the price of goods 主讲教师:夏夕美
Body Quantity Package Price Payment Transport Insurance Inspection Description of commodity Quantity all the terms and conditions agreed upon Package Price Body Payment Transport Insurance Inspection Claims & dispute Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 价格 条 款 Unit price Amount Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices Unit price Unit price has four parts: The currency The figure The calculating unit The price term Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices How to mark the price in international trade? E.g. HKD5.00 per dozen net CIF Hong Kong. E.g. USD21 per set FOB Shanghai including your commission 5% on FOB basis. Feather sofa USD200 per set FOB Dalian Import & Export Practices
price clause in contract 主讲教师:夏夕美
Points to be considered in pricing Have a good knowledge of the international market level. consider the policies and regulations that apply to a particular market area. adjust prices according to the exporter's specific purposes or the importer's requirements. Import & Export Practices
Points to be considered in pricing watch the change of supply and demand relationship and the trend of rising or falling of the market prices. The quality and quantity of the products contracted, transportation costs, place and terms of delivery will also influence the determination of export prices. Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices Pricing methods (1)Fixed pricing: The seller delivers and the buyer accepts the commodities at a fixed price agreed by both parties, neither party shall have the right to change the agreed price. Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices Pricing methods e.g.: The price will be negotiated and decided by both parties 60 days before the shipment according to the international price level. (2)Flexible pricing: (a) The pricing time and the pricing method are specified in the price terms. (b) Only the pricing time is fixed. e.g.: to be priced on July 10, 2004 by both parties. Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices Pricing methods (3)Partial fixed price and partial unfixed price: The parties concerned only fix the price for the commodities to be delivered recently, and leave the price of the commodities to be delivered in the long term open. e.g.: for the goods to be delivered in several lots. Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices Pricing methods (4)Floating pricing: At the time of pricing, the price adjustment is also stipulated. Sometimes, the floating pricing consists of a basic price plus the adjustment. It can be expressed by a formula: Settled Price=Basic price+price adjustment. e.g.: If the concluded price for other buyers is 5% higher or lower than the contract price, both parties will negotiate to adjust the contract price for the quantity of the contract. Import & Export Practices
Theoretical arithmetic Cost Expenses Profit Quotation FOB price FOBC CIF price CIFC CFR price CFRC Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices Costs of production Selling and delivery costs Cost Structure Customs duties Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 常用价格换算方法 FOB价换算为其它价 *投保加成=1+投保加成率 FOB+F 1–I%×投保加成 CIF= CFR= Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 常用价格换算方法 A CFR价换算为其它价 CFR 1–I%×投保加成 CFR–F CIF= FOB= Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 常用价格换算方法 A CIF价换算为其它价 CIF×(1–投保加成×I%) CIF×(1 – 投保加成×I%)–F CFR= FOB= Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 计算题 我对外报某商品价格为FOB汕头每打20美元,外商回电要求改报CIF伦敦英镑价。问我应报价多少?(设:当日外汇牌价是US$100=RMB¥536.37~539.44,£100=RMB¥911.93~916.50,至伦敦的运费每打3美元,加一成投保一切险费率为1%)。 解:(1)CIF=(20+3)/(1-1%x110%) =23.26(美元) (2)CIF英镑价=23.26x536.74/911.93=13.69(英镑) Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 课堂练习: 1、我某出口公司推销某商品对外报价为每箱450美元FOB上海,后外商要求改报CIF汉堡价,问我方应报多少?(运费每箱50美元,保险加成率为10%,保险费率为0.8%) 2、一批出口货物做CFR价为250000美元,现客户要求改报CIF价加20%投保海运一切险,我方同意照办,如保险费率为0.6%时,我方应向客户报价多少? 3、某公司对外报价330美元FOB天津新港,而外国商人要求报CIF伦敦价,假设运费每箱40美元,保险费率为0.6%,试计算我方应报的CIF伦敦价。 Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 课堂练习: 4、运某地货一批共200箱,每箱US$200.00 CFRXXX港。现客户要求改报CIF XXX 港价,加一成投保海运一切险,保费费率 为0.5% 。试求(1)该批货物的保险费?(2)CIFXXX港价格(单价) Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices Commission & Discount Both commission and discount are general practices often employed in foreign trade to promote exporting and win keen trade competitions. Then,…… Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices means 5% of commission is included in the export price and given to the middleman. How to mark the price in international trade? E.g. HKD5.00 per dozen net CIF Hong Kong. E.g. USD21 per set FOB Shanghai including your commission 5% on FOB basis. Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices Commission & Discount Commission Broker Discount Importer Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices Commission Commission is the service fees charged by the agents or brokers for the transactions made for their principles, Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices Commission such as the commission paid by the exporter to its sales agent, and the commission paid by the importer to its purchasing agent. Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 佣金 佣金的计算 多数情况下,以何种价格术语成交,就以何种价格为基础计算佣金。 公式:公式推导 佣金=含佣价 佣金率 净价=含佣价-佣金 净价=含佣价 (1-佣金率) 含佣价=净价/(1-佣金率) Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 计算题 我国某外贸公司对外报价USD$1000/MT CIF香港, 外商要求改报含佣价CFR香港含4%佣金价。在保障我方外汇收入不变的情况下,我应报价多少?(设保险费率合计为0.85%,投保加成率为10%) CFR价 = CIF×[1-(1+加成率)×保险费率] =1000×[1-(1+10%)×0.85%] = 990.65(美元) 含佣价 = 净价/(1-佣金率)= CFRC4% = 990.65/(1-4%) = 1031.93(美元) 我方报价应为CFRC4%每公吨1031.93美元。 Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 计算题 某公司向香港客户出口水果罐头200箱,每箱132.6港币CIF香港,客户要求改报CFR香港5%佣金价,设保险费为CIF价的2%,在保持原报价格不变的情况下,试求:CFRC5%香港价应报多少?出口200箱应付给客户多少佣金? Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 解:CFR=CIF-保险费=132.6-132.6*2%=129.68 CFRC5%=CFR/(1-5%)=136.51 每箱佣金=136.51-129.68=6.83 200箱佣金=6.83*200=1366 Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices Discount Discount is the price deduction allowed by the Seller to the Buyer as a reward for paying cash (cash discount), buying in quantity (quantity discount, volume discount), making early payment (trade discount), or granting some other advantage to the seller. Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices Discount The way to pay discount: The discount is customarily to be deducted from the payment when the buyer pays for the goods. Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 折扣 折扣的计算方法 折扣额=原价(或含折扣价) ×折扣率 卖方实际净收入=原价–单位货物折扣额 折扣通常是以成交额或发票金额为基础计算出来的。例如,CIF汉堡,每公吨800美元,含折扣3%,卖方的实际净收入为每公吨776美元。 Import & Export Practices
Choice of Currency for Account and Payment Money of account(计价货币) Money of payment (支付货币) hard currency soft currency Exchange cost:foreign exchange risk Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 国际标准化货币符号 国家和地区名称 货币名称 ISO国际标准货币代码 中国 人民币元 CNY 美国 美元 USD 香港 港元 HKD 英国 英镑 GBP 瑞士 瑞士法郎 CHF 瑞典 瑞典克朗 SEK 丹麦 丹麦克朗 DDK 挪威 挪威克朗 NDK 欧元区 欧元 EUR 澳大利亚 澳大利亚元 AUD 加拿大 加拿大元 CAD 新加坡 新加坡元 SGD 日本 日元 JPY Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 贸易术语练习题 判断下列我方出口单价的写法是否正确,如有误,请更正并说明理由。 1、每码35元CIFC香港 2、每箱500英镑CFR净价英国 3、每公吨2000美元FOB伦敦 4、每打100法国法郎FOB净价减1%折扣 5、2000日元CIF上海包含佣金2% Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 补充知识 Import & Export Practices
Collecting basic information Calculation before export quotation Purchase price of goods Export packing Quotation quantity Collecting basic information for export quotation Export freight Premium rate Commission Calculation before export quotation Exchange rate The profit rate Experience arithmetic Theoretical arithmetic Rate of export rebates Circulation expense (domestic) Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 出口商品成本的核算 在出口产品价格的确定上,应认真核算成本,计算盈亏,防止单纯追求成交量的现象。 对外贸易效益成本核算通常包括: 出口商品盈亏率 出口商品换汇成本 出口创汇率等。 Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 出口商品成本的核算 (一)出口商品盈亏率 1.出口商品盈亏率是指出口商品盈亏额与出口总成本的比率 2.出口商品盈亏率=[(出口销售人民币净收入FOB价出口总成本)出口总成本]100% 分子是盈亏额。如为正数为盈余额,负数为亏损额。若出口商品盈亏率大于零,出口交易则有利可图;反之,若出口商品盈亏率小于零,出口交易则无利可图,亏损。 Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 出口商品成本的核算 出口总成本=出口商品的进货成本+定额费用+出口退税收入 定额费用=出口商品的进货成本*费用定额(不同的商品略有不同,通常维持在5%--20%之间) 出口退税收入=出口商品的进货成本/1+增值率X退税率 3)进货成本=货价+增值税 =货价(1+增值税率) 4)实际成本=进货成本-退税金额 Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 出口商品成本的核算 补充——我国的增值税制度 单一从价税 税率:17% 少数13% 征收对象:销售货物和提供劳务的过程中增加的价值征收的税收。 Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 计算题 某公司出口健身椅1000只,每只17.30美元CIF纽约,总价为17300美元,其中运费2160美元,保险费112美元。总进价为人民币117000元(含增值税),费率定额为10%,出口退税率为9%,当时银行美元买入价为8.28元。 求:出口商品盈亏率为多少? Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 计算 例题一: 某公司出口陶瓷茶杯,每套进货成本90元,(包括17%的增值税),退税率为8%,计算实际成本。 例题二: 轻公司出口一批头饰,退税率为13%,头饰供货商报价129.6元每罗(含17%的增值税),数量900罗,计算该批头饰的退税金额是多少? Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices (二)出口商品换汇成本 1.定义:又称出口商品换汇率,是指某种商品的出口总成本与出口所得的外汇净收入之比,得出用多少人民币换回一美元 2.计算公式: 出口前商品总成本(人民币) 出口换汇成本=------------------------ FOB出口外汇净收入(美元) 衡量的标准是:人民币对美元的汇价。换汇成本如高于银行的外汇牌价,则出口为亏损;反之,则说明有盈利。 Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 计算题 某出口商品的进货成本为每打人民币650元,商品流通费为50元,出口销售价为每打165美元CIF鹿特丹,其中包括保险费25美元,运费8美元。求该商品每打出口换汇成本及盈亏率。(设:US$100=RMB¥573.74~576.62) Import & Export Practices
(2)出口销售净收入=165-25-8=132(美元)=757.34(元) 解:(1)出口总成本=650+50=700(元) (2)出口销售净收入=165-25-8=132(美元)=757.34(元) (3)换汇成本=700/132=5.30(元/美元) 盈亏率=(757.34-700)/700 x 100%=8.13% Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 计算题 青岛某公司出口某商品20公吨,纸箱装,每箱净重20公斤,毛重22.26公斤,每箱尺码42X28X25立方厘米。该货出口总成本为每公吨1,170元人民币,外销价为每公吨250美元CFR仰光,海运运费W/M12级计算,查青岛至仰光12级货基本运费为96元人民币,加货币贬值附加费35.8%,在此基础上再加燃油附加费28%,试计算该商品换汇成本及盈亏率,(按1美元兑5.7374元人民币计算) Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 计算题 解:(1)收费标准为M (2)每公吨运费为: F=(96+96*35.8%+96*35.8%*28%)*0.0294* F=1000/20x0.0294x96x(1+35.8%)(1+28%)/5.7374=42.82美元 (3)换汇成本=1170/(250-42.82) =5.65(元/美元) 盈亏率=(207.18x5.7374-1170)/1170x100%=1.6 % Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 出口商品成本的核算 (三)出口创汇率 1.出口创汇率,又称外汇增值率,是指加工后成品出口的外汇净收入与原料外汇成本的比率。该指标主要用于计算用国外原材料或国产原材料加工再出口的业务。 2.其计算公式 出口创汇率= (成品出口外汇净收入-原料外汇成本)/原料外汇成本×100% Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 需要说明的是,如原材料为国产品,其外汇成本可按原料的FOB出口价计算。如原材料是进口的,则按该原料的CIF价计算。通过出口的外汇净收入和原料外汇成本的对比,则可看出成品出口的创汇情况,从而确定出口成品是否有利。特别是在进料加工的情况下,核算出口创汇率这项指标,更有必要。 Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 课堂练习 1、某合同规定出口商品数量1000套,每套CIF香港80美元,由卖方投保一切险,投保金额按发票金额加10%,查自装运港至目的港的运费为800美元,保险费率为0.5%,问我方可净收入外汇多少美元? 2、我某企业向新加坡A公司出售一批货物,共计500套,出口总价为10万美元CIF 新加坡,其中从大连港运至新加坡的海运运费为4000万美元,保险按CIF总价的110%投保一切险,保险费率 1%。这批货物的出口总成本为 72万人民币元。结汇时,银行外汇买入价为 1美折合人民币8.30元。试计算这笔交易的换汇成本和盈亏额。 Import & Export Practices
Import & Export Practices 课堂练习 3.某商品的出口总成本为每公吨2100元人民币,出口FOB价为300美元,折算率为8.28,求换汇成本及盈亏率。 4.某公司出口商品5000箱,每箱净重20千克,毛重22千克,体积0.03立方米,出口总成本每箱人民币999元,外销价每箱120美元CFR纽约。海运运费按W/M计算,每运费吨52美元。(100美元=828元人民币) 试计算该商品的出口盈亏率及换汇成本 Import & Export Practices
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