Grammar Unit 5 Enjoying novels 独立主格结构

Lead in Check the students’ understanding of the following sentences with the nominative absolute constructions. 1. The three Brontë sisters adopting this practice, Mary Ann Evans did the same and wrote under the name of George Eliot.

2. With the 19th century being regarded as one of great women writers, there were also some excellent male authors. 3. These women having produced works of the highest quality, any survey of the 19th century English literature must include them.

独立主格结构是一个独立主格的名词或代词（作为逻辑主语）加上一个分词、形容词、副词、不定式或介词短语，其作用相当于状语从句，多用来表示行为方式或者伴随情况，有时也用来表示时间、原因和条件。这种结构多用于书面语中。 1．表示时间： Spring coming on, the trees turned green. Our work having been finished, we went home. The signal given, the bus started. The meeting (being) over, we left the room. 3．表示条件： Time permitting, we’ll visit the Summer Palace. Weather permitting, they will start at six tomorrow morning. 4．表示伴随情况或补充说明： Last night I followed him here, and climbed in, sword in hand. The children were making a snowman, hands red with the cold. I have bought a new coat, the old one being worn out. 2．表示原因： It being Sunday, the library was closed. The weather being fine, we went for a walk. There being no buses, we had to walk home. The key having been lost, she could not enter the room. 注：这种表示伴随情况的独立结构，有时也可用“with +宾语+分词（或形容词、介词短语）”构成的短语来代替。

独立主格结构的特点: (1) 独立主格结构的作用相当于状语从句,可表示 时间,原因,条件,行为方式或伴随情况; (2) 独立主格结构可置于句首,也可以放在句尾; (3) 独立主格结构主要用于书面语;

(4) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句中的语法主语不同,不指同一个人或同一事物; (5) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在; (6) 名词或代词与后面的分词, 形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系; (7) 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开

（8）过去分词表示被动，逻辑主语承 受动作；分词的完成式表示的动作 在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发 生。 e.g.1). The test finished, we began our holiday. =When the test was finished, we began our holiday.

2). The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 3). Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 4). He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 5). He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.

with 的复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时, 既可用分词的独立结构, 也可用with 的复合结构。

现将with复合结构的构成和用法归纳如下： He died with his daughter yet a school girl. 他死的时候，他的女儿还是个学生。 2. with+宾语+形容词 He used to sleep with all the windows open. 他过去常常开着窗子睡觉。 She lay in bed with her face pale. 她躺在床上，脸色苍白

3. with+宾语+副词 The girl fell asleep with the light on. 那位女孩睡着了，灯还亮着。 Her mother sat in an armchair with her head down. 她母亲坐在椅子上，头低着。 4. with+宾语+不定式 I can’t go out with these clothes to wash. 因为这些衣服要洗，我不能出去。 I had to go to bed with nothing to do. 我没有事可做，只好睡觉。

5. with+宾语+介词短语 He sat near the fire with his back to the door. 他坐在炉子旁，背朝着房门。 The teacher came in with a book in his hand. 老师进来了，手里拿着本书。 6. with+宾语+现在分词 With the machine helping us, we could finish the work on time. 由于有机器的帮助，我们能按时完成任务。 She lives in the room with the light burning. 她住在亮着灯的那个房间里。

7. with+宾语+过去分词 With everything done, she went home. 做完一切事情以后，她回家了。 He lay on his back, with his teeth set and his eyes closed. 他仰卧着，咬着牙、闭着眼。

二. with复合结构作定语 She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides. 她看到一条两岸长着红花、绿草的小溪。 The woman with a baby in her arms is Tom”s aunt. 抱着小孩的那位妇女是汤姆的姑姑。 The city lies in a valley with high mountains around it. 这位城市位于一个由高山环抱的山谷中。 Any man with eyes in his head can see that he”s exactly like a rope. 任何头上长了眼睛的人都会看出他十足像一条绳子

三. with复合结构作状语 表示伴随状况 She left the office with tears in her eyes. 她眼里含着泪，离开了办公室。 He was covered with a national flag with his face exposed. 一面国旗盖在他身上，脸露在外面。

2. 表示原因 With his key lost, he couldn”t get into the office. 由于钥匙丢了，他进不了办公室。 With the weather changed, we decided to put off the sports meet. 由于天气变化，我们决定推迟举行运动会

3. 表示时间 The children began to watch TV with the homework done. 孩子们完成作业以后开始看电视。 The meeting was over with the problem settled. 问题解决以后，会议结束了。

4. 表示条件 I’d like to see the new film with time permitting. 如果时间许可，我想看那部新电影。 We will have an outing tomorrow with weather fine. 如果明天天气好的话，我们要去郊游。

5. 表示结果 The battle ended with the enemy defeated. 战斗结束了，敌人被打败了。 They have finished the peace talks with the agreements reached. 他们结束了和谈，达成了协议。

独立主格结构的句法功能 (1) 作时间状语 The meeting over, they left the hall. (2) 作原因状语 My watch having been lost, I didn’t know what time it was.

(3) 作条件状语 Time permitting, I shall go to the cinema with you. (4) 描述伴随行为或补充说明 Mary entered the room, with a big apple in her hand. He stood there, with his hands in his pockets.

无论with复合结构还是独立主格结构,都不可有动词的谓语形式充当其中的逻辑谓语 无论with复合结构还是独立主格结构,都不可有动词的谓语形式充当其中的逻辑谓语.如下例中的was就必须去掉: He sat at the desk reading with a pen was in his right hand. with复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词,而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词. Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom. = Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom.

20030614063 外语系本2陈翠