XI. Hilbert Huang Transform (HHT) Proposed by 黃鍔院士 (AD. 1998 ) 黃鍔院士的生平可參考 http://sec.ncu.edu.tw/E-News/ detail.php?SelectPaperPK=14&SelectReportPK=115&Pic=15 References [1] N. E. Huang, Z. Shen, S. R. Long, M. C. Wu, H. H. Shih, Q. Zheng, N. C. Yen, C. C. Tung, and H. H. Liu, “The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis,” Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 454, pp. 903-995, 1998. [2] N. E. Huang and S. Shen, Hilbert-Huang Transform and Its Applications, World Scientific, Singapore, 2005. (PS: 謝謝 2007 年修課的趙逸群同學和王文阜同學)

11-A The Origin of the Concept 另一種分析 instantaneous frequency 的方式： Hilbert transform  Hilbert transform or H(f) j f-axis f = 0 -j

Applications of the Hilbert Transform  analytic signal  another way to define the instantaneous frequency: where Example:

Problem of using Hilbert transforms to determine the instantaneous frequency: This method is only good for cosine and sine functions with single component. Not suitable for (1) complex function (2) non-sinusoid-like function (3) multiple components Example:

 Hilbert-Huang transform 的基本精神： 先將一個信號分成多個 sinusoid-like components + trend (和 Fourier analysis 不同的地方在於，這些 sinusoid-like components 的 period 和 amplitude 可以不是固定的) 再運用 Hilbert transform (或 STFT，number of zero crossings) 來分析每個 components 的 instantaneous frequency 完全不需用到 Fourier transform

11-B Intrinsic Mode Function (IMF) 條件 (1) The number of extremes and the number of zero-crossings must either equal or differ at most by one. (2) At any point, the mean value of the envelope defined by the local maxima and the envelope defined by the local minima is near to zero.

11-C Procedure of the Hilbert Huang Transform Steps 1~8 are called Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) (Step 1) Initial: y(t) = x(t), (x(t) is the input) n = 1, k = 1 (Step 2) Find the local peaks -1 1 2 y(t)

(Step 3) Connect local peaks -1 1 2 IMF 1; iteration 0 通常使用 B-spline，尤其是 cubic B-spline 來連接 (參考附錄十)

(Step 4) Find the local dips (Step 5) Connect the local dips -1 1 2 IMF 1; iteration 0

(Step 6-1) Compute the mean 1 2 IMF 1; iteration 0 (pink line)

(Step 6-2) Compute the residue -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5

(Step 7) Check whether hk(t) is an intrinsic mode function (IMF) (1) 檢查是否 local maximums 皆大於 0 local minimums 皆小於 0 (2) 上封包： u1(t)， 下封包： u0(t) 檢查是否 for all t If they are satisfied (or k ≧ K), set cn(t) = hk(t) and continue to Step 8 cn(t) is the nth IMF of x(t). If not, set y(t) = hk(t), k = k + 1, and repeat Steps 2~6 (為了避免無止盡的迴圈，可以定 k 的上限 K)

x0(t) has only 0 or 1 extreme? (Step 8) Calculate and check whether x0(t) is a function with no more than one extreme point. If not, set n = n+1, y(t) = x0(t) and repeat Steps 2~7 If so, the empirical mode decomposition is completed. Set y(t) = x(t) Step 8 Step 7 Y x0(t) has only 0 or 1 extreme? hk(t) is an IMF? Y Step 9 Step 1 Steps 2~6 y(t) = hk(t) N trend y(t) = x0(t) N

(Step 9) Find the instantaneous frequency for each IMF cs(t) (s = 1, 2, …, n). Method 1: Using the Hilbert transform Method 2: Calculating the STFT for cs(t). Method 3: Furthermore, we can also calculate the instantaneous frequency from the number of zero-crossings directly. instantaneous frequency Fs(t) of cs(t)

Technique Problems of the Hilbert Huang Transform 邊界處理的問題： 目前尚未有一致的方法，可行的方式有 (1) 只使用非邊界的 extreme points (2) 將最左、最右的點當成是 extreme points (3) 預測邊界之外的 extreme points 的位置和大小 Noise 的問題： 先用 pre-filter 來處理

最左、最右的點是否要當成是 extreme points

11-D Example Example 1 After Step 6

IMF1 IMF2 x0(t)

Example 2 hum signal IMF1 IMF2

IMF3 IMF4 IMF5 IMF6

IMF7 IMF8 IMF9 IMF10

IMF11 x0(t)

11-E Comparison (1) 避免了複雜的數學理論分析 (2) 可以找到一個 function 的「趨勢」 (3) 和其他的時頻分析一樣，可以分析頻率會隨著時間而改變的信號 (4) 適合於 Climate analysis Economical data Geology Acoustics Music signal

 Conclusion 當信號含有「趨勢」 或是由少數幾個 sinusoid functions 所組合而成，而且這些sinusoid functions 的 amplitudes 相差懸殊時，可以用 HHT 來分析

附錄十一 Interpolation and the B-Spline Suppose that the sampling points are t1, t2, t3, …, tN and we have known the values of x(t) at these sampling points. There are several ways for interpolation. (1) The simplest way: Using the straight lines (i.e., linear interpolation) t1 t2 t3 t4

(2) Lagrange interpolation  指的是連乘符號， (3) Polynomial interpolation solve a1, a2, a3, ……, aN from

(4) Lowpass Filter Interpolation 適用於 sampling interval 為固定的情形 tn+1  tn = t for all n discrete time Fourier transform lowpass mask X1(f) X (f) x(tn) inverse discrete time Fourier transform x(t)

(5) B-Spline Interpolation B-spline 簡稱為 spline for tn < t < tn+1 otherwise m = 1: linear B-spline m = 2: quadratic B-spline m = 3: cubic B-spline (通常使用)

In Matlab，the command“spline” can be used for spline interpolation (Note： In the command, the cubic B-spline is used) Example: Generating a sine-like spline curve and samples it over a finer mesh: x = 0:1:10; % original sampling points y = sin(x); xx = 0:0.1:10; % new sampling points yy = spline(x,y,xx); plot(x,y,'o',xx,yy)