The Present Participle ---Used as Adverbial

Let’s go over the usage of –ing form below Let’s go over the usage of –ing form below. Examine the sentences and discuss in what way the structures are similar to each other and in what way they are different.

The –ing form used as an adverbial. Looking carefully at the ground, I made my way to the edge of the crater. The –ing form used as an adverbial. Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn’t take much notice. Having + past participle (the perfect -ing form) to refer to an action that took place before the time expressed by main verb.

不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语。还有时态和语态的变化。 千万要注意V-ing形式的规则哟！ 不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语。还有时态和语态的变化。

The Present Participle as Adverbial （现在分词做状语）

时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等， Task1 现在分词作状语代替状语从句 -ing分词作状语代替状语从句可以表示 时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等， 注：从句的主语和主句的主语必须一致。即-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语，并表示主动的关系。

一. -ing分词短语作时间状语，代替一个时间状语从句： 注意：1：现在分词所表示的动作与主句的动作一般是同时发生，有时可由连词when, while引出。 2：现在分词所表示的动作一发生，主句的动作就立即发生时，现在分词一般位于句首。 如：

When he read the book, he nodded from time to time.           When she saw those pictures, she remembered her childhood.            While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.  

Being ill, he couldn’t come to school today. As he was ill, he couldn’t come to school today. Being ill, he couldn’t come to school today.      

三、–ing分词短语作结果状语。如： His father died, leaving him a lot of money.   She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.

四、-ing分词也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个条件状语从句和让步状语从句。 If you use your head, you will find a way. Using your head, you will find a way. Though they knew all this, they made me pay for the damage. Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.      

五、-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如： They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly. ___________ by the old man, the young people started walking slowly. Followed

分词作状语 现在分词 过去分词 状语 其 逻辑 主语必 须与句子 主语保持一致 done 与主语为被动关系 doing 与主语为主动关系

When they heard the bad news Hearing the bad news, they couldn’t help crying. When they heard the bad news doing 与主语为主动关系

If they had been given more attention the trees could have grown better. done 与主语为被动关系 If they had been given more attention

________from the top of the building, we saw the house like a match box. ________from the top of the building, the house looks like a match box. Seeing Seen

注意： 分词短语做状语时，前面可以加上连词，但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but，and)，因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分，分词和主句之间可用逗号。

例如: 误: Having been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it. 正: He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it. 或 Having been told many times, he still couldn’t understand it.

对比练习

1. ________many times , but he still couldn't understand it . 2. ________many times , he still couldn't understand it . A. Having been told B. Told  C. He was told D. He been told 3. ______from space , the earth looks blue . 4.______from space , we can see the earth is blue . A. Seen B. Seeing C. To see D.See C but A A the earth B we

时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等， 现在分词作状语代替状语从句 -ing分词作状语代替状语从句可以表示 时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等， 注：从句的主语和主句的主语必须一致。即-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语，并表示主动的关系。

doing being done having been done having done Task 2:现在分词的时态和语态 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 完成式 doing being done having been done having done

-ing分词的一般式和完成式： 现在分词的时态和语态 Having finished his work, he went home.   Being a student, he was interested in books.  Having finished his work, he went home. -ing分词的一般式的动作表示和主句的动作是同时进行或者在主句的的动作之后发生；完成式的动作是先于主句的动作发生。

Having been to the Great Wall many times, he didn’t go there yesterday. 分词的动作发生在谓语动词 的动作之前

-ing分词的被动式 -ing分词的被动式表示与主句的主语（分词的逻辑主语）的关系是被动关系。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如： （Having been criticized） by the teacher, he gave up smoking.       

1. AS he had eaten too much for supper, he couldn’t go to sleep. 2.This book become well known all over the world after it had been translated into many different languages. Having eaten too much for supper, he couldn’t go to sleep. Having been translated into many different languages, this book become well known all over the world .

Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. Task 3: 现在分词的否定形式 动词--- ing形式（短语）的否定形式 常在其（ ）加not /never等。 前面 Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. Not having received his father’s letter, he decided to make a call to him.

现在分词的否定形式 As we didn’t know his phone number, we couldn’t get in touch with her. As he didn’t receive a reply, he decided to write another letter. Not knowing his phone number, we couldn’t get in touch with her. Not having received a reply, he decided to write another letter.

分词独立主格结构 独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等 Task 4 现在分词的独立主格结构 在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致, 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为: 分词独立主格结构 独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等

As the boy led the way, we had no trouble finding the strange village. Practice: As the boy led the way, we had no trouble finding the strange village. If the weather permits, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow. leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange village. The boy The weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.

As there was no further problems to discuss, we ended the meeting at last. There being no further problems to discuss, we ended the meeting at last.

有些分词短语可以做独立成分，用来解释整个句子，不受句子主语的限制。常见的分词短语有：generally(frankly,honestly…) speaking, supposing (假设), judging from(从…判断), talking of（谈到), speaking of（谈到）等。 Generally speaking, girls are more careful than boys. Supposing you lose, what will you do? Judging from his accent, he must be from the north. Talking of travel, have you ever been to Beijing? Task 5: 现在分词的独立成分

使用- ing形式需注意的4个问题. 1、分词 (短语) 作状语时, 前后两个动作的主语是同一个人。 2、分词短语做状语时，前面可以加上连词或介词，但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but，and)，分词和主句之间可用逗号。

3、用V+ing一般式 还是Having+done完成式，要看前后两个动作有没明显的先后顺序，在可能引起误解的场合应该用完成式现在分词表示先发生的动作。 4、分词的否定形式是在分词短语前面加上 not, never等否定词构成。

After he heard a strong sound, he went out of the room for a look. = Hearing a strange sound, he went out of .. As the girl was seriously ill, she was taken to hospital immediately. be - being Being seriously ill, the girl was taken to …. As she didn’t know any French, she couldn’t get any one to help her. Not knowing any French, she couldn’t get any one to help her.

判断句子正误并改正 误 误 1. Opening the window, a butterfly flew into my room. 2. Working hard with a strong will, your dream will certainly come true. 误 Opening the window, I saw a butterfly flying into my room. 误 Working hard with a strong will, you'll certainly make your dream come true.

Consolidation The secretary worked late into the night, _____ a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 2. European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make

3.”Can’t you read?” Mary said ______ to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing 4. ______ a reply, he decided to write again. Not receiving B. Receiving not Not having received D. Having not received

5．The missing singer was last seen ____ the voice close to the bridge． A．exercising B．to be exercising C．exercise D．to exercise 6.The directors discussed the project that they would like to see ____ the next year． A．carry out B．carrying out C．carried out D．to carry out