人教版高中英语总复习 主 谓 语 一 致 讲课教师 郑士国
主谓一致 — 由来和基本原则 1 主谓语一致,简称主谓一致英语句子的主语和谓语必须在数上一致。虽 然现代英语中,对此已经有了许多突破,但作为规范,主谓一致的原则 还必须遵循。 英语是欧洲语言中词形变化最少的语言,这是因为在其千年的发展历史 中,逐渐摈弃了绝大部分词的性、数、格的变化,已经由综合性语言发 展成了分析性的语言。以变化最多的动词为例,现代英语的动词除了 be 之外,变化形式最多不超过 5 种,少的则只有 3 种。而某些助动词的使用 则更简化了这种变化。 主谓一致的基本原则 1. 语法一致的原则 根据主语的语法性质决定其谓语动词的单、复数形 式。这是正式、权威的原则。 2. 意义一致的原则 根据主语的内涵决定其谓语动词的单、复数形式。 1) 单数主语采用复数谓语动词: The team are playing wonderfully. team 作为集体名词。)
主谓一致 — 由来和基本原则 2 2) 复数主语采用单数谓语动词: The works was built in ( works 作 factory 解时为单、复数同形。) 3) 同一词做主语,分别采用单数或复数谓语动词: All possible means have been adopted. Every means has been tried. 3. 临近吸引原则 谓语动词根据其前面最临近的名 / 代词的数的形式, 而非真正主语的数来决定其自身的单、复数: No one except his own supporters agree with him.
主谓一致 — 关键:主语的单复数 主 谓一致的关键问题是确定主语的数。 要把 “ 主语 ” 同 “ 主语部分 ” 严 格分开,即确定主语的数的时候,要首先确定主语本身, 去除定语等附加 的部分。 1. 一般情况 1) 绝大多数可数名词单个作主语,以其词形决定主语的单、复数。 2) 不可数名词单个做主语为单数。 3) 表示抽象概念的短语做主语为单数: Training spacemen is not an easy task. “ Senior citizens ” means people over sixty.
主谓一致 -- 复合主语的数的确定:关键的连接词 1 1. 非同位语 / 同位语等立关系的确定 1 )由定冠词 / 物主代词确定非同位语 / 同位语等立关系 A. 非同位语等立关系 若定冠词分别出现在在各等立成分前,则 复合谓语的各成分间是非同位语等立关系,各等立成分别指不 同对象,谓语动词为复数: The teacher and the writer are kind men. B. 同位语等立关系 若定冠词只出现在第一个成分前,则是同位 语等立关系,各等立成分指的是同一对象,谓语动词为单数: The teacher and writer is a kind man. 2) 由上下文确定非同位语 / 同位语等立关系 由两个或多个抽象名词 构成的复合谓语,由上下文确定非同位语 / 同位语等立关系: Your fairness and impartiality has/have been much appreciated. 在无确定的上下文的情况下, has/have 都是可能的。
主谓一致 -- 复合主语的数的确定:关键的连接词 2 2. 由 and 连接的复合主语。 1 )非同位语等立关系主语 --- 复数 A. 由 and 连接的几个不同人、事物: John and Mary are ready. (=John is ready. Mary is ready.) B. 被由 and 连接的并列定语所修饰的一个单数名词. : The red and the white rose are beautiful. (=The red rose is beautiful. The white rose is beautiful) C. 被由 and 连接的并列定语所修饰的一个不可数名词: Chinese and Japanese silk are much better than Italian. (=Chinese silk is much better than Italian. Japanese silk is much better than Italian.)
主谓一致 -- 复合主语的数的确定:关键的连接词 3 2 )同位语等立关系主语 --- 单数 A. 指同一对象,表示单一概念 : The teacher and writer is a kind man. B. 表示单一概念的由数词 + 名词的词组: Ten pounds is not much for all the trouble we had. There is two miles to go. 3. 由 or/ either … or/ neither … nor 连接的选择性复合主语 1 )肯定的选择性复合主语 A. 所连接的成分分别为单数,谓语动词用单数: Either John or Dick is going to do this work. B. 所连接的成分分别为复数,谓语动词用复数: Either the teachers or the students have misunderstood this.
主谓一致 -- 复合主语的数的确定:关键的连接词 4 C. 所连接的成分在数上不一致,则用下列三种方法使其主谓取得 一致。 a. 根据临近吸引原则 谓语动词与其前面最临近的词的数相 一致: One or two friends are coming tonight. b. 使用无词形变化的助动词代替有词形变化的动词: The mother or the children must/will leave at once. c. 改变句子结构和词序,并作必要的省略: Is the child or the parents to blame? 可变成: Is the child to blame, or the parents ? 2 )否定的选择性复合主语 A. 与肯定的选择性复合主语原则相同: Neither Tom nor Jane has done it. The teacher nor the students are to blame for this.
主谓一致 -- 复合主语的数的确定:关键的连接词 5 Neither Tom nor Jane has done it. 可变成: Tom hasn ’ t done it; neither has Jane. B. 但实际上,若构成复合主语的各成分均为单数,谓语动词也大多 使用复数: Neither he nor I were there. 4. 由 not … but/ not only … but 连接的复合主语 根据临近吸引原 则, 谓语动词与其前面最临近的主语的数相一致: Not (only ) my father, but all of us are looking forward to the guest. 5. 含有肯定和否定两部分的主语 谓语动词与肯定的主语一致: You, not I, are the right man to carry out the plan.
主谓一致 -- 复合主语的数的确定:关键的连接词 6 6. 含有 “ 准连接词 ” 的主语 准连接词,即 with/ together with/ along with, as well as/ as much as, rather than/ no less than, but/except, unlike, including 。 1 ) 规范用法 谓语与准连接词前面的主语保持一致 : Nothing but stamps and envelops is for sale. 2 ) 口语用法 准连接词起作用与介词类似,将其后的成分与主语 隔开,含义与 and 相近,根据意义一致的原则,即使主语是单 数,也可以用复数动词 : My brother with his wife, both looking very sad, were/was drinking at the bar. 7. 例外情况 1) 由 and 连接的复合主语 均使用复数动词, 而非总是遵循临近吸引原 则 : My sister and I are/am fully aware. 2 )由 either … or / neither … nor 连接的复合主语用单、复数均可: Neither he nor I am/are fully aware.
主谓一致 — 不定代词做主语数的确定 1 不定代词做主语数的确定 1. each 1 )名词性 谓语动词总用单数: Each has his own idea on the subject. 2 )做同位语 谓语动词用复数: The students each have a new book. The boys and the girls each want to do something different. 3) each of+ 复数名词 A. each 表示整体中每一个个体,谓语动词用单数: Each of the soldiers has been given a gun. B. 由于临近吸引原则的作用,谓语动词也可用复数: Each of the soldiers have been given a gun.
主谓一致 — 不定代词做主语数的确定 2 C. 反意问句的附加问句中,指每一个体,谓语动词用单数: Each of the students has new book, hasn’t he? D. 反意问句的附加问句中,指整体,谓语动词用复数: Each of the students has new book, haven’t they? 1. none 1) 指总量,与不可数名词连用,谓语动词用单数: None of the food was wasted. 2) 指数目,与可数名词连用。 A. 正式用法 根据语法一致的原则,谓语动词用单数: None of the suggestions was accepted. B. 非正式 / 习惯用法 根据临近吸引原则和意义一致的原则,谓语动 词用复数 : None of the suggestions were accepted.
主谓一致 — 不定代词做主语数的确定 3 2. no one 1) 正式用法 谓语动词用单数: Nobody likes to be deceived. 2) 非正式 / 习惯用法 在临近吸引原则的影响下,谓语动词可用复数 : Nobody, not even their teachers, were listening to the speech. 3) 在附加问句中 A. 指某一特定整体中的每一个对象,谓语动词用单数: Nobody likes to be deceived, doesn’t he? B. 对整体否定,谓语动词用复数, 附加问句的主语相应地也用复数: Nobody has called while I have been out, haven’t they? 3. either/neither 1) 均指 “ 二者之一 ” (包括两个复数名词构成的二者) 谓语动词用单数: Either of them has told me.
主谓一致 — 不定代词做主语数的确定 4 2) 习惯用法 当 of 后接复数名 / 代词时,谓语动词用复数 : Neither of them know the truth. 4. anyone/anybody 1) 指个体时,谓语动词用单数: Has anyone a dictionary he can lend me? 2) 指 “ 全部、无一例外 ” 时, anyone/anybody 谓语动词用复数, 在 附 加问句中,如无表示复数概念的动词,则其主语 复数代词克表示此意: Anybody can enter for the race, can’t they? 5. everybody/-one 1) 指个体时,谓语动词用单数: Everyone in our class goes in for sports.
主谓一致 — 不定代词做主语数的确定 5 2) 指 “ 全部、无一例外 ” 时, anyone/anybody 在附加问句中,如无 表示复数概念的动词,则其主语用复数代词表示此意: Everyone in our class goes in for sports, don’t they? 3) 与复数物主 / 人称代词连用: A. 在口语中,特别是对话中,为避免明确指出所指对象的性别, Everybody was wearing their shorts. I told everyone to run as fast as they can. B. 在附加问句中,如无表示复数概念的动词,则其主语用复数代 词表示此意: Everybody is you class can’t be clever, can they? 6. everything 谓语动词用单数 (包括在反意问句的陈述和疑问部分中): everything has gone wrong today, hasn’t it ?
主谓一致 — 名词性主语数的确定 1 1. 集体名词 1 )作为不可分割的单一整体,谓语动词用单数: Their team is more likely to win. 2) 强调集体中的每一个成员,谓语动词用复数 : The football team are having baths now. 3) 有 a(n), each, every, this/that 限定语时,谓语动词用单数 : A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win. 4) 种类集体名词( clothing, luggage, furniture, machinery 等) 谓语动词用单数,而且不和不定冠词连用: Our clothing protects us from the cold. 5) 个体性集体名词 ( people, cattle, folk 等),表示有相同个体成分组成的 集体 谓语动词用复数 : Cattle were allowed to graze here. 6) 概括性集体名词( militia, police 等),表示相同的职业 / 行业的人们 谓语动词用复数 : The police have not made any arrests yet.
主谓一致 — 名词性主语数的确定 2 2. 形式与意义矛盾的短语 1 ) more than A. more than one + 单数名词 谓语动词用单数 : More than one person was killed in the accident. B. more than one + 复数名词 谓语动词用复数 : More than one hundred people are working here. 2 ) many a + 单数名词 谓语动词用单数 : Many a man has a chance. 3. There/Here+be+ 主语结构 1 )正式用法 谓语动词与最临近的主语一致。 2 )非正式 / 习惯用法 根据临近吸引原则和意义一致的原则,谓语动 词与形式主语 there/here 一致,用单数 : There’s several bags still missing. There is only two pounds of butter.
主谓一致 — 名词性主语数的确定 3 4. number/majority… of 结构 1 ) The number of ,通常谓语动词用单数: The number of people present was more than 1,600. 2) A number of 谓语动词用复数 : A number of people were left behind. 3) The majority of 谓语动词用复数 : The majority of of them have voted down the proposal. 5. one of+ 复数名词 + 定语从句 结构 1) one 之无 the(only) 做定语,通常复数名词为先行词,谓语动词用复 数: This is one of the rooms which were damaged in the fire.
主谓一致 — 名词性主语数的确定 4 2 ) one 为先行词,谓语动词用单数 A. one 之前有 the(only) 做定语,通常 one 为先行词: This is the (only) one of the books which was bought last Sunday. B. one 之前无 the(only) 做定语,但从句意可判定 one 为先行词: One of the documents which is of special interest is a fifth century charter. 6. 主语从句 1) 通常作为单数 谓语动词用单数: How you got there doesn’t concern me. 2) what 引导的主语从句 A. 当主语的表语为单数时,谓语动词自然是单数: What I like most is a digital camera.
主谓一致 — 名词性主语数的确定 5 B. 当主语的表语为复数时,谓语动词取决于 what 在句子中的含义。 a. what=those things which 谓语动词用复数 : What his father left him are a few English books. b. what=the thing which 谓语动词用单数 : What the audience liked most was his performances. C. 当主语为并列的从句或含有并列的谓语时,谓语动词用复数 : What he says, and what he does do not agree. 7. all+ 定语从句 谓语动词取决于 all 在句子中的性质。 1) all 为名词性,意为 “ 全部、总和 ” ,是单数,谓语动词用单数: All that he wants is a quiet room. 2) all 为形容词性,代表前面以其为定语的复数名词,是复数,谓语 动词用复数: All that remain are recently built houses. (All=All those houses)
试题与思路(主谓一致) 1 1. What I say and think ___ no business of yours. A. is B. are C. was D. were 选 B 。 并列的谓语实际上是两件事,因此用复数动词。又由于主句时态 是现在时,所以谓语动词应为现在时。 2. Both butter and bread ___ out in that grocery. A. is B. are C. was D. were 选 D 。用 both … and 连接的并列主语是两样物品,复数含义,因此用复数 动词。又由于 sell out 表示的是结果,应当是过去某时的动作,因此用一 般过去时。如用一般现在时则不合理。 3. In this hotel, the bread and butter ___ served for breakfast. 选 B 。主语虽然是由 and 连接的两样物品,但只由一个冠词来限定,所以 是同位并列关系,为单数含义,因此用单数动词。又由于是现阶段经常 性的动作,因此用用一般现在时。
试题与思路(主谓一致) 2 4. In our country every boy and every girl ___ the right to receive education. A. has B. is C. have D. had 选 A 。主语虽然是由 and 连接的两类人,但是各自独立的,等于 every boy has and every girl has, 为单数含义,因此用单数动词。 又由于是现阶段经常性的情况,因此用用一般现在时。 5. My sister, together with Jane and James, ___ gone the other day. A. is B. are C. was D. were 选 C 。按规范用法,谓语应与准连接词前面的主语保持一致, my sister 为单数主语,因此用单数动词。又由于是过去某时间的动作, 因此用用一般过去时。
试题与思路(主谓一致) 3 6. Those who ___ to go to the park please sign your names here. A. wants B. want C. wanted D. hopes 选 B 。定语从句的关系代词的单复数取决于其先行词的单复数。 those 为 复数, who 自然也为复数,所以用复数动词。又, hope 不用于带复合宾 语的结构中。 7. The rest of the money ___ to him. A. is to be sent B. is to send C. are to be sent D. are to send 选 A 。 rest of 一类的词语的单复数取决于其后的名词,当该名词为不可数 时,谓语动词用单数。注意本句为被动语态。 8. Not only the teacher but also the students ___ attend the meeting tomorrow. A. is going to B. are going to C. wants to D. hopes to 选 B 。由 not … but/ not only … but 连接的复合主语,根据临近吸引原则, 谓语动词与其前面最临近的主语的数相一致。