药学领域科技词汇的特点与翻译 组员： 李晓曦 宋美佳 王绍达 王凯成 陈乾乾

Content I 英语科技词汇的来源及其特点 II 英语科技词汇的翻译 III 实训

一、英语科技词汇的来源及其特点 科技词 汇 普通词 汇 外来语构词法

1 、普通词汇  Carrier ：载体；货架；运送者。（在医药领域）带菌者，携带 者；媒介物 Cambridge Dictionaries Online: someone who does not ​suffer from a ​disease but has the ​infection or ​genetic ​fault that ​causes it and can give the ​disease to someone ​else. Example: There are an ​estimated 1.5 million ​HIV carriers in the ​country.

 Transmission: n. 传动装置，变速器；传递；传送；播送。 Cambridge Dictionaries Online: the process of passing something from one person or place to another. 有遗传、传染之意。

Example: 73.08% knew that condoms could prevent HIV transmission.

2 、外来语  Chlorophyll: 叶绿素 借用了希腊语词根 chlor- 绿色和 phyll- 叶子  Phlebotomy 静脉切开放血术  Acupuncture 针灸  Ginseng 人参（源于拉丁语）  biotic 生物的 ( 源自希腊语 )  hydrogen 氢 ( 源自希腊语 )

3 、构词法 合成法 派生法缩略法截短法混成法

3.1 、合成法 即将两个或两个以上的旧词组合成一个新词。  Sleepingpills 安眠药  touch-me-not 含羞草

3.2 、派生法  Biomedical 生物医学的  Antibiotic 抗生素

3.3 、缩略法  DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid 脱氧核糖核苷酸  CAC Citric Acid Cycle 三羧酸循环  SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 重症急性呼吸道综 合征  ROS Reactive Oxygen Species 活性氧

3.4 、截短法  Chemo chemotherapy 化疗  Flu influenza 流行性感冒

3.5 、混成法  Biorhythm (biological-rhythm ） 生理节奏  Biosynthesis (biological-synthetise) 生物合成  Pharmacology (pharmacal-ology) 药理学

二、翻译 Translation of the vocabulary of pharmaceutical science and technology Three Principles: 准确 Accuracy so-called accurately is to convey the original information and ideas, making readers obtained from the translation information and the original readers as much information 地道 Be Authentic so-called authentic is the target language expression to have a certain degree of technical, jargon, is in line with the characteristics of the subject language 精炼 Refine so-called refining is not dragging its feet, is a refinement of the extraction of the information of the original text and the ideological content.

Methods 1 、意译 Free translation  Free translation is a translation method that expresses with words which have the same meaning with the technical terms in the original papers.  Example: Precursor protein 前体蛋白

2 、字面译 Literal translation  In EST,there are a lot of new words are produced by the old words with new meanings.The new words and old words in the sound, form, meaning (including the objective reality and the concept structure) on the existence of similarity.  Example: smallpox ( 天花）  cocktail （鸡尾酒疗法）  other fields ： window menu

3 、音译 Transliteration  Transliteration is a translation method that use the words in the same or similar pronunciation with technical terms in the original papers.  Example: gene ( 基因） clone （克隆） vaseline （凡士林） Penicillin （盘尼西林）

4 、半音半意译 Free translation-Transliteration  In the science and technology English, some terms use a part of the transliteration, another part of the free translation.  Example ： clone vector （克隆载体） Alzheimer’s disease （阿兹海默症）

5 、移植译 Transplantation  Transplantation is the method that translates every words in proper order according to the meaning in the dictionary.  Example : microwave （微波） microvessel （微血管） preoperative （外科手术前） biochemistry （生物化学）

6 、缩写词 Abbreviation  some technical terms are written in the form of abbreviation.  Example : RNA (Ribonucleic Acid ） HPLC( High Performance Liquid Chromatography )

三、实训

Ischaemia-reperfusion injury occurs when the blood supply to an organ is disrupted and then restored, and underlies many disorders, notably heart attack and stroke. While reperfusion of ischaemic tissue is essential for survival, it also initiates oxidative damage, cell death and aberrant immune responses through the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although mitochondrial ROS production in ischaemia reperfusion is established, it has generally been considered a nonspecific response to reperfusion1,3. Here we develop acomparative in vivo metabolomic analysis, and unexpectedly identify widely conserved metabolic pathways responsible for mitochondrial ROS production during ischaemia reperfusion. We show that selective accumulation of the citric acid cycle intermediate succinate is a universal metabolic signature of ischaemia in a range of tissues and is responsible for mitochondrial ROS production during reperfusion. Ischaemic succinate accumulation arises from reversal of succinate dehydrogenase, which in turn is driven by fumarate overflow from purine nucleotide breakdown and partial reversal of the malate/ aspartate shuttle. 红色字体 意译 蓝色字体 移植译 紫色字体 半音半意译

After reperfusion, the accumulated succinate is rapidly re- oxidized by succinate dehydrogenase, driving extensive ROS generation by reverse electron transport atmitochondrial complex I. Decreasing ischaemic succinate accumulation by pharmacological inhibition is sufficient to ameliorate in vivo ischaemia-reperfusion injury in murine models of heart attack and stroke. Thus, we have identified a conserved metabolic response of tissues to ischaemia and reperfusion that unifies many hitherto unconnected aspects of ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Furthermore, these findings reveal a new pathway for metabolic control of ROS productionin vivo, while demonstrating that inhibition of ischaemic succinate accumulation and its oxidation after subsequent reperfusion is a potential therapeutic target to decrease ischaemia- reperfusion injury in a range of pathologies.

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