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英语翻译(英译汉) Lecture 5
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英语的五种基本句型: 主+系+表 主+谓(不及物动词) 主+谓(及物)+宾 主+谓(及物)+双宾(间宾+直宾)
主+谓(及物)+复合宾语(宾+宾补)
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基本句型一: 主+系+表 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思.这类动词叫做连系动词.系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem等属一类,表示情况;get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表示变化.be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用.其它系动词仍保持其部分词义. 1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典. 2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好. 3. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了 4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了. 5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮.
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基本句型二: 主+谓(不及物动词) 此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思.这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词,介词短语,状语从句等. 1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着. 2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了. 3. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系. 4. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时. 5. The pen │writes smoothly. 这支笔书写流利.
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基本句型三: 主+谓(及物)+宾 此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整.这类动词叫做及物动词. 1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案? 2. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书. 3. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误.
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基本句型四: 主+谓(及物)+双宾(间宾+直宾)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思.这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者.通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略. 1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳. 2. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片. 3. He │bought │you │a dictionary.他给你买了一本字典. 4. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了. 5. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器.
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基本句型五: 主+谓(及物)+复合宾语(宾+宾补)
此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整. 1. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色. 2. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住. 3. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想?. 4. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去. 5. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来. 6. I │saw │them │getting on the bus at that time. 我看见他们当时在上了那辆公共汽车.
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注意事项 首先充分理解句子的结构、词和词组的意义; 先直译,看看汉语是否通顺; 再利用省略、增词、转译、重复、分译、句式转换等方法进行修改;
最后要使句子符合汉语习惯,且汉字书写正确。
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省略法:将英语中一些可有可无的部分或者翻译成汉语后反成为累赘的词省去不译。
He told me that he had lived in America for ten years before he came to China.他告诉我:在来中国之前他在美国已经生活了十年。 There is a large amount of energy wasted due to friction.由于摩擦而损耗了大量的能量。 The Pacific alone covers an area larger than that of all continents put together.仅太平洋的面积就比所有的大陆面积的总和还要大。
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增词法:在英译汉时按照意义、修辞和句法上的需要在译文中加入一些原文中没有的词。
John and his brother differ in personality even if their differences in age are not significant.尽管约翰和他哥哥在年纪上相差不大,但他俩的个性却不相同。 The virus may survive weeks and months.这种病毒可存活数星期或数月。
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转译法:根据需要将英语的词译成不同词性的汉语的词。
Are you for or against the plan?你是赞成还是反对这个计划?(介词-动词) He is a stranger to the company’s operations.他对该公司的经营是陌生的。(名词-形容词)
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重复法:为了加强语气或者对称或搭配的需要,将英文中的一个词或词组译成多个汉语的词或词组。
This requires care and , for difficult problems, great experience.这需要细心,而且对一些困难的问题,还需要丰富的经验。 The students are encouraged by their teacher to do more listening, reading and writing.老师鼓励学生多听,多读,多写。 During his stay in Shanghai, he visited some old friends of his, and visited two universities.在上海逗留期间,他拜访了几个老朋友,参观了两所大学。
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分译法:为了符合汉语表达习惯,将英文中的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来,译成另一种成分。
We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief.我们尽力劝说他放弃错误的信念,但没有成功。 You can borrow my car as long as you promise to drive carefully.你可以借用我的车,不过你得答应我开车时小心点。(一句-两句)
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转换句式:根据需要,将否定的译为肯定的,复杂句译为简单句等,或反之。
All that glitters is not gold.闪光的未必都是金子。 All things are difficult before they are easy.凡事总是由难而易。
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特殊句型的翻译: He’s not as/so successful as his sister.他不如他姐姐那样有成就。
He’s more a businessman than an official.与其说他是个官员,不如说他是个商人。 It was on Monday night that all this happened.这一切都是在星期一夜里发生的。 It’s easy to criticize others.批评别人是容易的。 James didn’t attend the meeting and neither did Jane.詹姆斯没有去开会,简也没去。 If only I had taken your advice.如果我听了你的建议就好了。
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翻译下列句子 1.As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.
2.She opened the window to let the fresh dir in. 3.They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 4.He is physically weak but mentally sound. 5.The lion is the king of animals 6.A teacher should have patience in his work. 7.Smoking is prohibited in public places. 8.There was little water left in the glass. 9.It is obvious that Jack can hardly understand the instructions of the mobile phone he is reading. 10.Most of us, from earliest school days, have been told that daydreaming is a waste of time.
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1.这个暑假我要去北京而不是在家呆着。 2.他足够勇敢去抓那条蛇。 3.按照惯例,迟到是应该受到惩罚的。 4.上课不讲话是一个学生必须要遵守的规则(规则:principle) 5.在外国人眼中,长城总是和中国联系在一起的 6.为了使程序更容易书写,为了克服不同机器间交流的问题,人们平时都是用高级语言。 7.程序编写员正在试图解决这个难题。 8.高级语言可以通过汇编程序被翻译成低级语言。 9.你没有必要在放假的时候还在学校里待着。 10.这个病人可能是要起床,你去看一下吧。
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