CHAPTER 14 AMINES 第二讲
(2) 酸性 伯胺、仲胺的氮上还有氢,能失去质子显酸性。 不亲核碱:氮上的空间位阻较大。
(3) 烷基化反应 Alkylation of Amines Amines react with 1 alkyl halides via the SN2 mechanism. Mixtures of the mono-, di-, and tri-alkylated products are obtained.
如果卤代烷过量,则可以得到季铵盐。 卤代烷和大过量的氨反应,可制取伯胺。
(4) 酰基化反应 叔胺的氮原子上没有氢,不能被酰化。
(4) 酰基化反应 Acylation of Amines by Acid Chlorides Amine attacks C=O, chloride ion leaves. Product is amide, neutral, not basic. Useful for decreasing activity of aniline toward electrophilic aromatic substitution. to remove HCl 酰胺在酸或碱的催化下,又可水解为原来的胺,用于保护氨基:
乙酰化,在有机合成中常用来保护氨基。
以上反应用途: (1) 用来鉴定伯胺或仲胺(有固定的熔点) (2) 用来分离出叔胺,由于N-烷基酰胺呈现中性,不能与酸生成盐.因此在醚溶液中,伯,仲,叔胺的混合物经乙酸酐酰化后,再加稀盐酸,则只有叔胺仍能与盐酸生成盐,可将叔胺分离出去,而伯胺和仲胺的酰化产物经水解后又可得到原来的胺. (3) 用来保护氨基,例如在芳胺化时,常利用酰基化来保护氨基。
Formation of Sulfonamides Primary or secondary amines react with sulfonyl chloride. Sulfa drugs are sulfonamides that are antibacterial agents.
兴斯堡(Hinsberg)反应 可用于类胺的分离或鉴别。 试剂: 简写作TsCl。 白色固体,溶于NaOH 白色固体,不溶于NaOH 不反应,仍为油状液体 试剂: 简写作TsCl。
(5) 和亚硝酸反应 Nitrous Acid Reagent Nitrous acid is produced in situ by mixing sodium nitrite with HCl. The nitrous acid is protonated, loses water to form the nitrosonium ion. 伯胺:生成重氮盐。 伯胺与亚硝酸作用,生成很不稳定的重氮盐,立即分解成N2和一个碳正离子, 碳正离子发生各种反应,生成醇,烯烃及卤代烃等化合物,在合成上意义不大,但由于放出的氮气是定量的,可用于氨基的定量测定.
芳香族重氮盐在水溶液和较低温度下较稳定。 仲胺:生成N-亚硝基胺。 生成的N-亚硝基化合物与稀酸共热,分解成原来的仲胺,用于精制仲胺.N-亚硝基胺为黄色油状液体或固体,能引起癌变。 叔胺与亚硝酸不发生类似的反应,只生成盐 。 利用和亚硝酸作用的现象不同,也可区别伯、仲、叔胺,但不如Hinsberg反应常用。
(6) 氧化反应 Oxidation of Amines Amines are easily oxidized, sometimes just by being exposed to air. Amines, therefore,are stored as salts (e.g., as amine hydrochlorides), and drugs that contain amino groups are often sold as salts. Amines are easily oxidized, even in air. Common oxidizing agents: H2O2 , MCPBA. 2 Amines oxidize to hydroxylamine (-NOH) 3 Amines oxidize to amine oxide (-N+-O-)
Oxidation of Amines Secondary amines are oxidized to secondary hydroxylamines, and tertiary amines are oxidized to amine oxides.
COPE ELIMINATION In 1949, A.C. Cope and co-workers discovered that by heating trialkylamine-N-oxides having hydrogens in the β-position, an olefin and N,N-dialkylhydroxylamine are formed. The transformation involving the stereoselective syn elimination of tertiary amine oxides is now referred to as the Cope elimination or Cope reaction.
Cope消除反应历程:为立体选择性很高的顺式消除反应。反应是通过形成平面五元环的过程完成的。 反应规律: ①消除方向,以违反查依采夫规则的产物为主; ②有顺反异构体时一般以E型产物为主。 In a Cope elimination, the hydrogen is removed from the β-carbon bonded to the most hydrogens.
Give the products that would be obtained by treating the following tertiary amines with hydrogen peroxide followed by heat:
(7) 芳胺的亲电取代反应 卤代反应: 苯胺在水溶液中与氯、溴反应很快,反应可用于鉴别。 要想得到一卤代物,必须使苯环钝化。
硝化反应:由于苯胺易被氧化,必须先将氨基保护起来。 用浓硫酸和浓硝酸的混合酸硝化,得到间硝基产物。
磺化反应:苯胺在室温下与浓硫酸作用时生成盐,在180~190℃与浓硫酸共热,生成对氨基苯磺酸。 对氨基苯磺酸常以内盐形式存在,是染料中间体。