How to Make Citizen’s Rights to the Environment Possible in China: from “environmental damages” to “damages to the environment per se” Xiao-gang WANG Ph.D. (Legal Theory) (Jilin University) Master (Environmental Law) (Wuhan University) School of Law, Jilin University, P. R. of China

——从“环境损害”到“对环境本身的损害” 公民环境权在中国何以可能？ ——从“环境损害”到“对环境本身的损害” 王小钢 吉林大学法学院

人类有权在一种能够过尊严和幸福的生活的环境中，享有自由、平等和充足的生活条件的基本权利，并且负有保护和改善这一代和将来世世代代的环境的庄严责任。 《斯德哥尔摩人类环境宣言》原则1 Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being, and he bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations. The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment

Contents 1. Historic development of environmental rights in Chinese Law 1. 环境权在中国法律中的历史发展 2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China 2. 当下中国以“环境损害”为救济对象的公民环境权理论 3. A New theory of citizen’s rights to the environment based on “damages to the environment per se” 3. 一种新理论：以“对环境本身的损害”为基础的公民环境权利理论

1. Historic development of environmental rights in China 1. 环境权在中国立法中的历史发展

1. Historic development of environmental rights in Chinese Law (1) Environmental rights based on the citizenship (1979) (1) 以公民资格为基础的环境权(1979) (2) Environmental rights as democratic rights (1989) (2) 作为民主权利的环境权(1989) (3) Environmental rights as public rights (2002) (3) 作为公众权利的环境权(2002)

(1) Environmental rights based on the citizenship (1979) The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (for Trial Implementation) (1979), Article 8 reads: “Citizens have the right to make complaints against, exposures of, or charges against units and individuals that cause pollution or damage to the environment.” 1979年《中华人民共和国环境保护法（试行）》第八条规定：“公民对污染和破坏环境的单位和个人，有权监督、检举和控告。被检举、控告的单位和个人不得打击报复。”

(1) Environmental rights based on the citizenship (1979) During the early years of reform in China, citizen’s rights to make complains, exposures or charges are based on the citizenship. 在改革开放初期，公民的监督、检举和控告权是建立在公民资格基础之上。

(1) Environmental rights based on the citizenship (1979) The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1982), Article 33 reads: “All persons holding the nationality of the People’s Republic of China are citizens of the People’s Republic of China. All citizens of the People’s Republic of China are equal before the law. Every citizen is entitled to the rights and at the same time must perform the duties prescribed by the Constitution and the law.” 1982年《中华人民共和国宪法》第三十三条规定：“凡具有中华人民共和国国籍的人都是中华人民共和国公民。中华人民共和国公民在法律面前一律平等。任何公民享有宪法和法律规定的权利，同时必须履行宪法和法律规定的义务。”

(1) Environmental rights based on the citizenship (1979) The citizenship is based on the nationality according the Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1982), therefore all citizens have equal rights to make complains, exposures or charges in the environmental area. 这种公民资格建立在国籍基础上，因此公民享有平等的环境监督、检举和控告权。

(1) Environmental rights based on the citizenship (1979) Firstly, this form of environmental rights based on the citizenship is consistent with the national environmental policy of “depending on the public, promoting public participation, protecting the environment, and benefiting the people”, therefore public participation is the hard core of citizen’s rights to make complains, exposures or charges in the environmental area. 第一，这种以公民资格为基础的环境权体现了“依靠群众，大家动手，保护环境，造福人民”的环境保护工作方针,因此这种环境监督、检举和控告权的核心内容是公众参与。

(1) Environmental rights based on the citizenship (1979) The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (for Trial Implementation) (1979), Article 4 reads: “The national policy of environmental protection includes comprehensive planning, reasonable distribution, integrated utilization, converting wastes into resources, depending on the public, promoting public participation, protecting the environment, and benefiting the people.” 1979年《中华人民共和国环境保护法（试行）》第四条规定：“环境保护工作的方针是：全面规划，合理布局，综合利用，化害为利，依靠群众，大家动手，保护环境，造福人民。”

(1) Environmental rights based on the citizenship (1979) Secondly, this form of environmental rights based on the citizenship deals with “the violation of the law or dereliction of duty” by persons in state organ, private company or public enterprise unit. 第二，这种以公民资格为基础的环境权应对国家机关、企业、事业单位工作人员的违法失职行为。

(1) Environmental rights based on the citizenship (1979) The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1978), Article 55 reads: “Citizens have the right to make charges against any person in state organ, private company or public enterprise unit for violation of the law or dereliction of duty to relevant state organs at all levels.” 1978年《中华人民共和国宪法》第五十五条规定：“公民对于任何违法失职的国家机关和企业、事业单位的工作人员，有权向各级国家机关提出控告。公民在权利受到侵害的时候，有权向各级国家机关提出申诉。对这种控告和申诉，任何人不得压制和打击报复。”

(1) Environmental rights based on the citizenship (1979) During the early years of reform in China, “units and individuals that cause pollution or damage to the environment” are thought as those who were in “violation of the law or dereliction of duty”. If any unit or individual had caused pollution or damage to the environment, every citizen had the right to make complains against, exposures of or charges against this unit or individual. Therefore citizen’s rights to make complains, exposures or charges in the environmental area are rights for citizens to enforce environmental laws and perform public duty. 在改革开放初期，污染和破坏环境的单位和个人被视为“违法失职的国家机关和企业、事业单位的工作人员”。公民对于任何违法失职的国家机关和企业、事业单位的工作人员，有权向各级国家机关提出控告。因此，这种监督、检举和控告是事后的监督、检举和控告。

(1) Environmental rights based on the citizenship (1979) Thirdly, this form of environmental rights based on the citizenship aims at redressing “the pollution and damage to the environment”, therefore the remedy after the fact is the nature of citizen’s rights to make complains, exposures or charges in the environmental area. 第三，这种以公民资格为基础的环境权旨在救济“对环境的损害”，因此这种环境监督、检举和控告在本性上属于事后救济。

(1) Environmental rights based on the citizenship (1979) Since only living persons can breathe clean air and drink clean water, “the pollution and damage to the environment” was even considered as the breach of some substantive right to the clean environment. 由于只有自然人能够呼吸清洁的空气，饮用干净的水，这种“对环境的损害”在当时甚至被视为对某种实体性清洁环境权的侵害。

(1) Environmental rights based on the citizenship (1979) According to The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1978), citizens have the right to make an appeal to relevant state organs at all levels when their rights are breached. So citizen’s rights to make complains, exposures or charges in the environmental area were then connected to citizen’s substantive right to the clean environment. 根据1978年《中华人民共和国宪法》，公民在权利受到侵害的时候，有权向各级国家机关提出申诉。因此，公民的环境监督、检举和控告权在当时与某种实体性清洁环境权勾连在一起。

(2) Environmental rights as democratic rights (1989) In the year of 1989, the holders of the right to make exposures or charges in the environmental area were extended to all units and individuals. 在1989年，环境检举和控告权的主体扩展到所有单位和个人。

(2) Environmental rights as democratic rights (1989) The Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (1989), Article 6 reads: “All units and individuals shall have the obligation to protect the environment and shall have the right to make exposures of or file charges against units or individuals that cause pollution or damage to the environment.” 1989年《中华人民共和国环境保护法》第六条规定：“一切单位和个人都有保护环境的义务，并有权对污染和破坏环境的单位和个人进行检举和控告。”

(2) Environmental rights as democratic rights (1989) Therefore, not only citizens but also all units have the right to make exposures or charges as regard to environmental matters. 因此，不仅公民，而且所有的单位，都享有环境检举和控告权。

(2) Environmental rights as democratic rights (1989) According to The Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (1989), it seems that the right to make exposures or charges in the environmental area is not connected to the substantive right to the clean environment any longer. 根据1989年《中华人民共和国环境保护法》，环境检举和控告权似乎不再与实体性清洁环境权相关联。

(2) Environmental rights as democratic rights (1989) The right to make exposures or file charges in the environmental area has become some kind of purely procedural right relating to environmental matters. 环境检举和控告权变成了一种纯粹程序性的权利。

(2) Environmental rights as democratic rights (1989) Of course, this form of environmental rights as democratic rights also aims at redressing “the pollution and damage to the environment”, and thus provides the remedy after the fact. 这种以民主权利为基础的环境权利也旨在救济“对环境的损害”，并且仅提供事后的救济。

(3) Environmental rights as public rights (2002) Since the year of 2002, the rights and interests of the public in respect of the environment have become the legal basis of public participation in environmental impacts assessment. 自2002年以来，公众环境权益开始成为公众参与环境影响评价的法律基础。

(3) Environmental rights as public rights (2002) The Law of the People's Republic of China on Environmental Impacts Assessment (2002), Article 11 reads: “As for a special plan, which may cause adverse effects on the environment and may have a direct bearing on the rights and interests of the public in respect of the environment, the authority that draw up the plan shall, before submitting the draft of the plan for examination and approval, hold demonstration meetings or hearings, or solicit in other forms the comments and suggestions from the relevant units, specialists and the public on the draft report on environmental effects, except where secrets need to be guarded as required by State regulations.” 2002年《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》第十一条规定：“专项规划的编制机关对可能造成不良环境影响并直接涉及公众环境权益的规划，应当在该规划草案报送审批前，举行论证会、听证会，或者采取其他形式，征求有关单位、专家和公众对环境影响报告书草案的意见。”

(3) Environmental rights as public rights (2002) The Law of the People's Republic of China on Environmental Impacts Assessment (2002) introduces some kind of environmental rights as public rights which provide the legal basis for public participation in environmental impacts assessment. 2002年《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》引入了某种作为公众权利的环境权利，这种环境权利为公众参与环境影响评价提供了法律基础。

(3) Environmental rights as public rights (2002) However, this form of environmental rights as public rights could not be enforced by citizens in China. In other words, the provision of the rights and interests of the public in respect of the environment does not provide citizens with the standing to sue in the case of environment impacts assessment. 然而，公民不能在中国法院适用这种作为公众权利的环境权。换言之，公众环境权益条款并没有赋予公民在环境影响评价案件中提起诉讼的资格。

2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China 2. 当下中国以“环境损害”为救济对象的公民环境权理论

2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China There is a common argument that citizen’s environmental rights aim at preventing and redressing “environmental damages” behind different kinds of theories of citizen’s environmental rights in current China. “Environmental damages” in these theories include not only “damages to the environment per se”, but also damages to person and property caused by environmental pollution. 当前公民环境权理论共享着一个共同的理论主张——公民环境权旨在预防和救济“环境损害”。这些理论中的“环境损害”既包括“对环境本身的损害”，也包括经由环境污染造成的人身和财产损害。

2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China However, there is no legal measure to redress “damages to the environment per se” in current civil laws in China. Therefore, in the argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages”, “environmental damages” are reduced to damages to person and property caused by environmental pollution. 因为我国现有法没有关于“对环境本身的损害”的救济措施，所以当前公民环境权私权化论者（以下简称私权化论者）在根据现有法律规定来论述公民环境权的救济制度时，“环境损害”随之被化约为经由环境污染造成的人身和财产损害。

The reduction includes three approaches. 这种化约是通过三条论证路径实现的。 2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China The reduction includes three approaches. 这种化约是通过三条论证路径实现的。

2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China Firstly, according to the argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” , both General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China (1986) and Property Law of the People's Republic of China (2007) provide citizens with neibouring right in the environmental area. 第一，根据环境权私权化理论，《中华人民共和国民法通则》（1986）第八十三条和《中华人民共和国物权法》（2007）第九十条实际上承认了公民环境相邻权。

2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China (1986), Article 83 reads: “In the spirit of helping production, making things convenient for people's lives, enhancing unity and mutual assistance, and being fair and reasonable, neighbouring users of real estate shall maintain proper neighbourly relations over such matters as water supply, drainage, passageway, ventilation and lighting. Anyone who causes obstruction or damage to his neighbour, shall stop the infringement, eliminate the obstruction and compensate for the damage.” 《中华人民共和国民法通则》（1986）第八十三条规定：“不动产的相邻各方，应当按照有利生产、方便生活、团结互助、公平合理的精神，正确处理截水、排水、通行、通风、采光等方面的相邻关系。给相邻方造成妨碍或者损失的，应当停止侵害，排除妨碍，赔偿损失。”

2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China Property Law of the People's Republic of China (2007), Article 90 reads: “No holder of realty may discard solid wastes or discharge such harmful substances as atmospheric pollutants, water pollutants, noise, light and magnetic radiation with violation of the related provisions of the state.” 《中华人民共和国物权法》（2007）第九十条规定：“不动产权利人不得违反国家规定弃置固体废物，排放大气污染物、水污染物、噪声、光、电磁波辐射等有害物质。”

第二，《中华人民共和国民法通则》（1986）第九十八条实际上也承认了公民环境人格权。 2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China Secondly, according to the argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages”, General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China (1986) provides citizens with personal right in the environmental area. 第二，《中华人民共和国民法通则》（1986）第九十八条实际上也承认了公民环境人格权。

《中华人民共和国民法通则》（1986）第九十八条规定：“公民享有生命健康权。” 2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China (1986), Article 98 reads: “Citizens shall enjoy the rights of life and health.” 《中华人民共和国民法通则》（1986）第九十八条规定：“公民享有生命健康权。”

《中华人民共和国民法通则》（1986）第一百二十四条实际上也承认了公民环境权利保护制度的存在。 2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China Thirdly, according to the argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages”, General Principles of the Civil Law of the People‘s Republic of China (1986) deals with civil liability for infringement of citizen’s environmental rights. 《中华人民共和国民法通则》（1986）第一百二十四条实际上也承认了公民环境权利保护制度的存在。

第一百二十四条规定：“违反国家保护环境防止污染的规定，污染环境造成他人损害的，应当依法承担民事责任。” 2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China (1986), Article 124 reads: “Any person who pollutes the environment and causes damage to others in violation of state provisions for environmental protection and the prevention of pollution shall bear civil liability in accordance with the law.” 第一百二十四条规定：“违反国家保护环境防止污染的规定，污染环境造成他人损害的，应当依法承担民事责任。”

总之，这三种路径并不救济“对环境本身的损害”，只是救济经由环境污染造成的人身损害和财产损害。 2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China In a word, these three approaches do not redress “damages to the environment per se”, but recover damages to person and property caused by environmental pollution. 总之，这三种路径并不救济“对环境本身的损害”，只是救济经由环境污染造成的人身损害和财产损害。

以“环境损害”为救济对象的公民环境权理论，不能将公民环境权利和现有私法中的各种权利区分开来。因而，它也必然遭到各种论者的怀疑和批评。 2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” can not distinguish citizen’s rights to the environment from various existing rights in civil law. Therefore, it was questioned and doubted by some environmental law professors in China. 以“环境损害”为救济对象的公民环境权理论，不能将公民环境权利和现有私法中的各种权利区分开来。因而，它也必然遭到各种论者的怀疑和批评。

以“环境损害”为救济对象的公民环境权理论，不能为公民环境权利的独立存在提供正当理由。 2. The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on “environmental damages” in current China The argument of citizen’s environmental rights based on environmental damages could not justify the independent existence of the right from existing relevant rights. 以“环境损害”为救济对象的公民环境权理论，不能为公民环境权利的独立存在提供正当理由。

3. A New theory of citizen’s rights to the environment based on “damages to the environment per se” 3. 一种新理论：以“对环境本身的损害”为救济对象的公民环境权利理论

In my opinion, citizen’s rights to the environment aim only at preventing and redressing “damages to the environment per se”. 在我看来，以“对环境本身的损害”为基础的各种公民环境权论辩，不能为公民环境权的独立存在提供正当理由。

In order to make citizen’s right to the environment possible in China, citizen’s rights to the environment based on “damages to the environment per se” should have three dimensions. 为了使公民环境权利在中国成为可能，以“对环境本身的损害”为基础的公民环境权利必须具有三个基本维度。

(1) Citizen’s rights to environmental protection based on the common good and the citizenship (1) 以共同善和公民资格为理论基础的公民环境权利

一种能够过尊严和幸福的生活的环境应该被看作整个社会的共同善的一部分，每个公民都拥有支持和协助政府预防和减少“对环境本身的损害”的权利。 (1) Citizen’s rights to environmental protection based on the common good and the citizenship An environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being should be conceived as a part of the common good for the whole society in which each citizen has the right to support and assist the government to prevent and reduce “damages to the environment per se”. 一种能够过尊严和幸福的生活的环境应该被看作整个社会的共同善的一部分，每个公民都拥有支持和协助政府预防和减少“对环境本身的损害”的权利。

(1) Citizen’s rights to environmental protection based on the common good and the citizenship In political terms, environmental citizenship can play a key role in shaping the common good in the environmental area. Aristotle once said: “ethics is from the standpoint of the individual. Citizenship is from the standpoint of the group. The moral character of an ethical person is the same set of virtues needed to be a good citizen.” 从政治学上讲，环境公民资格能够促进在环境领域型塑共同善。亚里士多德说过：“伦理从个体开始。公民资格从群体开始。一个合乎伦理的人的道德品性与良好公民所必备的美德品性共享着同样的一套品质。”

(1) Citizen’s rights to environmental protection based on the common good and the citizenship Our future largely depends on each citizen acting positively toward our environment. However, in the context of Chinese society, preventing and reducing “damages to the environment per se” largely depends on the government’s efforts toward environmental protection. 我们的未来在很大程度上依赖于每个公民积极地对待我们的环境。在中国社会背景下，预防和减少“对环境本身的损害”在很大程度上依靠政府在环境保护方面付出的努力。

因此，公民积极保护环境的权利意味着政府必须接受公民参与环境决策，甚至是容忍公民对政府环境决策的批评。 (1) Citizen’s rights to environmental protection based on the common good and the citizenship Therefore, citizen’s rights to act positively toward the environment mean that the government must accept citizen’s participation in decision-making relating to the environment and even tolerate citizen’s criticism toward the government’s decisions relating to the environment. 因此，公民积极保护环境的权利意味着政府必须接受公民参与环境决策，甚至是容忍公民对政府环境决策的批评。

(1) Citizen’s rights to environmental protection based on the common good and the citizenship The legal basis of citizen’s rights to environmental protection based on the common good and the citizenship thus far include The Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (1989) and The Law of the People's Republic of China on Environmental Impacts Assessment (2002). 这种以共同善和公民资格为基础的公民环境权利的法律基础目前包括1989年《中华人民共和国环境保护法》和2002年《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》。

(1) Citizen’s rights to environmental protection based on the common good and the citizenship Redressing “damages to the environment per se” is the object of the provision of citizen’s right to make exposures or charges, and preventing “damages to the environment per se” is the object of the provision of the rights and interests of the public in respect of the environment. 救济“对环境本身的损害”是1989年《中华人民共和国环境保护法》中的公民环境检举和控告权条款的目标。预防“对环境本身的损害”是2002年《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》中的公众环境权益条款的目标。

在我看来，基于公民资格提起环境公益诉讼的权利是以共同善和公民资格为基础的诸多公民环境权利中的一种。 (1) Citizen’s rights to environmental protection based on the common good and the citizenship In my opinion, the right to initiate public interests environmental litigations based on the citizenship is also one of citizen’s rights to the environment based the common good and the citizenship . 在我看来，基于公民资格提起环境公益诉讼的权利是以共同善和公民资格为基础的诸多公民环境权利中的一种。

(2) Citizen’s rights to the healthy environment based on human rights and constitutional rights (2) 以人权和宪法权利为基础的公民健康环境权利

2004年《中华人民共和国宪法》第三十三条规定：“国家尊重和保障人权”。 （2）Citizen’s rights to the healthy environment based on human rights and constitutional rights The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (Amended in 2004), Article 33 reads: “The state respects and protects human rights.” 2004年《中华人民共和国宪法》第三十三条规定：“国家尊重和保障人权”。

（2）Citizen’s rights to the healthy environment based on human rights and constitutional rights Article 26 reads: “The state protects and improves the environment in which people live and the ecological environment. It prevents and controls pollution and other public hazards. The state organizes and encourages afforestation and the protection of forests.” 第二十六条规定：“国家保护和改善生活环境和生态环境，防治污染和其他公害。”

在最近三年，中国开始在县级和市级建立了一些环境保护审判庭。这些审判庭受理并审判了若干环境公益诉讼案件。 （2）Citizen’s rights to the healthy environment based on human rights and constitutional rights In recent three years, environmental courts have been established at the county and city level in China. They accepted and heard several public interests environmental cases. 在最近三年，中国开始在县级和市级建立了一些环境保护审判庭。这些审判庭受理并审判了若干环境公益诉讼案件。

因此，在中国社会背景下，公民健康环境权利可能发展成为一种独立的人权。 （2）Citizen’s rights to the healthy environment based on human rights and constitutional rights 因此，在中国社会背景下，公民健康环境权利可能发展成为一种独立的人权。 Therefore, it is possible for citizen’s right to the healthy environment to become an independent human right in the context of Chinese society.

（2）Citizen’s rights to the healthy environment based on human rights and constitutional rights However, the roles of environmental courts are somewhat misleading. They even want to accept so-called public interests environmental cases in which local Environmental Protection Bureau makes charges against the polluter. 然而，环境保护审判庭的角色和功能有些错位。它们甚至受理了两个地方环境保护局控告污染者的所谓的“环境公益诉讼案件”。

（2）Citizen’s rights to the healthy environment based on human rights and constitutional rights In China, Environmental Protection Bureaus is capable to compel polluters to comply with environmental laws. Therefore, the function of public interests environmental litigations should be urging Environmental Protection Bureaus to enforce environmental laws. 在中国，环保局应当有能力并且实际上也有能力强迫污染者遵守环境法律。因此，环境公益诉讼的功能应当是敦促环保局严格执法。

（2）Citizen’s rights to the healthy environment based on human rights and constitutional rights In order to guarantee an environment of a quality that permits a healthy life of each citizen, especially for socially vulnerable groups, citizen’s rights to the healthy environment based on human rights and constitutional rights should aim at preventing and redressing “damages to the environment per se”. 这种以人权和宪法权利为基础的公民健康环境权利旨在预防和救济“对环境本身的损害”，以保障一种使每个公民（特别是社会弱势群体）能够过健康生活的环境。

(3) Citizen’s rights to an ecologically-balanced environment in the context of sustainable development and harmonious society (3) 公民在可持续发展和和谐社会背景下享有舒适或生态上平衡的环境的权利

(3) Citizen’s rights to an ecologically-balanced environment in the context of sustainable development and harmonious society In the December of 2005, six professors and Ph. D candidates at Peking University tried to challenge a state-owned enterprise China Petroleum based on citizen’s right to ecologically-balanced environment before People’s High Court of Heilongjiang. However, the court even did not accept the case. 2005年12月，北京大学六师生试图基于公民生态平衡环境权利向黑龙江高级人民法院起诉一个国有企业中国石油股份有限公司。然而，黑龙江高级人民法院并没有受理这个案件。

Conclusion In a word, the theory of citizen’s rights to the environment based on “damages to the environment per se” which include three dimensions to make the rights possible in China could distinguish the right to the environment from existing relevant rights in public law and civil law. 总之，这种以“对环境本身的损害”为基础的公民环境权利理论既可以区分环境权利和公法上的现有各种权利，也可以区分私法上的环境权利和现有的环境人格权、环境相邻权、环境侵权制度。

THANK YOU! 谢谢！ ANY QUESTION: wang_xg@jlu.edu.cn wxiaogang2003@yahoo.com.cn