English Grammar Edited and Published For Your Reference Only 简明英语语法 English Grammar Edited and Published For Your Reference Only

第四讲 动词的时态 概念（时间与时态） 时态是一种语言的手段，因语言的不同而有区别。英语时态以动词形式变化表示句中谈到的动作、状态的时间关系和说话的时间。（十一种）P79表格 1 一般现在时的用法  1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 　 时间状语： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday 　 I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 　 The earth moves around the sun. 　 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 　 Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。 　 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I don't want so much 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 　 I don't want so much. 　 Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 　　　I am doing my homework now. 　　第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

现在进行时  4.2.1现在进行时的基本用法： 　a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 　　 We are waiting for you. 　b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。 　　 Mr. Green is writing another novel.　 　　　(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。) 　　 She is learning piano under Mr. Smith. 　c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 　　 The leaves are turning red. 　　 It's getting warmer and warmer. 　d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 　　 You are always changing your mind. 典型例题 　 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.　 　A. has lost, don‘t find　　 B. is missing, don’t find　C. has lost, haven‘t found　 D. is missing, haven’t found.　　 　 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

2.不用进行时的动词  1) 事实状态的动词 have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue 　　I have two brothers. 　　This house belongs to my sister. 　2) 心理状态的动词 Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate 　　I need your help. 　　He loves her very much. 　3 ) 瞬间动词 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. 　　I accept your advice. 　4) 系动词 seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn 　　You seem a little tired.

4.3一般过去时 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 　 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 　 Where did you go just now? 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 　 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 　 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.　　　　　 3）句型： 　 It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到……时间了"　 "该……了" 　 It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"　 "早该……了" 　 It is time for you to go to bed.　 你该睡觉了。 　 It is time you went to bed.　　　你早该睡觉了。 　 would (had) rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事' 　 I'd rather you came tomorrow. 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 　I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

比较： 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life 比较： 　　一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 　Christine was an invalid all her life.　 　 (含义：她已不在人间。) 　Christine has been an invalid all her life.　 　 (含义：她现在还活着) 　Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. 　 (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) 　Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. 　( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去) 　　 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 　　　Did you want anything else? 　　　I wondered if you could help me. 2）情态动词 could, would. 　　　Could you lend me your bike?

4.4过去进行时（P108 略） 4.5现在完成时 1现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状　态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去　但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或　状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。 (2)用于现在完成时的句型   1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 　 It is the first time that I have visited the city. 　 It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. 　 This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 　　　 这是我看过的最好的电影。 　 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。 典型例题 (1) ---Do you know our town at all?　 　 ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming 　 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。

2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before 2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? 　 ---No, it's the first time I ___ here. A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come 　 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。 　 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 （错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

3比较过去时与现在完成时  1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 　 　 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 共同的时间状语:　 this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately　 现在完成时的时间状语 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 不确定的时间状语

3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 　 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 　举例： 　 I saw this film yesterday. 　　（强调看的动作发生过了。） 　 I have seen this film. 　　（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）　 　 Why did you get up so early? 　　（强调起床的动作已发生过了。） 　 Who hasn‘t handed in his paper?　 　　（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。） 　 She has returned from Paris.　 　　 她已从巴黎回来了。 　 She returned yesterday. 　　 她是昨天回来了。 　 He has been in the League for three years. 　　(在团内的状态可延续) 　 He has been a League member for three years. 　　(是团员的状态可持续)

He joined the League three years ago He joined the League three years ago.　 　　( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) 　 I have finished my homework now.　 　 　 ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White? 　 ---He's already been sent for.　 　 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 　 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. 　 （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

4比较since和for  　　Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。 　　I have lived here for more than twenty years. 　　I have lived here since I was born.. 　　My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.　 　　Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. 　　I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.　 　　My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.　 　　I have not heard from my uncle for a long time. 　　注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 　　 I worked here for more than twenty years. 　　　(我现在已不在这里工作。) 　　 I have worked here for many years.　　　 　　　(现在我仍在这里工作。)

小窍门：　当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。 　　1)　(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. 　　　 = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 　　2)　(错) Harry has got married for six years. 　　　 = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 　　显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years.

5.延续动词与瞬间动词  1) 用于完成时的区别 　　延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 　　 He has completed the work.　　他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) 　　 I‘ve known him since then.　　 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2)　用于till / until从句的差异 　　 延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到……，才……” 　　 He didn’t come back until ten o‘clock. 　　　　他到10 点才回来。 　　 He slept until ten o’clock.　　　　　 　　　　他一直睡到10点。

4.5 将来一般时 1.用法 1)　shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。 　　will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。 　　Which paragraph shall I read first. 　　Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2)　be going to +不定式，表示将来。 　 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。 　　　What are you going to do tomorrow? 　 b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 　　 The play is going to be produced next month。 　 c. 有迹象要发生的事 　　 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3)　 be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 　　 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4)　be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。 　　He is about to leave for Beijing. 　 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

2.be going to / will  用于条件句时， be going to　表将来 　　　　　　　 will　表意愿 　　If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. 　　Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 3.be to和be going to   be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 　　 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 　I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　 (客观安排) 　I‘m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

4.6过去完成时 过去完成时  1） 概念：表示过去的过去 ----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前　 那时　现在　　　　　　 2） 用法 　a.　在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 　　 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. 　b. 状语从句 　　 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 　　 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 　c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" 　　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3)　过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 　 He said that he had learned some English before. 　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 　Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例题　 　 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.　 A. had written, left　B，were writing, has left　 C. had written, had left　D. were writing, had left 　 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此 前一句应用过去进行时。 注意：　had no … when　　　　　还没等…… 就…… 　　　　had no sooner… than　　刚…… 就…… 　 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

4.7时态一致  1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。 　At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 　He told me last week that he is eighteen. 　 2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。 　He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 4.8 时态与时间状语  　　　　　　　　时间状语 一般现在时　　every …, sometimes,　at …, on Sunday, 一般过去时　　yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now 一般将来时　　next…, tomorrow, in+时间, 现在完成时　　for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently

过去完成时　　before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 过去进行时　　this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while 将来进行时　　soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening