《英语国家社会与文化入门》（２）美国部分 Unit 9 Social Movements of the 1960s

I. Introduction 1. Greensboro Sit-in (格林斯博罗静坐) On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina (北卡罗莱纳州), sat down at a department lunch counter and ordered coffee. When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state. The next day, more students joined them. Thus began the civil rights movement (黑人民权运动), which spread from the south to the north. Later, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.

I. Introduction 2. Three kinds of social movements (1) The civil rights movement黑人民权运动 (2) The youth anti-war青年反战运动 (3) The women’s liberation movements妇女解放运动 The three kinds of social movements had long roots in United States history.（这三种运动已经深深地植根于美国历史之中）

II. Why Did the Social Movements Begin II. Why Did the Social Movements Begin? The causes In the 1960s, three groups of people , Afro-Americans, young people and women were dissatisfied with their lives. 1. During World War II, many American Negroes had a taste of life outside the south. They knew life in the segregated South was not the American way of life. 2. Many young people resented traditional white male values in US society. 3. Middle-class white women had the opportunity to work in responsible jobs for good pay during World War II. But when men returned from the war, women had fewer opportunities. 4. When the US army began to fight in Vietnam, many people thought the war was wrong.

III. Who Worked in the Social Movements. 1 III. Who Worked in the Social Movements? 1. People who believed the government and the society were wrong joined one or more of the social movements.　许多不满于政府和社会的人加入了一场或多场社会运动。 2. Nonviolent action tactics like sit-ins, teach-ins, boycotts, rallies and marches were used in the movements. 静坐示威、宣讲会、抵制活动、集会以及游行等非暴力行动策略在社会运动中得到采用。

IV. What Is a Social Movement. 1 IV. What Is a Social Movement? 1. Definition A social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.” 2. Characteristics　特点 All social movements have two basic characteristics: (1) structure (有组织) (2) spontaneity（自发性） 3. Other necessary parts（其它要素） of a social movement are:   (1). a social base of people 人们的社会基础   (2). a “message” or ideology 思想体系   (3). the ability to spread the message and get more supporter 传播思想和得到更多支持者的能力

V. The Civil Rights Movement黑人民权运动 One of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S. history. 1. The cause In 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving her seat to a white man on a public bus in Montgomery, Alabama according to segregation laws. Rosa Parks (罗莎·帕克斯) spontaneous action (自发行为) in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement.

V. The Civil Rights Movement黑人民权运动 2 V. The Civil Rights Movement黑人民权运动 2. Organizations (1) Three main organizations SNCC---the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee学生非暴力统一行动委员会 CORE ---the Congress of Racial Equality争取种族平等大会 SCLC---the Southern Christian Leadership Conference南部基督教领导联合会 These three groups provided the leadership, the nonviolent tactics, the network and the people to fight against Southern segregation. 这三个组织通过提供领导力量、非暴力策略、关系网以及人员来反抗南部的种族隔离。

V. The Civil Rights Movement黑人民权运动 3 V. The Civil Rights Movement黑人民权运动 3. Direct Action Tactics直接行动策略 (1) Specific methods Civil rights activists used such non-violent direct action tactics as “sit-ins”, “freedom rides” and voter registration.民权运动参与者运用了静坐示威、自由乘车运动以及选民登记运动等非暴力直接行动策略。 (2) Martin Luther King, Jr. He was a Baptist minister.是一名浸礼会牧师 He was the leader of SCLC. He gave the famous speech “I have a dream” in Washington, D. C. in 1963. He was given the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. He was assassinated in Tennessee in 1968.

V. The Civil Rights Movement黑人民权运动 (3) The achievements In 1961, federal government declared segregation illegal in all interstate bus stations. The Civil Rights Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Johnson in 1964. 4. Changes As racial violence continued, black people began to question the nonviolent tactics used in the South. (1) In 1965, President Johnson began his “ war on poverty”.1965年约翰逊总统发起了向“贫困开战”计划。

V. The Civil Rights Movement黑人民权运动 (2) Malcolm X 马尔科姆 V. The Civil Rights Movement黑人民权运动 (2) Malcolm X 马尔科姆.艾克斯 He spoke in favor of black separatism and against nonviolence in fighting racial discrimination and racism.他支持分离主义，反对非暴力策略。 He believed blacks should arm themselves and fight the Ku Klux Klan and other white terrorists. 他认为黑人应该武装起来与三K党以及其他白人恐怖分子做斗争。 He was assassinated in New York in 1965.　1965年，他在纽约被暗杀。

V. The Civil Rights Movement黑人民权运动 (3) Stokeley Carmichael斯托克利 V. The Civil Rights Movement黑人民权运动 (3) Stokeley Carmichael斯托克利.卡迈克尔 SNCC elected Stokeley Carmichael, who believed black people should work to end discrimination without the help of white people. 学生非暴力统一行动委员会选举他为新的领导人；卡迈克尔认为黑人应当在不依靠白人帮助的情况下与种族歧视作斗争。 (4) “March against fear”反恐惧游行 In 1966, the first black student to enter the University of Mississippi began a “march against fear”.1966年，第一个进入密西西比大学的黑人学生发起了“反恐惧游行”。

VI. The Youth Movement and Anti-War Movement 青年运动和反战运动 1 VI. The Youth Movement and Anti-War Movement 青年运动和反战运动 1. Free Speech Movement 言论自由运动 (1) In 1964, a Core organizer was arrested as he distributed information and collected money at the campus of the University of California at Berkeley. (2) A student named Mario Savio(马里奥·萨维奥), demanded that the CORE worker be freed and the rules against free speech be changed. (3) The students sat around the police car for 32 hours in spontaneous, nonviolent, direct action to protest the arrest.

VI. The Youth Movement and Anti-War Movement 1 VI. The Youth Movement and Anti-War Movement 1. Free Speech Movement 言论自由运动 (4) The California governor called hundreds of police to the campus. 800 students were arrested. (5) Graduate students organized a strike and closed the university. (6) The teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violate the 1st and 14th Amendments.

VI. The Youth Movement and Anti-War Movement 2 VI. The Youth Movement and Anti-War Movement 2. “Counterculture”反主流文化运动 (1) In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture”. 随着言论自由运动和新左派组织的发展，“反主流文化运动”暴发了。 (2) The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles. They had morals different from taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life. 反主流文化运动排斥资本主义和美国其它的原则；青年们持与其父母不同的道德观；一些青年人试图建立不同的生活方式。

VI. The Youth Movement and Anti-War Movement 2 VI. The Youth Movement and Anti-War Movement 2. “Counterculture”反主流文化运动 (3) Among the most famous were the hippies(嬉皮士). They sought new experience through dropping out, drugs. 其中最为著名的是“嬉皮士”；他们通过辍学、吸食毒品等方式来获取新的经验。 (4) But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on traditional American society. 音乐成为反主流文化运动向传统社会发起攻击的主要手段；特别是摇滚发挥了了重要的作用。 (5) The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and success.反主流文化运动极大地影响了人们对风俗习惯、婚姻、事业以及成功的态度。

VI. The Youth Movement and Anti-War Movement ３ VI. The Youth Movement and Anti-War Movement ３. The Anti-War Movement (against the war in Vietnam) (1) The organizations included church groups, SNCC, SDS and many smaller groups which were formed to protest the war in Vietnam. 反对越战的组织包括：宗教团体、学生非暴力统一行动委员会、学生争取民主社会以及其他许多小型团体。 (2) In 1973, the US signed a peace treaty to end the war.1973年，美国政府签订了结束越战条约。

VI. Women’s Liberation Movement 1 VI. Women’s Liberation Movement 1. The beginning The women’s movement in the 1960s was started by three groups of women and an accident. 2. Three groups (1). professional women who were appointed to a Commission on the Status of Women(妇女地位委员会) by President Kennedy in 1961. (2). white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedan’s(贝蒂·弗里丹) book, The Feminine Mystique《女性之迷》, published in 1963. (3). young activists (激进主义分子, 行动主义分子)in the civil rights and anti-war movements.

VI. Women’s Liberation Movement 2 VI. Women’s Liberation Movement 2. The achievement In 1964, the Civil Rights Act passed and the law made discrimination in employment based on race or sex illegal. 1964年，美国民权法案通过。这项法案宣布在就业问题上采取的性别和种族歧视都是非法的。 3. NOW—the National Organization for Women美国全国妇女组织 (1) In 1966, NOW was formed by the first two groups. (2) It fought against discrimination against women and battled for “equal rights in partnership with men.”