Grammar Non-finite verbs

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1 Grammar Non-finite verbs
2016.9

2 一、非谓语动词概述 1. 什么是谓语动词？什么是非谓语动词？ 谓语动词：在句子中充当谓语的动词 非谓语动词：是动词的特殊形式，在句子中可以充当谓语动词外的成分。 2. 非谓语动词在句子中的作用 一个句子中已存在一个主句（含谓语动词），又没有连词的情况下，再出现一个动词则用非谓语动词。 eg. She got off the bus, but she ________(leave) her handbag on the seat. She got off the bus, ________(leave) her handbag on the seat. 3. 非谓语动词的种类：不定式、动名词、分词（现在分词、过去分词） left leaving

3 4. 非谓语动词的三种最基本形式： to do : doing : done : 5. 非谓语动词的各种形式： to do doing
定语表将来；状语表目的、结果 主动、进行 被动、完成 to do to be done (被动式) to be doing (进行式) 注意：否定时一律将not放于非谓语动词前。 to have done (完成式) to have been done (完成被动式) doing being done (被动式) having done (完成式) having been done (完成被动式) done 只有一种形式

4 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 二、非谓语动词的用法比较 （一）非谓语动词语法功能比较 主 谓 宾
表 定 状 补 to do不定式 doing动名词 doing现在分词 done过去分词 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

5 （二）不定式(to do)与动名词(doing)作主语的区别 1. to do表某一具体动作，doing表习惯动作或抽象概念。 eg
（二）不定式(to do)与动名词(doing)作主语的区别 1. to do表某一具体动作，doing表习惯动作或抽象概念。 eg. _________ (swim) is a good form of exercise. _________ (swim) this afternoon sounds good. 2. 都可以用it作形式主语构成相应句型。 不定式用it作形式主语：It is adj./n.(for/of sb.) to do sth. 动名词用it作形式主语： It is no use/good doing sth. It is a waste of time doing sth. 其他需做区分的句型： There’s no sense/point (in) doing sth. There’s no doing that… There’s no need (for sb.) to do sth. Swimming To swim

6 （三）不定式(to do) 与动名词(doing)作宾语的区别 1
（三）不定式(to do) 与动名词(doing)作宾语的区别 1. 绝大多数动词后跟不定式(to do)做宾语 如：decide, determine, want, expect，wish, hope, agree, refuse，manage, offer, pretend, promise等。 2. 只跟动名词(doing)作宾语的动词： mind, miss(错过)，mention，enjoy，escape, practise, postpone(推迟), permit, suggest, stand(bear,tolerate), consider(考虑)，keep, avoid, admit, advise, allow, appreciate, risk, resist(抵制), recommend，finish, forbid(禁止), imagine。 还有：dislike, delay, understand, quit, deny(否认)。

7 注意：1) allow/permit/advise/recommend doing， 但 allow/permit/advise/recommend sb. to do 2) forbid doing， 但forbid sb. to do或forbid sb. from doing

8 3. 可跟不定式(to do)也可跟动名词(doing)作宾语的动词 1）意义有区别： mean try stop go on remember forget can’t help regret as if only 注意：as if和only并非动词，但在这里一起进行了归纳。 2）意义无区别： continue to do/doing, start to do/doing, begin to do/doing to do doing to do doing to do doing to do doing to do doing to do doing to do doing to do doing to do doing to do doing

9 4. 不定式(to do)作宾语后有补语时，常用it作形式宾语。 常见结构：think/believe/consider/find/feel/ + it + adj./n. + to do eg. 我认为有必要向老师求助。 I think it necessary to ask the teacher for help. 我觉得帮助别人是我的职责。 I feel it my duty to help others.

10 （四）非谓语动词作表语的区别 1. 不定式(to do)作表语表未发生的具体动作 eg
（四）非谓语动词作表语的区别 1. 不定式(to do)作表语表未发生的具体动作 eg. 我的目标是去北京大学学习。 我们应该做的就是好好学习。 注意：不定式作表语时前面有实意动词do(做)及其相关变 形，不定式可省略符号to。 2. 动名词(doing)作表语表习惯动作或抽象概念。 eg. 我的兴趣爱好是读书。 3. 现在分词(doing)作表语表令人……..的。 eg. 这则消息令人吃惊。 4. 过去分词(done)做表语表感到………的。 eg. 我们对这则消息感到吃惊。 My purpose/aim/goal is to study in Peking University. What we should do is (to) work hard. My hobby is reading books. The news is surprising. We are surprised at the news.

11 （五）非谓语动词作定语的区别 1. 不定式(to do)：①表将来 ②名词前有序数词、the last、the only、the next等修饰时用不定式作定语 eg. He is always the first to come and the last to go. I want a house to live in. = I want a house in which to live. 2. 动名词(doing)：表功能 eg. living room, sleeping bag, swimming pool 3. 现在分词(doing)：表主动、进行 eg. sleeping baby, swimming boy 注意：完成形式having done和having been done不作定语，一般作状语 4. 过去分词(done)：表被动、完成 eg. a retired worker, a killed dog

12 5. 现在分词(doing)与过去分词(done)作定语的区别： developing country developed country falling leaves fallen leaves boiling water boiled water the changing world the changed world

13 （六）不定式(to do)，现在分词(doing)，过去分词(done)作状语的区别 1）不定式(to do)：①表目的 ②意料外的不好结果(only to do 、never to do) eg. 他匆匆忙忙赶到火车站却发现火车已经开了。 他离开了家乡，再也没有回去。 2）现在分词(doing)：①表主动、进行 ②doing可作结果状语表自然结果。③现在分词的完成式having done和having been done表示动作先于谓语动词发生。 eg. 他每天晚上很晚回家，使得他的妻子生气。 写完了作业后我打了电脑游戏。 He hurried to the station, only to find that the train had gone. He left his hometown, never to return. He goes back home very late every evening, making his wife angry. Having finished my homework, I played computer games.

14 3）过去分词(done)：表被动、完成 eg
3）过去分词(done)：表被动、完成 eg. 受到了老师的表扬，他看起来很兴奋。 注意：分词做状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的主语一致。 ① Doing/Done, sb…. ② Sb…, doing/done. 思考:having been done，being done与 done 的区别？ I saw a boy _____________(beat) when I passed by the house. I heard him ________(beat) by his father yesterday. _______ (see) from the top of the building, our school looks beautiful. _________________ (show) around the lab, we went to the computer room. Praised by the teacher, he looks very excited. being beaten beaten Seen Having been shown

15 （七）不定式(to do)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词(done)作宾补的区别 1. with sb. /sth
（七）不定式(to do)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词(done)作宾补的区别 1. with sb./sth. 注意：without用法同with，只是意思相反 2. find sb./sth. 3. leave sb./sth. adj./adv. prep. doing/done to do adj./adv. prep. doing/done adj./adv. prep. doing/done(往往是undone)

16 4. see sb./sth. 5. get sb. get sth. 6. make sb. make sb. do
sb./sth. be seen to do doing done （类似的四看二听一感觉）see, observe, watch, notice, listen to, hear, feel to do = make/let/have sb. do done = have sth. done doing do = let/have sb. do sb. be made to do done

17 7. have sb. have sb. have sth. done 8. keep sb. keep sb. done 9
7. have sb. have sb. have sth. done 8. keep sb. keep sb. done 9. catch sb. do = let/make sb. do doing = keep sb. doing = get sth. done doing = have sb. doing doing

18 三、非谓语动词特殊用法 （一） 不定式的特殊用法 1. 疑问词+不定式 eg. 我不知道要做什么。 我无法决定买那辆自行车。
什么时候举办运动会尚不清楚。 2. 不带to的不定式 1）感官动词表观察到全过程 2）had better do, would rather do, why not do, may/might as well do(最好做,不妨做)，may/might well do(很可能做) 3）三个不得不：can’t help but do, cannot but do, can’t choose but do I don’t know what to do. I can’t decide which bike to buy. When to hold the sports meeting is unknown.

19 4) 三个宁愿做某事不愿做另一件事：prefer to do rather than do, would rather do than do, prefer doing to doing 5) 两个并列的不定式，第二个可省略符号to，但表前后对比不省略。 eg. Do you want to go out or stay at home? To stay at home is better than to go out. = It’s better to stay at home than to go out. 6) but/except/other than/besides前有do(做)but do，无do(做) but to do。 eg. I can do nothing but _________ (wait). I have no choice but __________(wait). I can’t choose but ____________(wait). wait to wait wait

20 3. 不定式中主动表被动的情况 1）I have a lot of homework to do
3. 不定式中主动表被动的情况 1）I have a lot of homework to do. 2）English is difficult (for us) to learn. 注意：I have some clothes _________ (wash), so I can’t go out with you. I have some clothes ____________ (wash). Thank you, mum. 4. 不定式的省略 1）保留到不定式符号to 2）若to后是be或have，则需省略成to be或to have。 eg. -Aren’t you the manager? -No, and I don’t want to be. to wash to be washed

21 （二）动名词的特殊用法 1. 动名词的复合结构（所有格） 句中：人名’s / 人名/ 形容词性物主代词/ 人称代词宾格 + doing 句首：人名’s / 形容词性物主代词 + doing eg. Tom/他的到来让我们吃惊。 我们对Tom/他的到来感到吃惊。 他不去那儿的原因是什么? 2. 动名词主动表被动的情况 1）need / want / require / deserve doing = need / want / require / deserve to be done 2）be worth doing = be worthy of being done = be worthy to be done Tom’s/His coming surprised us. We were surprised at Tom’s/Tom/his/him coming. What is the reason for his/him not going there?

22 （三）分词的特殊用法 1. 现在分词(doing)表主动、进行； 过去分词(done)表被动、完成 2
（三）分词的特殊用法 1. 现在分词(doing)表主动、进行； 过去分词(done)表被动、完成 2. 现在分词完成形式having done 及 having been done不能作定语，一般作状语。 3. 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语需要和句子主语一致。 判断正误： Being a top student, the work was finished in a short time. 4. 分词前可以加连词合用。 eg. While________ (cross) the street, you should be careful. I won’t go to the party unless _______ (invite). crossing invited

23 （四）带有be动词的短语的非谓语形式：去掉be动词 但注意：作主语时要把be变成being 常见带有be动词的短语： be seated (=sitting)坐, be born出生, be absorbed in专心于, be lost in专心于, be tired of对…感到厌倦，be bored with对…感到厌倦，be satisfied with对…感到满意，be determined to do下定决心做， be devoted to doing献身于/致力于，be committed to doing致力于，be faced with面对/面临，be dressed in穿着，be concerned about关心/担心，be disappointed at对…失望, be separated from与…分开/隔开 eg. ________ (devote) himself to his work, he paid little attention to his health. __________ (devote) to his work, he paid little attention to his health. ___________(生病了), he didn’t attend school. I returned home, _________________(又累又饿). Devoting Devoted Being ill tired and hungry

24 （五）独立主格结构（非谓语有自己的主语） eg
（五）独立主格结构（非谓语有自己的主语） eg. Weather ________ (permit), we’ll go to visit the Great Wall. It ______ (be) Sunday, the library doesn’t open. New words _________ (explain), the text became easier to learn. So many children _________ (look) after, the mother has to quit her job. No one _________ (wake) me up, I might be late for the first class. permitting being explained to look to wake

25 （六）非谓语动词表示说话人态度、观点的短语(句首) to tell the truth说实话 to be honest / frank 老实说 / 坦白说 to make things worse更糟的是 considering / seeing / given (that) 考虑到，鉴于 judging from/by 从……来判断 generally/strictly/Honestly speaking 一般说来 / 严格说来 / 老实说 suppose / supposing /assuming / imagining / proving / provided (that) 假设