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动词的分类
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一、 动词的种类 (一)实义动词 (二)系动词 (三)助动词 (四)情态动词
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(一)实义动词: 有实在意义并能独立作谓语的动词。 分类:1.及物动词和不及物动词 2.延续性动词和短暂性动词
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1.及物动词和不及物动词 及物动词:后直接加宾语,如: read a book读书 wash clothes洗衣服 不及物动词:后加介词(to/at/of 等)加宾语,如: look at me 看我 listen to the music 听音乐 arrive in/at 到达
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延续性动词表示动作是可持续的,例: live, stay, study, work, keep, teach 等
2.延续性动词和短暂性动词 延续性动词表示动作是可持续的,例: live, stay, study, work, keep, teach 等 We have lived in China for many years. 我们居住在中国好多年了。 短暂性动词表示瞬间动作,动作刚发生便立即结束。例: buy, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, go, come, catch I have finished my homework. 我已经做完作业了。
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(二)系动词:(都可做实义动词) 有词义, 但是不能单独作谓语, 必须和 表语一起构成主系表结构。 分类:1. 状态系动词 2. 持续系动词
3. 感官系动词 4. 变化系动词
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1.状态系动词:be (am ,is ,are)动词, 表示主语 的状态。
含义:--是什么,---怎么样,--在哪里,如: 我在教室里。 Tom 和 Lily是好朋友。 Sally很漂亮。 我昨天在学校。
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2. 持续系动词:表示主语 持续保持状态keep; stay; remain
3. 感官系动词 :表示某物使人产生的感觉。后可接形容词。look 看起来, sound 听起来, smell 闻起来, taste 尝起来, feel 感觉起来,如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 This flower smells very sweet. 这花闻起来很香。
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4. 变化系动词 :表示主语变成什么样。 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run 如: He became mad .他生气了。 The girl grew thinner and thinner. 这个女孩越来越瘦。 Soon the sky grew light. 很快天就亮了。
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(三)助动词: ① 本身没有意义,不能单独作谓语。 ② 必须和其他动词连用,帮助其他动词构成时态、语态、 ③ 否定句和疑问句等。 1.be (am/is/are; was/were; been; being) 2.have (has/had) 3.do (does/did) 4.will (would) & shall (should)
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be ①be +现在分词,构成进行时态: He is reading a book.他正在读书。 ② be + 过去分词,构成被动语态:
The door was opened by him. 他把门 打开了。
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have (has/had) ① have/has +过去分词 ,构成现在完成时:
Mary has been ill for three days.玛丽生病已经有三天了。 ② had +过去分词 ,构成过去完成时: He had been to Beijing twice.他去过北 京两次了。
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do (does/did) ①构成否定句 I didn’t go home yesterday.我昨天没回家。 ②构成一般疑问句和特殊疑问句
Do you like coffee?你喜欢咖啡吗? Where does she come from?她来自哪? ③构成否定祈使句 Don’t talk!不要说话!
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will/shall 用来构成将来时 ① will 主语可以为任何人称: ② shall主语可以为第一人称:
I will go to Hefei next month.我下个月去合肥。 He will finish his homework in ten minutes.他将在十分钟内完成作业。 ② shall主语可以为第一人称: I shall write to you if anything comes up.如果发生了什么事情我会给你写信。
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(四)情态动词: 表示说话人对某事的态度。有一定词义,但不能单独做谓语,后必须接动词原形。 I can swim.我会游泳。
She can swim.她会游泳。 注意:情态动词不受主语人称和数影响 。
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情态动词的分类: 既可以作情态动词又可以作实义动词:need
只作情态动词:can (could); must; may (might) 既可以作情态动词又可以作实义动词:need 既可以作情态动词又可以作助动词:will (would); shall (should) 具有情态动词的某些特征的:have to; had better
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can (could); must; may (might)
含有情态动词的句子变否定时,情态动词后加not;变疑问句时,情态动词需提到句首。 肯定回答:Yes,主语+ can (could)/must/may (might). 否定回答:No,主+can/could/may/might+not. 但must 的否定回答:No, 主语+needn’t No, 主语+don’t have to Must I clean the bedroom? —Yes, you must.(肯定回答) —No, you needn’t./you don’t have to. (否定回答)
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need ① need+to do sth: need 为实义动词: She needs to wash the dishes.她需要洗碗。
She need wash the dishes.她需要洗碗。
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will(would); shall(should)
表示建议或意愿 Shall I get you some tea? 你需要喝茶吗? Will you close the window?你能关下窗吗? I will do anything for you.我可以为你做任何事。
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have to: 不得不,后接动词原形。变否定和疑问句时, 需要助动词 do 帮助。如:
We have to go to school.我们得去上学了。 We don’t have to go to school.我们不用去上学了。 Do you have to go to school?你需要去上学吗?
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had better: 最好,后加动词原形 had better do sth.
如:She had better go there today. 变否定:had better not do sth. You had better not go there today.你最好今天不要去那。 had better一般不用疑问句。
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have to 与 must must 必须,表示主观上必须做的事情。 have to 必须,不得不,表示客观上必须要的做的事情。如:
I must study hard.我必须努力学习。 I have to go to school. 我必须去学校了。
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