组 He showed himself calm in an emergency situation. 他在情况危急时，态度从容，镇定自若。 （三）运用四字对偶词组 If this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful period for the few. 多数人兴高采烈之日，却是少数人伤心失意之时。

14 Exercises 1. Students must be cultivated to have the ability to analyze and solve problems. 2. They would be very reluctant to postpone or cancel the meeting. 3. The prisoner often got into argument with each other or with the guard 4. We have hearts and loves and wishes and memories and fear, just as you have. 5. He gave ma a book which I kept to this day.

15 Exercises 1. Students must be cultivated to have the ability to analyze and solve problems. 必须培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。 2. They would be very reluctant to postpone or cancel the meeting. 他们不太愿意推迟这个会议或者取消这个会议。 3. The prisoner often got into argument with each other or with the guard 囚犯们常常互相争吵，或者同看守争吵。 4. We have hearts and loves and wishes and memories and fear, just as you have. 我们有心灵、有爱情、有欲望、有恐惧，恰和你们一样。 5. He gave ma a book which I kept to this day. 他曾经送给我一本书。这本书我一直保存至今。

16 Exercises 6. Is he a friend or an enemy?
7. You can do that work very well if you care to. 8. We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other—of everything. 9. Work while you work, play while you play. 10. Happy families also had their own troubles.

17 Exercises 6. Is he a friend or an enemy? 他是个朋友呢，还是个敌人？
7. You can do that work very well if you care to. 如果你肯做那项工作，你就能做得更很好。 8. We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other—of everything. 我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况——谈到所有的一切事情。 9. Work while you work, play while you play. 工作时工作，游戏时游戏。 10. Happy families also had their own troubles. 幸福家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。

18 Chapter 6 11. Each had his own business to handle.
12. What we want, first and foremost, is to learn, to learn and to learn. 13. There was no cheer, no comfort, no happy memory in it. 14. The balloon rose up slowly into the air. 15. It’s interesting to watch many boats going up and down the river

19 Chapter 6 11. Each had his own business to handle. 每个人都有每个人的事要处理。
12. What we want, first and foremost, is to learn, to learn and to learn. 我们首先需要的是学习、学习、再学习。 13. There was no cheer, no comfort, no happy memory in it. 没有欢乐，没有慰藉，没有幸福的回忆。 14. The balloon rose up slowly into the air. 气球冉冉升入空中。 15. It’s interesting to watch many boats going up and down the river 望着这么多的船只在河床上来来往往是很有趣的。

20 实用英语翻译技能学习 投诉信的翻译 （一)常用句型 1. We regret to say that--- 我们深感遗憾---
2. We shall be glad to have our explanation of ---, and also know what you purpose to do in the matter. 我们希望贵公司能对---加以说明， 同时希望知道贵公司的处理办法。 3. On examination of the above, we found--- 经过检验我们发现--- 4. The company is in the position to indemnify them for the loss. 我公司自会对本次损失负全部责任并予以赔偿。 5. Please let us have a marketable lot in exchange for them. 请给我们发运畅销货物，我们会将原货寄回。

21 实用英语翻译技能学习 6. We are informing you that when this case was deliver to your carriers, it was a full and sound case. 当我们将本箱交给贵公司的承运人时，该箱货物完整无缺，特此声明。 7. We shall be pleased to make you a special allowance of--- 我公司同意给予贵公司每箱---的折扣。 8. We fully appreciate your position in the matter. If possible, we will do our utmost to--- 我们十分了解贵公司在此事中的立场。如果可能，我们将尽力--- 9. We regret that you should have to complain of--- 很遗憾贵公司认为---存在问题 10. Measures have been taken to--- 本公司已采取各种措施---

22 实用英语翻译技能学习 (二)投诉信的翻译 Dear Mr. More,
I can not understand why there are so many mistakes in our billing recently. Is there any way this situation can be corrected？ I’m sure you will agree that a little more care and accuracy on the part of your accounting department will benefit both of us. Sincerely Yours Chang Ping

23 实用英语翻译技能学习 莫尔先生大鉴： 我们最近接到的账单错误甚多，不知何故。此种情形是否可以设法加以改善。我相信贵处会计部门今后会多加注意，免生错误，双方皆蒙其利，谅荷同意。 常平敬启

24 Chapter 6 Omission 减词法 由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方式、修辞手段等方面不同，在翻译过程中为了使译文更加精炼，更加符合语言表达习惯，有时需要省略部分词语，这就是减词法，也叫减译法。

25 Chapter 6 Omission 减词法 一、减译冠词 1. 不定冠词除了表示“一”这个数量概念外，其他情况下，英译汉时往往省略不译。
When I went to her office, she greeted me with a smile. 我走进她的办公室时，她微笑着跟我打招呼。 The repair stores are doing a good business. 这些修理店的生意不错。 2. 定冠词在英译汉时，如果名词前面不加上“这（那）个而语意仍然清楚明白了，可省略不译。 The sun is down. 太阳已经落山。 Don’t build castles in the air. 不要想些空中楼阁了（别想些不切实际的事了）。

26 Chapter 6 Omission 减词法 二、减译连词
汉语词语之间连词用得不多，其逻辑关系常常是隐含的，通过词语的次序来表示。但英语连接词用得比较多，因此在英译汉时，很多情况下不必把连词翻译出来。 1. Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 2. Men and women, old and young, all joined in planting trees. 那女老少都参加了植树活动。

27 Chapter 6 Omission 减词法 三、减译介词 （一）表示时间地点的介词
1. The people’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 1949年中华人民共和国成立。 2. In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal. 1956年7月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。 （二）有些与名词搭配的介词 1. I heard that you got an increase in salary last month. 我听说你上个月加薪了。 2. Are you still all right for money? 你的钱还够用么?

28 Chapter 6 Omission 减词法 四、减译代词 （一）省略作主语的人称代词
1. The more he tried to hide the crime, the more he revealed it.(前句和后句的主语相同） 他越是想掩盖他的罪行，就越会暴露。 2. We live and learn.（泛指英语人称） 活到老，学到老。 3. We are pleased to have receive your invitation to the opening ceremony of your company.（公文信函） 非常高兴收到你们寄来的公司开业典礼邀请。

29 Chapter 6 Omission 减词法 （二）省略作宾语的物主代词 1. I wash my face in the morning.
我早上洗脸。 2. Different metals differ in their conductivity. 不同的金属有不同的导电性能。 3. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。

30 Chapter 6 Omission 减词法 （三）省略非人称或强调句中的it.
1. It gave me much pleasure to hear of your recent success. 获悉你进来的成功我很高兴。 2. It is easy to tell one state from another. 把物质的一种状态从另一种状态中区别出来时容易的。 3. It is from the sun that we get heat and light. 正是从太阳那里我们得到了光和热。

31 Chapter 6 Omission 减词法 五、减译与具有动词意义的名词连接用的动词
1. He gave a great shout and ran out of the room. 他大喊一声，从房间里跑出来。 2. They had several rests on the way up to the mountain. 他们在上山的途中休息了几次。

32 练习 He was naturally proud and ambitious, but he was honest and
true, and always put the interest of his country before his own. Where there is a will, there is a way. We should never place our happiness in impossible things, nor our unhappiness in inevitable. Darkness found Rains ford, leg-weary, on a thickly wooded ridge.

33 练习 He was naturally proud and ambitious, but he was honest and
true, and always put the interest of his country before his own. 他生性高傲，有抱负，但却真诚正直，总是置国家利益于个人之上。（省略掉代词） Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。（省略掉连词） We should never place our happiness in impossible things, nor our unhappiness in inevitable. 我们不应将幸福寄希望于不可能的事情,也不为免不了的事情而不愉快。（省略掉介词） Darkness found Rains ford, leg-weary, on a thickly wooded ridge. 天黑了，雷恩斯福德拖着沉重的脚步到达林木繁茂的山脊。（省略掉动词）

34 练习 1. We live and learn. ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. He who hesitates is lost. 3. I can do it, and so can you. 4．Smoking is prohibited in public places. 5. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? ______________________________________________________________________________

35 练习 6. It has rained several days.
______________________________________________________________________________ 7. She covered her face with her hand as if to protect her eyes. 8. Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.