The Adverbial Clause 状语从句 延安中学 石小平

状语从句的类型 状语从句是副词性从句，其句法功能是修饰 谓语或整个句子等，在句中作状语，通常由 从属连词引导。 九大状语从句：时间、条件、比较、结果、 原因、目的、让步、方式、地点状语从句

引导时间状语从句的连词有： while, when, as, as soon as, till, until, not…until, before, after, since, etc ． 1. 时间状语从句

1 ） when ， while ， as ①三者均可表示 “ 当 …… 的时候 ” ，如果主句表示的是短 暂的动作，而从句表示的是一段时间，三者可通用。 如： I met Kang Li as ／ when ／ while I was walking alo ng the street ． ② as 和 when 都可与终止性动词连用， while 只能与延 续性动词连用。如： It was snowing when we got to th e airport ．（不能用 while ） ③ as 强调主句与从句表示的动作同时发生； while 强调 主句表示的动作持续于 while 所指的整个时间内； whe n 可指主、从句所述动作同时或先后发生。如： He sang as he went along ． Please write while I read ． When he reached home, he had a little rest ． 时间状语从句引导词

2) before, after before 表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之 前，意为 “ 在 …… 之 前 ” 。 after 表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后， 意为 “ 在 …… 之后 ” 。如： They had already had breakfast before they went to school They talked about the party after the people left. 1. 时间状语从句 时间状语从句引导词

3) until, till until 和 till 在肯定句中表示 “ 直到 …… 为止 ” ，主句 要用延续性动词； 在否定句中，表示 “ 直到 …… 才 ” ，主句常用终止性 动词，这时 till 和 until 可用 before 替换。 I waited till/until he arrived ． I will wait until he comes. We won't start until/ till/before Bob comes ． 1. 时间状语从句时间状语从句引导词

4) as soon as 表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后， 意为 “ 一 … 就 …” 。如果主句是一般将来时，情态动词加动词 原形或祈使句时，时间状语从句用一般现在时。如： My brother went out as soon as I got home. I'll phone you as soon as I arrive in Tonghua ． 5 ） since ： 表示 “ 自从 … 以来 ” ，从句中常用过去时，主句用一 般现在时或现在完成时. （对 since 引导的时间状语提 问要用 how long). 如： Where have you been since I saw you last ？ 1. 时间状语从句时间状语从句引导词

1 ）主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时（特别是用 as soon as 引导从句时）： The boy will be a writer when he grows up. I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York. 2) 主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时： When the lights are red, the traffic must stop. 3) 主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时： Please don’t go to bed before you finish your homework. 4) 主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态： I liked reading when I was young. 时间状语从句时态

① until (till) 直到，在用 until 表达时间状语的句 子中，主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。 如动词是持续性动词，它要用肯定句， 如： I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night. 如果动词是瞬间截止性动词，则要用否定句， 如： He didn't go to bed until his mother came back 时间状语从句难点

② 主将从现： 主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时， 如： If it rains, they won’t go to the park on Sunday 主句是一般过去时，从句用过去将来时， 如： He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park 区别是 if/when 引导是状语从句还是宾语从句，因在 宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态。 如： I want to know if he will come here. If he comes, please let me know. 如 : I don’t know when he will come. When he comes, I will tell you. 时间状语从句难点

1) 引导条件状语从句的连词有 if （如果）、 unless （除 非）等，条件状语从句也像时间状语从句一样，如果 主句用将来时，从句要用现在时代替将来时。如： What shall we do if it snows tomorrow? Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to. 2) unless 在意义上相当于 if ．．． not 。 You will fail unless you study hard ．＝ You will fail if you don't study hard ． 2. 条件状语从句

3) “ 祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句 ” 在意思上相当于一个 带有条件状语从句的复合句。其中， and 表示句意顺承； or 表示转折，意为 “ 否则 ” 。例如： Hurry up, or you’ll be late.=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late. Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard, you will pass the exam. 4 ）用介词 with, without 可以把条件状语从句改写成简 单句： If there is no water, the fish may die. = Fish may die without water. If you help me, I’ll finish my task on time. = With your help, I’ll finish my task on time. 2. 条件状语从句

比较状语从句通常由 as…as, 比较级 + than… 等连词引导， 比较连词前后的结构要一致。例如： Tom runs faster than John does. This classroom is as big as that one. 1 ）表示甲与乙在某一方面相同时，用 “as ＋原级＋ as” 句型；表示甲在某一方面不如乙时，用 “not as ／ so ＋ 原级＋ as” 句型。如： Dalian is as beautiful as Shenzhen ． I don't run as ／ so fast as Kang Li ． 3. 比较状语从句

2 ）表示甲超过或不及乙时，用 “ 比较级＋从句 ” （从句 中常省略意义与主句相同的部分）。 He runs faster than you （ do ）． Today is less cold than yesterday ． 3 ）要注意的是表示 " 越来越 " 这一概念时有两个句型： ① 比较级＋ and ＋比较级，如： The days are getting longer and longer The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful ② 定冠词 the ＋ 比较级＋ the ＋ 比较级，如： The harder you study, the more you can learn 3. 比较状语从句

(1) 结果状语从句由 so…that, such…that, so that 引导。常用句型有： so ＋形容词／副词＋ that 从句 such a ／ an ＋形容词＋单数可数名词＋ that 从句 such ＋形容词＋复数可数名词／不可数名词＋ that 从句 so ＋形容词＋ a ／ an ＋单数可数名词＋ that 从句 例如： He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow him ． He told us such funny stories that we all laughed ． He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son. She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her. My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it. (2) 如果名词前由 many, much, little, few 等词修饰时，只能用 so, 不用 such 。 如： Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses. He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema with you. 4. 结果状语从句

(3)so … that 和 such...that 在由 so...that 引导的结果状语从句中， so 是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是 : “...so + 形容词（副词） + that + 从句 ” 。例如： He was so glad that he couldn ’ t say a word. The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people. Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her. 在由 such … that 引导的结果状语从句中， such 是形容词，它修饰的可以是单 数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不 带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词 a 或 an 。例如： It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything. He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling. He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term. 有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如： It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again. =The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again. It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it. =The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it. 4. 结果状语从句

(1) 原因状语从句通常由 because, since, as 引导。 because 常回答 why 引导的疑问句，该从句一般位于主句后； since 比 as 正式，两者 不回答 why 引导的问句，而且其从句一般放在句首。如： He didn ’ t come to school because he was ill. As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo. Since you can ’ t answer the question, I ’ ll ask someone else. (2)because 表示直接原因，语气最强。 because 引导的原因状语从 句多放在主句之后。回答由 why 提出的问题，只能用 because 。 as 和 since 语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由 as 和 since 引导的 原因状语从居多放在句首。例如： Why aren ’ t going there?------Because I don ’ t want to. As he has no car, he can ’ t get there easily. Since we have no money, we can ’ t buy it. 5. 原因状语从句

(3)because 和 so 不能同用在一个句子里。 (4)for 是并列连词，引导的句子不置于句首，是一种非直 接的、随便附加说明的理由或推断。 The oil must be out, for the light went out. (5)because 和 becouse of 的区别。 because 后跟从句，而 because of 后跟名词短语。 He is late for school because it rains heavily. He is late for school because of the heavy rain. 5. 原因状语从句

(1) 目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that 引导。例如： We started early so that we could catch the first train. He studies hard so that he could work better in the future. We used the computer in order that we might save time. (2)so that 既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区 别这两种从句的办法有两个： 1) 目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词 can, could, may, might 等。 2) 从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如： Speak clearly so that they may understand you. （目的状语从句） Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. ( 结果状语从句 ) 6. 目的状语从句

(3 ）结果和目的状语从句还要注意以几点： ① so … that 用在单数可数名词前， so ＋ 形容词 ＋ a ＋ 名词 ＋ that ，如： She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her 或用 such ＋ a ＋ 形容词 ＋ 名词 ＋ that, 如： She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her ② 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用 such ， 如： It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic 又 如： They are such good players that they should win the game. ③ 在 much ， many ， few ， little 之前只能用 so ， 如： I have so little money that I can't buy it ④ so … that 之间只有形容词时，则不能用 such ， 如： It is so good that I want to buy ⑤ so that 其后接从句，如： I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus 6. 目的状语从句

(1) 让步状语从句通常由 though ／ although （虽然）， even though （尽管）， even if( 即使）， whoever （无论谁），（无论 怎样）， whatever （无论什么）等连词引导。例如： Though he is young, he knows a lot. Although I am tired, I must go on working. Even if he is poor, she loves her husband. (2) because 不能与并列连词 so ， though ／ although 不能与 but 同 时在句中使用。如： She was late for school because she missed the bus ． =She missed the bus ， so she was late for school ． 我们不能说： Though it was raining hard, but he still went out. 应该说： Though it was raining hard, he still went out. 或 It was raining hard, but he still went out. 7. 让步状语从句

引导方式状语从句的有 as （按照）等。 如： I will do it as you tell me ．我将照你说的做。 要注意的是 as ( 连词 ) 与 like ( 介词 ) 的区别。 as 作为连词其后接从句，如： Please do it as I did it 但后面的句子常作省略，如： Please do it as I like 是介词，其后要接的是宾语，如： Please do it like me 8. 方式状语从句

地点状语从句常常由 where 来引导。 例如： Go where you like. Where there is a will, there is a way. 9. 地点状语从句

1. ［ F ］ While the clock struck ten, all the lights went out. ［ T ］ When the clock struck ten, all the lights went out. ［析］ while 是强调两个动作在同时进行中，如： While I am doing my homework, my father is reading a newspaper. 而这里的 when 是 " 正当某某时刻 " ， " 就在这一时间点上 " ， 其重点强调在某一特定时刻某动作的发生。 正误辨析

2. ［误］ While I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend. ［正］ When I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend. ［析］ 这里用 when 表达在一个动作的进行中，另一个 动作突然发生了。正在进行的动作用一进行时态，而突然 发生的动作用一般时态。 3. ［误］ While I heard the bad news I felt sad. ［正］ When I heard the bad news, I felt sad. ［析］ while 不能表达瞬时某一时间点。 正误辨析

4. ［误］ For there is no light in the classroom. The students must have gone home. ［正］ The students must have gone home, for there is no light in the classroom. ［析］ 由 for 引出的原因状语从句要注意不能将该从句置 于句 首，而应置于主句之后，并在主句与从句之间加一 逗号。更要注意的是 because, as, since 与 for 4 个表示原因 的连词中 because 是因果关系，是最强的一个，而 for 是最 弱的一个。有些语法书中干脆把 for 叫做并列连词 正误辨析

5. ［误］ She sang when she walked along the dark street. ［正］ She sang as she walked along the dark street. ［析］ as 用于句中时，其要点是强调两个动作的 同时进行。这里用 when 虽然不能讲是语法上的错误， 但则看不出来小女孩因独自走黑暗的街道因害怕而唱 歌的心情。 正误辨析

6. ［误］ I finished my homework until twelve o'clock last night. ［正］ I didn't finished my homework until twelve o'clock last night. ［正］ I did my homework until twelve o'clock last night. ［析］ until 用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持 续到某时结束，那么句中的动词则一定要用持续性动 词，如果要用瞬间，或截止性动词时一定要用否定句 式。因截止性动作的否定式应看作是持续性的动作。 如离开 leave 是瞬间动作，因一出门即为离开了，而不 离开则是长时间的。 正误辨析

7. ［误］ I have studied English when I was twelve. ［正］ I have studied English since I was twelve. ［析］ since 引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时 间点，而这个时间点是主句动作的启始点，所以主句一 般要用完成时态。 8. ［误］ Because he didn't study hard, so he didn't pass the exam. ［正］ He didn't pass the exam because he didn't study hard. ［析］ because 与 so 在英文中两者不能并用的， 只能在句中用 正误辨析

9. ［误］ Before I do not give you the answer, I'll ask you some questions. ［正］ Before I give you the answer, I'll ask you some questions. ［析］ 这种错误是由于受中文的影响。在中文中 可以讲 " 我没给你答案前 " 。而英文用了 before 就不要 再用否定句了。 正误辨析

10. ［误］ He was such excited that he could not speak. ［正］ He was so excited that he could not speak. ［析］ so 与 such 的用法 :such 用于单数可数名词之前，或者 在不可数名词前或可数名词复数前；当 that 前只有形容词或副词 时，这时只能用 so, 如： She is so beautiful that every one likes her. He ran so fast that I couldn‘t keep up with him. 正误辨析

11. ［误］ He got up earlier this morning so as to that he could catch the first bus. ［正］ He got up earlier this morning in order to to catch the first bus. ［正］ He got up so earlier that he could catch the first bus. ［析］ so…that 与 so that 的用法有相同之处，那就 是其后接从句，而 in order to 其后要接不定式，即动词 原形。 正误辨析

12. ［误］ I want to buy same stamp that you have. ［正］ I want to buy the same stamp as you have. ［析］ the same…as (that) 这是个固定用法，在 same 前的定冠词是不能少的。而 the same…that 意为 " 我要的就是那一个 " 。而 the same…as 为 " 要的是和 …… 一样的东西 " 。 正误辨析