肿 瘤 肿 瘤 陈国强 病理生理学教研室
肿瘤(tumor) 良性 恶性 癌症 (cancer) Carcinoma 癌 Sarcoma 肉瘤 Leukemia 白血病
恶性肿瘤: 儿童肿瘤发病率在逐渐升高。在5-10岁儿童中,恶性肿瘤在造成死亡病种中排名第一位。 人类死亡的元凶 现代医学面临的重要挑战之一 提高肿瘤防治水平和寻找治疗肿瘤的新方法已成为现代医学所面临的最大挑战。
治疗 多因素 、多步骤
肿瘤发病学概论 1.肿瘤病因学 陈国强
direct indirect Chemical carcinogen Pott P(1775): 烷化剂、亚硝酰胺 Chemical carcinogen 巴豆油、糖精、 苯巴比妥 Pott P(1775): 童年时当过烟囱清扫工的男性患阴囊癌的比率增高 direct Pro- carcinogen Volkman and Bell (1870’s): 长期与石蜡油和焦油接触的工人易患皮肤癌 Rehn (1880’s): 接触苯胺的工人发生泌尿道膀胱肿瘤 Yamagiwa and Ichikawa (1915): 反复用煤焦油涂擦兔耳成功地诱发了皮肤癌 indirect Cook James (1933): 证明多种化学致癌物(Benzopyrene) 与动物肿瘤的关系 多环芳香烃、芳香胺类、亚硝胺、黄曲霉素
Indirect Carcinogen 潜 近 终 precarcinigen Proximate carcinigen carcinogen DNA adducts 终 Ultimate carcinigen
Tobacco detoxication DNA repair Polycyclic arimatic hydrocarbon, PAH Metabolic activation detoxication Polycyclic arimatic hydrocarbon, PAH Tobacco Tobacco-specific nitrosamines,TSNA DNA damage DNA repair Aromatic amines malignant
DNA virus RNA virus virus carcinogen Ellermann and Bang(1908,丹麦 ): chicken leukemia 无细胞的滤液与恶性肿瘤有病因学上的关系 DNA virus Rous (1911,美国): Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) 用滤液成功地诱发了鸡的肉瘤 Shope (1933): 将病毒所致的野兔乳头状瘤进行皮下移植实验, 发生浸润性鳞癌 Burkitt (1962): viruslymphoma RNA virus 发现病毒可以引起淋巴瘤 Epstein and barr (1964): EB virus 在Burkitt淋巴瘤细胞培养液中发现EB病毒
DNA virus p53 Rb 核蛋白 共同特征: DNA病毒一般没有细胞内同源物 与动物或人类肿瘤有关的致瘤性NDA病毒: 乳-多-空病毒类 SV40 T抗原 HPV16、HPV18 E6、E7转化蛋白 疱疹病毒类 腺病毒类 转化蛋白E1A、E1B 乙型肝炎病毒类 核蛋白 p53 痘病毒类 Rb 共同特征: DNA病毒一般没有细胞内同源物 病毒的致癌作用发生在病毒进入细胞后复制的早期阶段,相关的瘤基因多整合至宿主细胞DNA上。 某些NDA病毒在染色体上的定位具有倾向性,往往表现为累及多个染色体的位点,可能涉及到染色体的脆性部位和原瘤基因的位点.
DNA virus permissive cell 早期:产生转化蛋白 lytic infection 晚期:形成病毒颗粒 细胞裂解 abortive infection DNA virus DNA virus 基因组整合到细胞的DNA中, 使细胞发生转化 Non-permissive cell
RNA virus retrovirus RNA RNA LTR gag pol env
provirus
C-src LTR gag pol env 1 2 3 LTR 1 2 3 gag pol env 60KD、具有酪氨酸激酶活性的PP60蛋白,参与信号转导途径,与多种肿瘤发病相关 C-src Non-defective virus the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV): the RSV transforming gene (designated v-src) was homologous to a host cellular gene (c-src)
LTR gag pol env 1 2 3 LTR gag pol 1 2 3 defective virus
the most common intraocular cancer in children Retinoblastoma the most common intraocular cancer in children Incidence : 1 of 13,500 - 25,000 live births Sites: unilateral (20% hereditary), bilateral (all hereditary) Onset time: Bilateral -12 m,unilateral- 18 m, Most (90%) : < 3 y
染色体水平 种族分布差异 遗传因素 家族聚集现象 遗传缺陷 流行病学分析 家系分析 细胞遗传学研究 分子遗传学研究 分子/基因水平
George Beadle/Edward Tatum(1940s) physical chemical virus ? Morgan Hugo De Vries and Boveri (1914) Mutational theory Mendal George Beadle/Edward Tatum(1940s) Oswald Avery DNA-genetic carrier James Watson and Francis Crick (1953) 分子肿瘤学时代 the molecular pathogenesis of human cancer is due to structural and/or functional alterations of specific genes
Renato Dulbecco 1986 年发表于《 Science》杂志 231 卷 1055 — 1056页的短文 “ 肿瘤研究的转折点:人类基因组测序 ”中指出: “如果我们想更多地了解肿瘤,我们从现在起必须关注细胞的基因组 。…… 从哪个物种着手努力 ?如果我们想理解人类肿瘤,那就应从人类开始 … … 。 人类肿瘤研究将因对 DNA 的详细知识而得到巨大推动。”
Y DNA RNA Proteins Modified Proteins Biological Function Transcription 脱氧核糖核苷酸组成 多聚核苷酸链,两条链 互相盘绕形成双螺旋 磷酸 核糖 腺嘌呤 A 碱基 胞嘧啶 C 碱基对 核糖-磷酸骨架 氢键 3 ’ 端羟基 5 ’ 端磷酸 胸腺嘧啶 T 鸟嘌呤 G ~30,000 Genes > 1,000,000 Proteins Proteome Genome Transcriptome DNA RNA Proteins Y Modified Proteins Biological Function Transcription Translation Post-Translation Modification x 5 to 50 functional links per protein
2.肿瘤相关基因
DNA recombinant techniques DNA transfection Karyotypic analysis Molecular clone Oncogene
DNA recombinant techniques DNA transfection Karyotypic analysis Molecular clone hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndromes homogeneously staining regions [HSR] Oncogene Oncogene Oncogene Tumor suppressor mutator / DNA-mismatch repair -involved genes Tumor suppressor mutator / DNA-mismatch repair -involved genes
RNA virus retrovirus RNA RNA LTR gag pol env
Rous (1911,美国): 用滤液成功地诱发了鸡的肉瘤 RNA virus 1950s’:电镜的应用 Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) the RSV transforming gene (designated v-src) 1966’:Nobel奖 1989:Bishop and Varmas, Nobel奖 homologous to a host cellular gene (c-src) Oncogenes are essential for human life activity, whose normal function is to control cellular growth and differentiation /apoptosis or, in different terms, cell birth and cell death. Correspondingly, their structural and/or functional alterations lead uncontrolled cellular growth and abnormal differentiation/apoptosis
生长因子 生长因子受体 信号传递分子 转录因子
deletion Point mutation Exon 12 Ras amplification mutation Mechanisms of Oncogene Activation Ras 15-20% K-ras N-ras H-ras carcinomas 30%:lung adenocarcinomas 50% colon carcinomas 90%:pancreatic carcinomas Blood malignancies Exon 12 Point mutation deletion RS ORF RS ORF ORF RS amplification mutation insersion Proto-oncogene RS ORF Re-arrangement ORF RS
t(4;11)(q21;q23) in ALL t(1;19)(q21;p13) in pre-B cell ALL t(8;14)(q24;q32) in B-cell ALL and Burkitt's lymphoma inv(14)9q11q32) in T-cell leukemia/lymphoma t(8;14)(q24;q11) in T-cell leukemia/lymphoma t(14;18)(q32;q21) in B-cell NHL q32 14 q32 14 8q24 :MYC gene 14q32 : IGH 18q21: BCL2 Partial karyotypes of trypsin-Giemsa-banded metaphase cells depicting nonrandom chromosomal rearrangements observed in lymphoid malignant diseases.
慢性粒细胞性白血病(CML)
Bcr-abl 酪氨酸激酶 激酶底物
3T3 cells
DNA recombinant techniques DNA transfection Karyotypic analysis Molecular clone Oncogene homogeneously staining regions [HSR] hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndromes mutator / DNA-mismatch repair -involved genes Tumor suppressor Tumor suppressor Tumor suppressor
the most common intraocular cancer in children Knudson: two hit hypothesis Retinoblastoma the most common intraocular cancer in children Incidence : 1 of 13,500 - 25,000 live births Sites: unilateral (20% hereditary), bilateral (all hereditary) Onset time: Bilateral -12 m,unilateral- 18 m, Most (90%) : < 3 y
Rb 1983年Cavenee等 loss of heterozygosity,LOH 染色体 13q14处的DNA标志。 1978年 Francke 13q14 1986年,美国三个实验室分别独立克隆了该基因 Rb
Quiescence (G0) G2 G1 M Cell cycle S
cyclins G1 S M Cell cycle G2 cyclins CDK cyclins CDK CDKI
DNA synthesis-related genes M Cell cycle G2 Rb P E2F Cyclin D1 CDK4 Rb P P P Rb P P E2F P E2F DP DNA synthesis-related genes
Rb基因的异常 等位基因缺失:视网膜母细胞瘤、骨肉瘤、小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、软组织肉瘤、肝癌等肿瘤 基因突变:以肺癌、乳腺癌、骨肉瘤、软组织肉瘤出现率高,从 15%~50%不等,主要集中于外显子 13~17上。在小细胞肺癌中 Rb基因异常可达47%,骨肉瘤可达43%,乳腺癌可达32%。在原发性肝癌可达18%。
tumor suppressor gene Oncogene - + recessive oncogene antioncogene ①该恶性肿瘤的相应正常组织中该基因必须正常表达; ②该恶性肿瘤中这种基因应有功能失活或结构改变或表达缺陷; ③导人基因异常的肿瘤细胞内可部分或全部改变其恶性表型 tumor suppressor gene + - recessive oncogene antioncogene Oncogene
chemical physical virus tumor suppressor gene Oncogene + - Genes
chemical physical virus tumor suppressor gene Oncogene + - Genes ?
? differentiation growth death
Genes - + Oncogene physical chemical virus tumor suppressor gene death growth differentiation
谢 谢