Sustainable Human-Ecosystem interaction 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 教授 國立臺南大學 (環境與生態學院) 生態科學與技術學系 (環境生態碩士班 + 生態旅遊碩士班)

Sustainable Human-Ecosystem interaction How can modern society embark on a course of ecologically sustainable development? Firstly…….. Do not damage ecosystems. Do not overexploit ecosystems, increase the use of renewable natural resources. Watch carefully when using new technologies. Follow the precautionary principle when using natural resources. Develop social institutions to protect common property resources. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Sustainable Human-Ecosystem interaction Secondly, do things nature’s way so that nature does as much of the work as possible. Take advantage of nature’s self-organizing abilities…..reducing the human input and do not struggle against nature. Take advantage of natural cycles that use waste form one part of the ecosystem as a resource for another part of the ecosystem. Organize agricultural and urban ecosystems to mimic natural strategies. Develop technologies (綠色科技, 生態工業園, 生態農業, 生態城市) Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

How can sustainable development be achieved? Resilience– the ability of social systems and ecosystems to continue functioning despite severe and unexpected stresses. Adaptive development– the ability of social systems to cope with change. Preventing damage to ecosystems is absolutely essential for sustainable development, but it is not enough. Human society is constantly changing and so is the environment. Sustainable development requires a capacity to deal with change. Resilience and adaptive development are the key to attaining that capacity. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Social institutions and sustainable use of common property resources Social institutions are associated with the sustainable use of resources, such forests, fisheries, irrigation water and communal pastures. Some societies are highly successful at preventing tragedy of the commons. While details are different in each instance, the successful cases all have the following themes in common. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

The themes of the successful cases Clear ownership and boundaries Commitment to the sustainable use of the resource Individual use is damaging the resource Cooperative use of the resource will reduce the risks of damage The future is important Agreement about rules for using the resource Good rules are simple, fair Produce benefits that exceed the costs of cooperation Do not waste people’s time or other valued resources. Internal adaptive mechanisms Enforcement of the rules Conflict resolution Minimum external interference Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

An example：coastal fisheries in Turkey Tragedy of the commons is a frequent problem when fishermen do not cooperate to prevent overfishing. 村落 陸地 海洋 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5 Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

An example：coastal fisheries in Turkey Traditional fishing villages have territorial jurisdiction over the fishing areas near their village, they have the clear ownership that is essential for sustainable resource use. Once ownership is established, the key is the establishment of good rules to prevent overfishing. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

An example：coastal fisheries in Turkey They use a map to divide the fishing area into sites that are equal in number to the number of fishermen. They draw lots at the beginning of the fishing season to determine which site each fisherman will use on the first day of the season. Each fisherman can fish at only his assigned site the first day. He can fish at only the next numbered site the next day, and he must move from one numbered site to another every day after that. The rules are simple and easy to enforce. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

An example: traditional village forest management in Japan For more than 1000 years, forests in Japan were the main source of essential materials such as water, wood for construction, thatch for roofs, food for domesticated animals, organic fertilizer for farm fields and firewood and charcoal for cooking and heating. Although agricultural land was in private ownership, the forest belonged to the village as a whole. Everyone agreed that common lands such as the forest should be managed to serve the long-term needs of the entire village. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

A village council Limit the quantity of forest products. Provide equal access for every family in the village. Each household was assigned specific dates during which it could remove wood or other materials. Require as little effort as possible to implement and enforce. Accommodate the roles that each forest product had in the village economy. Fit with details of the local environment. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Tokugawa period In many villages, a number of households were organized into groups called kumi. Each kumi was assigned a different section of the forest for its use. In order to ensure fairness, the assignment was rotated each year so that each kumi could use a different part of the forest. The social institutions for managing village forests in Japan were developed and refined over centuries, reaching their peak during the Tokugawa period (1600-1867). As a consequence, every household had a strong incentive not to have too many children, then there was almost on increase in the Japanese population during the Tokugawa period. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Meiji Restoration (1868) Japan’s traditional system of forest management began to decline during the years after the Meiji Restoration (1868), and it deteriorated substantially with land reform and other social, political and economic changes following World War II. The importance of forests as a source of essential materials declined as Japan met the same needs b importing fossil fuels for heating and cooking, timer form other countries for construction purposes and chemical fertilizers for farms. Large areas of forest are cut each year to make way for urban expansion, and remaining forests for weekend recreation areas. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

The scale of sustainable common-property resource use The resource is more uniform, and therefore easier to understand, when the scale is small. Local people have a more thorough knowledge of the resource. Local people know each other well enough to have a foundation for trust. Local people desire sustainable use because they have a stake in the future of local resources. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Eco-technology for sustainable development Dengue hemorrhagic fever is an ‘emergent’ disease known only since 1950. Dengue may have originated in non-human primates, which still provide a natural reservoir in Africa and Asia. Non-human primates do not show symptoms, but humans can become seriously ill. First-time dengue infections in children are usually mild and often unnoticed, but first-time infections in adults may be severe. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a life-threatening form of dengue. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Dengue hemorrhagic fever The dengue virus has four distinct strains. Infection with one strain confers lifelong immunity to that strain but also creates antibodies that enhance infection with the other three strains. Dengue hemorrhagic fever typically occurs when infection with one strain is followed a year or more later by infection with another strain. About 3 percent of second infections produce dengue hemorrhagic fever, and about 40 percent of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases develop a shock syndrome that can be fatal. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

History of dengue Starting in the 16th century with the expansion of European colonialism and trade, Aedes aegypti spread around the world by hitching rides in water storage containers on boats. Dengue and Aedes aegypti existed in Asia for centuries without serious consequences because the distribution of Aedes aegypti was limited by Aedes albopictus, an indigenous Asian mosquito that is physiologically capable or transmitting dengue but not associated with significant dengue transmission in practice. Asian towns and cities were well endowed with trees and shrubs, and Aedes albopicutus competitively excluded Aedes aegypti wherever there was vegetation. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

History of dengue Since World War II, when large numbers of people and the sour dengue strains were moved around the Asian tropics. Cases with dengue fever symptoms appeared in Thailand in 1950. The Philippines in 1956, followed by epidemics in Thailand and other parts of South-East Asia within a few years. The decline of vegetation in urban landscapes allowed Aedes aegypti to expand through Asia cities without competition from mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus. The spread of dengue hemorrhagic fever was probably delayed by the appearance of DDT in 1943. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Failure of the DDT strategy In 1955 the World Health Organization began a global campaign to spray every house in malarial areas with DDT. Virtually disappeared from many areas by the mid 1960s, and at the same time Aedes aegypti disappeared from most of Latin America and some parts of Asia such as Taiwan. The incredible success of DDT was short-lived because mosquitoes evolved resistance that spread quickly around the world. By the mid 1970s Aedes aegypti returned to most areas from which it had previously been eradicated. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Failure of the DDT strategy A few wealthier countries such as Taiwan continued to spray houses with newer insecticides and a few countries such as Cuba and Singapore initiated comprehensive house inspections and fines to get rid of Aedes aegypti breeding around people’s homes. However, most countries lacked the political will and the financial and organizational resources to implement such programs. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Failure of the DDT strategy There has been no noticeable decrease in dengue fever or dengue hemorrhagic fever cases during the past 20 years. Worldwide, about 50 to 100 million people are infected with dengue each year. There are several million people severe dengue fever cases and about 500, 000 dengue hemorrhagic fever cases annually. Global warming could eventually extend the geographic range of dengue as higher temperatures, and consequently shorter viral incubation times in mosquitoes, stimulate transmission. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Eco-technology Biological control Many aquatic animals such as fish, planaria, dragonfly nymphs and aquatic bugs were known to prey on mosquito larvae, but none had ever proved effective enough or practical enough to go into operational use. This was the situation about 20 years ago, when scientists in Tahiti, Colombia and Hawaii independently discovered that virtually no Aedes larvae survived in water-filled containers if the copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis was present. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

橈腳類 (Copepods) 橈腳類 (Copepods，「槳足」的意思）是細小的甲殼類動物。 生活在海洋或淡水的棲地，是海洋中重要的蛋白質來源 。 很多的橈腳類都是浮游動物，當中有些是底棲生物，一些則是湖沼 陸棲生物，在陸地上及沼澤、水溝等水體生活。生活在地底下的， 如洞穴、水坑或河床等，甚或雨林內的落葉堆中。 橈腳類，常被用作為指標物種 (indicator species)。 Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

橈腳類 Ernst Haeckel 所著的《自然界的藝術形態》（Kunstformen der Natur）一書裡的橈腳類和蛛形類圖片。 Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Success in Vietnam Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a serious concern in Vietnam because it has hospitalized nearly two million Vietnamese and killed more than 13,000 children since appearing there 40 years ago. The first demonstration of how effective Mesocyclops can be on a community scale began in 1993. (in Phanboi, a village of 400 houses in northern Vietnam) The Aedes aegypti population in Phanboi declined by about 95 percent during the year after Mesocyclops introduction. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Success in Vietnam Mesocyclops was then introduced to other villages in northern Vietnam, and Aedes aegypti disappeared from them as well. Aedes aegypti disappeared without having Mesocyclops in every container. Success was probably due to the egg-trap effect. Computer simulation studies indicate that a mosquito population will collapse if Mesocyclops is in more than 90 percent of the containers. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Conclusions Human activities create environmental conditions that determine whether a disease will flourish or disappear. Local mosquito eradication is possible with ecological management. It demonstrates the level of effort necessary for success. Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

百蚊不如一劍！防治登革熱，劍水蚤放養效果佳 by 上下游記者林慧貞 on 2015 年 07 月 10 日 in 農學堂 皮老闆和浮游生物「劍水蚤」相似度高達99%。 台大公共衛生學院蟲媒傳染病實驗室主持人蔡坤憲發現，體長僅0.5~2釐米的劍水蚤食量驚人，最愛吃斑蚊幼蟲，一天可吃下40隻孑孓，研究室在台南和高雄水溝、地下室放養劍水蚤半年後，孑孓孳生率從五成下降到一成，戲稱「百蚊不如一劍」，可望成為防治登革熱的利器。 Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

緣起：國際案例 在地 參與 35個濕地管理的國際案例 。 成功關鍵： 學界協助 政府 推動 政府、學界、地方三方面力量的 結合。 生態保育與經濟發展的扣合。 在地領航與智慧價值的提升。 圖1. 濕地經營的推動力量

●保育與經濟的扣合： 環境友善→增加農產 生態功能提升 農場 農產 增加 訂立目標 相關歷史事例 試驗實施 實施成果 稻田蓄水(冬季) ●保育與經濟的扣合： 環境友善→增加農產 訂立目標 相關歷史事例 試驗實施 實施成果 稻田蓄水(冬季) 候鳥棲息增加 生態功能提升 農場 糞便肥料 農產 增加 停用除草劑 蛙類、蜘蛛增加 控制害蟲數量 圖2. 案例：日本 宮城縣大崎市 若槻農場

圖4.佛羅里達州綜合沼澤地恢復計劃(CERP) 環 境 友 善 ↓ 增 加 社 會 福 祉 水儲存 水服務 生態品質 生態服務 資源管理 城市和農區供水及防洪 水保留區 恢復及保護海岸、河口和海洋生態系統 足夠維持生態系統功能的水質 土壤的保護 沼澤地河源及鄰近區 含水層儲存和恢復 沼澤農業區域 自然區域連續性 入侵植物控制 濕地的範圍和質量 奧基喬比湖行動計劃 相關土地的經營與管理項目 圖4.佛羅里達州綜合沼澤地恢復計劃(CERP)

●智價輸入：技術提升→產量增加 建立居民良好關係 保育濕地 棲 地 改 善 水產 增加 環境教育 減少汙染廢水 復育潮間帶海藻床 減少使用化學藥品 明智利用 建立居民良好關係 增加珍珠產值 淡水錦鯉、泥鰍、鯰魚增加 殼軟體動物產值增加 養殖技術的提升 設立珍珠博物館 水產 增加 環境教育 棲 地 改 善 生產水草、紫菜增加 去除影響養殖項目 圖3. 案例：日本 英虞灣及宇和海的水產養殖

圖4. 巴拉塔莉亞-泰瑞尼堡國家河口管理計畫(BTNEP) 行動計畫 經　濟　成　長 經濟發展 技術轉移 夥伴企業的激勵機制 認同與居民參與 居民的參與和介入 資料公開與教學 環境教育課程 生　態　管　理 棲息地管理 水質管理 生活資源管理 數據資料庫 計畫規劃與實施 維持正常運作的架構 執行相關協助的規劃 ● 公民參與 圖4. 巴拉塔莉亞-泰瑞尼堡國家河口管理計畫(BTNEP)

國際案例：成功的歷程 政府政策、現況評估、在地共識、在地領航、適式經營。 在地永續發展 政府政策推動 擬定願景與策略 現況評估 在地領航 在地執行 在地監測 調整 適式經營 圖 28、濕地經營成功的歷程

圖 29、創造公民參與過程 (修改自Moyer,2001,MAP's grand strategy ) 明智利用：保育與經濟的結合 環境教育與在地培力，智慧價值輸入的途徑。 藉由智慧價值輸入，提升在地的可持續力。 保育結合經濟新觀念 當地居民 地方利害關係人 覺知、教育、啟發、參與 參與保育結合經濟的行動 圖 29、創造公民參與過程 (修改自Moyer,2001,MAP's grand strategy )

圖30. 範例的適式經營(Adaptive Management) 明智利用：保育與經濟的結合 適式經營(Adaptive management) ，經由不斷地檢視執行 成果、從中學習並且修正，讓可持續發展策略更趨向在 地需要，以獲得更加結果。 評估問題 Assess problem 調整 Adjust 重新設計 Re-design 評價 Evaluation 監測 Monitor 執行 Implement 圖30. 範例的適式經營(Adaptive Management)

永續發展的途徑 在地組織團體 學者專家 教育 環境 生態 保育 科技 智慧 經濟 生活 Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

私利 vs. 公益 合作 成長 久遠 衝突 合一 私利 公益 競爭 停滯 短期 Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

永續發展的革命 350年 8000年 無法持續發展的，就無法持續存在 化石燃料經濟的成長 永續存在的幸福 西元 1700年之前 生活 農業 1700 to 2050 工業化生活 2050年 之後 幸福 永續 永續發展的革命 8000年 350年 化石燃料經濟的成長 永續存在的幸福 無法持續發展的，就無法持續存在 原文作者：Jorgen Randers 譯者：莊勝雄 出版社：商周出版 出版日期：2013/08/08

Teach for Taiwan (為台灣而教) Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

考評進度 Teach for Taiwan 興趣與啟發 機會途徑 大目標 特質與技能 Human Ecology (Ayo 2016)

Ayo NUTN website: http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/ 問題與討論 Ayo NUTN website: http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/ Marten. G. G. 2001. Human Ecology: Basic concepts for sustainable development. Earthscan pub. Ltd.