2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
知法 Knowing Laws 在当今技术迅速发展的时代,人们往往注重技术的发展, 以技术发展为“跟上时代”、加入“变革”的决策基点和 衡量标准,而不重视技术以外其他的社会需求,忽略了与 技术发展相适应的保护社会和人类自己的法律建设。人们 为此终归是要付出代价和补课的。 (Nowadays, people very often use the development of economies and technology as the gauge of modernization but ignore other issues, such as, establishing laws to protect themselves, the environment and the community. Society eventually will pay high cost for this oversight.) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
知法 Knowing Laws 法律应该是保护全体公民权利的。没有法律不行,有法不依也不行。 法律不顺应民意和社会的发展,公民有权反对和修该它。立法以后不 知道法律的具体内容,也无从谈起知法、执法和修改。 法律不仅仅是法律工作者所掌握的,也是每一个公民和社会机构应该 了解关注的,尤其是那些与其工作领域和切身利益息息相关的法律。 图书馆是这样一个机构,不仅要遵守法律,而且我们收集/收藏法律, 向全体公民宣传/传播法律、并参与法律建设。 (Laws are for establishing and protecting the livable society order and citizens’ rights and benefits. Every citizen and organization in society should be aware of the laws especially those closely affect them, be able to find the needed legal information and bring their concerns and cases for justice. Libraries are not only the place complying with and enforcing laws, but also the institution to collect, organize and disseminate laws, and have our voice heard in the process of legislation.) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
知法 Knowing Laws 法律是为了保护社会中人们的权、利。(Laws are of the people, by the people and for the people. Citizens/tax payers involve in every issue closely affecting their rights and benefits) 法律是平衡各种权力的,不允许某一部分有绝对的权力;法律不是 一部分人管理/监控另一部分人的。(To balance rights and not allow any part of society have absolute rights to other parts. It is not for one part to control another part in society.) 法律是为社会中所有人建立规矩的。(Law is to bound people’s action to certain actions.) 人人应该知法,尊重和遵循法律,有权参与法律建设。(Knowing, complying with and respecting laws is very one’s responsibility knows in society. Legislation needs people’s involvement.) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
美国法律的结构 Structure of U.S Laws 机构/组织章程 (Institution bylaws) 本地法(Local codes/ordinances) 州法(State statutes/laws) 联邦法(Federal laws) 宪法(Constitution) 宪法是法上之法。“一项违反宪法的立法不是法律” (A legislative act contrary to the Constitution is not law) --An Outline of American Government, Embassy of the US, 1981, p.56 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
立法(以联邦为例) Legislation (e.g. Federal) 宪法 Constitution 立法部门 (The legislative Branch) 行政部门 (The Executive Branch) 司法部门 (The Judicial Branch) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
立法过程概述 How an Action Becomes a Bill (Brief) 听取意见(public hearing) 同意原来议案,很少有 (favorably in original, rare) 或 修正后赞同 (amended and reported favorably) 全部改写和赞同 (completely rewritten & reported favorably) 不赞同 (unfavorably) 委任小组委员会进行分析 (appointed a subcommittee To make detailed analysis) 国会中的委员会 (Committee of Congress) 收到政府/民众组织专家报告 (studies by experts from both Gov. agencies & public org. are rec’d. 要求国会图书馆立法参考服 务处提供研究报告(Research reports from LC Ref. Service are requested) 参议院或众议院 (Senate or House of Representatives --An Outline of American Government, Embassy of the US, 1981, p.52 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
立法过程概述 How a Bill becomes a Law (Brief) 众议院(House of Representatives) 参议院(Senate ) 协商委员会: 由参众两院数目相等的议员组成 (A Conference Committee composed of equal numbers of members from each house) 总统签署或否决. 国会可以推翻总统的否决. (To the President who may either sign or veto it. Congress can override) --An Outline of American Government, Embassy of the US, 1981, p.51 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
法律是公开的 Laws Open to Everyone 民众知道法律的途径:(How People Know Laws) 法律公布于各级政府网页(On governments’ web site) 联邦政府印刷局 (Government Printing Office Online: http://www.gpo.gov/ ) 各级图书馆存储政府文件,专业政府文件图书馆员(Federal/State depository programs in libraries; professional government document librarians) 图书馆利用各种机会/活动向公民展示图书馆有什么 (Libraries use every opportunity to promote library collections) 各级图书馆协会的作用,行业中的信息交流 (Functions of library associations; information exchange in the profession) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
图书馆在法中 Libraries in Laws 对图书馆的法律规定是融合在联邦法律和州法律中的。 例如,美国法典第二章关于国会中的第五篇对国会图书馆进行 了详细的规定。同样,在各州法律中对州、市等各级地方图书 馆给予了规定。 与图书馆相关的法律条款并没有全部包括在上述对图书馆 的规定中,而是在其他法令中参夹着。图书馆在其为用户提供 信息服务中,则要知道哪些与我们密切相关,应该执行和关注, 如,保护残疾人法案,版权法,和保护图书馆个人隐私的法律。 (U.S. Libraries are established and regulated by various laws, for example, Sections in U.S. Code for Library of Congress State laws for local libraries Not all issues affecting libraries are under the title of libraries. They are cross- filed in many different aspects in laws, for example, American with Disabilities Act, and laws on protecting personal information.) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
联邦法中对图书馆的规定 Libraries in U.S. Code 在美国法典中,即联邦法律中,分别对国会图书馆,国家医学图书 馆,国家农业图书馆,政府出版物图书馆存储项目等进行了具体规 定。 以国会图书馆为例,美国法典第二章关于国会中的第五篇中,有119 个条款对国会图书馆进行了详细的规定,从建筑、地址,到财政花销, 报销程序,图书馆长的任命和权限,国会文件的存储,赠书、国会和 最高法院对图书馆应用和图书馆在这方面的配合服务,如,为参众议 员查询资料、借书提供条件,其中法律图书馆部开馆时间要与每天国 会开会时间保持同步;保安系统的安装与操作,等等。 (U.S. Libraries are established and regulated by U.S. Code, for example * 2USC: Ch.5: Library of Congress; * 7USC.Sec.3125a: National Agricultural Library; * 42USC:CH6A:SUBCH.III:Pt.D: National Library of Medicine; * 44USC: Ch.19: Depository Library Program -- http://www.gpoaccess.gov/uscode/search.html) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
联邦法中对图书馆的规定 Libraries in U.S. Code 在美国法典中: 在教育篇下 (Under 20USC, Education, Sec.9122),对图书馆和图书馆联 合体进行了定义;对州立图书馆在为本州从联邦取得基金资助中的 作用和要求给予了规定;对博物馆和图书馆服务委员会的成立,目的, 任命,职责等进行了具体规定。 在版权法中 (Under 17USC, Sec.108: Limitations on exclusive rights: Reproduction by libraries and archives),对图书馆等给予了特殊使用受版 权保护资源的权限。 在电子技术普遍服务中 (Under 47USC:Sec.254: Universal Service),对通信 手段和设备的提供和资助中,有关对公共图书馆的支持和要求,如, 设立计算机安全措施,防止用户计算机看到猥亵、淫秽的图象,儿童 色情、或对儿童有害的画面。 (USC: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/uscode/browse.html) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
加州法律中对图书馆的规定(举例) Libraries in CA Laws (Example) 我们社会的多文化性和综合性所创造的对信息的需求,远远不是任何一个图书馆或任一种类型图书馆所能够满足的。 强调图书馆的重要性:州里的经济和民众的活跃离不开全体加州人的教育和及时有效地获取信息。图书馆是信息提供者,其主要职责包括支持加州经济发展,收集、组织和传播信息。 州内各种类型图书馆要合作互助,每个图书馆是州内图书馆信息服务整体中的一个信息入口。这个立法目的是保障所有加州人从当地图书馆获取他们需要的所有信息资源;州内任何地方的任何种类的图书馆能够参与为用户提供全州图书馆的信息资源服务。 (CA Ed. Code, Sec. 18800-18802: Library of CA Act : Our multicultural and complex society creates needs for materials, information, and services that go beyond the ability of any one library or any one type of library to provide…. Because libraries are information providers, they have a primary responsibility for the collection, organization, and dissemination of information supporting the economic development of California.” --http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
加州法律中对图书馆的规定(举例) Libraries in CA Laws (Excerpt ) 对图书馆类型的定义,其中包括:学术图书馆,公共图书馆,学校图 书馆,特殊图书馆 (Definition of academic, public, school and special libraries) 服务对象:为所有用户服务,包括残疾人,不讲英语者,不便出行 的人,边远地区的人,或是经济贫困户。(Serving diverse needs of all of its primary clientele, including people with disabilities, non-English-speaking and limited-English-speaking persons, those who are confined to home or an institution, those who are geographically isolated, and those who are economically disadvantaged.) 从房地产税中对图书馆资助的分配,不应该因对其他方面资助的增长 而减少(…the amount of property tax revenue deemed allocated in the prior fiscal year to a county free library system, or a library established as an independent special district, shall not be reduced for purposes of increasing the amount of property tax revenue to be allocated to another jurisdiction. -- CA Revenue and Taxation Code 97.37a) 图书馆获得资助,不允许有任何类似附加条件,如,收集、使用或排斥某特定书刊、电影、记录、数据库、照片、或其他形式的资源。 (Library of CA Act.: 18802:(c) To require that no library, as a condition for receiving funds or services under this chapter, acquire, provide access to, or exclude any specific book, periodical, film, recording, data base, picture, or other material or medium…) http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/ 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
加州法律中对图书馆的规定(举例) Libraries in CA Education Code (Excerpt ) 建立加州图书馆服务委员会,由13人组成:州长任命其中9人,其中三人代表残疾人、英文不好的人、和经济贫困户,另外六人为:学校图书馆、机构组织的图书馆、公共图书馆、学术图书馆、特殊图书馆和图书馆;其他四人则代表上述以外的方面,其中两名要由州议会规章委员会任命,另外两名则由议长会议任命。任期为四年,从每年1月1日起。其责任为:采纳各种政策以执行州法中对图书馆的各种规定,作为州里贯彻落实联邦的图书馆法规的顾问委员会,… (CA Ed. Code: Sec.18720: CA Library Services Board consists of 13 members: Governor appoints 9 of members, they represent respectively: people with disabilities , limited-and non-English-speaking persons, and economically disadvantaged persons; school libraries, libraries for institutionalized persons, public library trustees or commissioners, public libraries, special libraries, and academic libraries. The remaining four public members from persons who are not representative of categories mentioned in this section. …The terms of office…. Duty of the Board…) http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/ 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
伊利诺宜州法中对图书馆的规定(举例) Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch 伊利诺宜州法中对图书馆的规定(举例) Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch.75: Libraries(Samples) 在伊利诺宜州法对图书馆的一章中,包括了:州地方图书馆法 案;州内图书馆系统法案;芝加哥公共图书馆法案(主要是图书 馆大楼的准确位置);镇区图书馆公债法案;村镇图书馆法案; 图书馆财产买卖法案;图书馆法人组织法案;图书馆与社区活 动中心法案;图书馆记录保密法案。 (Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch.75 75ILCS: Illinois Local Library Act; Illinois Library System Act; Chicago Public Library Act; Township Library Bond Act; Village Library Act; Library Property Sale Act; Library Incorporation Act; Libraries in Parks Act; Library Records Confidentiality Act, … http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs2.asp?ChapterID=16) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
伊利诺宜州法中对图书馆的规定(举例) Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch 伊利诺宜州法中对图书馆的规定(举例) Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch.75: Libraries (Excerpt ) 伊利诺宜州法中对建立和维持一个城/镇/乡图书馆的规定:要有 100个登记的选民联名提出要求,要求向当地当选官员提出后, 当选官员要将此要求向正式选举机构提出。 在500,000以下人口的城/镇,支持图书馆的资金不超过全城/镇 总地产税的0.15%;无论任何情况,预算分配比例不可超出城/镇 总房地产税的0.60%。城/镇还可以从其地产税拨出额外的0.02% 为图书馆购买地皮、建筑,或维修、装修。在这个额外拨款决 定后的15天之内,要将这项决定在本地至少一份或多份报纸上刊 登一次。在没有报纸的城镇,要在城镇中三个主要地方张贴公 开告示。如果在公布30天内没有居民提出质疑,或被确认所提 质疑无效,这项额外拨款的决定方可生效。在500,000以上人口 的城市,不超过0.12%的城市房地产税,最多不可超出总房地 产 税的0.20%。 -- (Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch.75: * Article 2: Libraries: Method of Creation; * Article 3: Taxation) http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs2.asp?ChapterID=16 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
图书馆在伊利诺宜州地产税中(举例) Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch 图书馆在伊利诺宜州地产税中(举例) Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch.75: Libraries (Example) 一个芝加哥居民房地产税2006年帐单中的一部分 A Report in a Chicago Resident Property Tax Statement 图书馆 表明政府是如何使用房地产税的,与每个方面直接挂钩。 居民据此可向当地政府表示是否同意。 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
纽约州法律中对图书馆的规定(举例) Libraries in Laws of NY State (Excerpt) 对州图书馆任务的规定:包括州图书馆是存储州里所有公共 文件的中心。并要求州图书馆提出一个最多不超出25大类的 存储州政府主要文件的一览表。(NY State Printing and Public Documents Law: Sec. 11: It shall be the responsibility of the state library to serve as the central repository for the distribution of all public Documents; and develop a list specifying which public documents are core documents. The total number of core documents shall not exceed twenty-five. ) http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/ 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
纽约州法律中对图书馆的规定(举例) Libraries in Laws of NY State (Excerpt) 对印地安部落保护区图书馆成立的规定,由保护区政府要求 和选举,可成立当地图书馆。并可以向州里申请资助装备和 维护图书馆。在少于300长久居民或一千英亩土地的部落, 不建图书馆。(NY Education Law: Pt2, Sec 255: Establishment of a public library: Establishing a public library in Indian reservation) http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/ 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
纽约州法律中对图书馆的规定(举例) Libraries in Laws of NY State (Excerpt) 图书馆服务标准:没有规定具体标准,而是指明谁有监督和建 议修改图书馆标准的权力。对任何免费的公共图书馆,医院图 书馆,印地安部落图书馆,或任何从州里得到过资助、有地方 税收支持的图书馆,地方政府有关官员有责任参与修正图书馆 的服务标准。如医院图书馆或为医院服务的图书馆,建立服务 标准应听取地方政府卫生属专员的意见。如果图书馆在建立标 准时没有这一步骤,将不受到州里拨款资助,或从地方政府获 取税收的支持。(NY Education Law: Pt2, Sec 254: Standards of library service http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
上述举例小结-包括项目 Summary of above Examples - Inclusions 图书馆的定义、目的、建立和使用 (Library’ definition, establishment) 管理机构组成、任命、任期、和责任 (Library organization and responsibilities) 对州图书馆的规定,其任务之一是存储和允许公众查阅政府 文件 (Indicating one of the state library’s responsibilities is to serve as the central repository for the distribution of all public documents, for public use) 图书馆的资助和补助 (Finance support) 图书馆的联合互助 (Libraries‘ cooperation) 为全民提供免费服务 (Open to public, Serving all people) 服务照顾弱势群体包括印地安原住民 (Serving vulnerable groups) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
上述举例小结-不同点 Summary of above Examples - Differences 列在不同的法律章节之下,例如: (Libraries are listed under different titles of state laws) 伊利诺宜州在其州法中列出图书馆为单独一章(第75章),包括了 成立步骤,资金来源,等。(Illinois Compiled Statues Ch.75) 加州、纽约州,对图书馆的规定则出现在多处,如,加州法律和纽约 州, 关于图书馆的条例多数集中在“教育法案”中;在 综合法律 中 (In CA, Libraries are mainly listed under Education Code; NY, under Education); 伊州将保护图书馆记录列在了图书馆条例之下, 而纽约州则列在了“民事法和规章”之下。(Library Records – IL: Ch.75; NY: Civil Practice Law and Rules Sec. 4509) 图书馆的结构不同:如,加州强调州内联合服务,建立州内借阅、传递业 务,其他州则没有。(CA: statewide ILL and delivery system, libraries of all types and in all parts of the state must be enabled to interact ) 规定的细致程度不同,如,伊州给出了从房地产税中支持图书馆的具体百 分比,而另外两州,则交给地方政府去决定。(Details varies in different aspects in each state) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
上述举例小结-没有包括的项目 Summary of above Examples – Not Included 没有包括在对图书馆的规定的条款中的内容 为什么没有包括在其中 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
制定法律需要考虑 Making an Enforceable Rule/Law 是否与将受到影响的群体进行了充分交流 (Is communicated to those persons affected by it) 是否是灵活的,随时代的环境的变化而不断修正的 (Flexible and can be changed as circumstances change) 能够遵循,维护社会价值 (Can be followed (in keeping with values of society) 清楚说明哪些人/团体需要遵循 (Says who or which groups will be expected to obey it ) 清楚说明对违法的惩罚 (States the penalty for a person or group who disobeys) 没有模糊词汇,要说明人们可能不理解的词汇(Has no vague words. plains the meaning of words people may not understand (is understandable). 切实可行 (Can be enforced) 与其他法律不矛盾 (Doesn't conflict with another law) --(The Plea, v.25:no.1, Public Legal Education: http://www.plea.org/yas/theplea/v25n1/v25n1.pdf ) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
图书馆参与法律建设 Libraries’ Contributions 共同努力(Work Together) 上属机构(parental / affiliated institution) 各级政府,由各级政府委任的图书馆董事会,图书馆联合体, 图书馆所属机构 (State, City, Board of Trustees, Advisory Committee, etc) 各级图书馆协会 (Library associations) 每个图书馆/员(Libraries/librarians) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
法律的程序 Process of Practicing Laws Start actions 议案的提出 Pass New Laws 通过新的 法律 Disseminate, Enforce 普及/执行法律 Find insufficiency 发现问题/不足 Feedback, Amend 反馈, 补充/修正 这是一个全过程,缺一不可,不断运作。 图书馆界在每个环节上都要发挥作用。 (This process is dynamic, every step is necessary. Lack of any step in the process, laws will not function well. Libraries/librarians play the role in every step.) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
执法-为残疾人服务(举例)(1) Serving People with Disabilities – Example (1) 加州CONTRA COSTA 郡公共图书馆 Contra Costa County, CA: (http://ccclib.org/services/access.html) 无障碍环境选择 专为视力和听力有障碍的用户服务的资源 专用听、读设备 递送服务 盲文/发声图书 电话新闻 有关网页 资料与查询目录 大字书及真正简易聚合信息服务(RSS) 音频书 带字幕视频资料 有解说的视频资料 无图象目录 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
执法-为残疾人服务(举例)(2) Serving People with Disabilities – Example (2) 华盛顿州PORT TOWNSEND公共图书馆: 专为那些不能亲自来图书馆的老人和残疾人所设的递送到家的服务。每月服务。包括借阅图书,大字书,有声书,影碟,录像带,音乐光碟,等。 Washington State Port Townsend Public Library: (http://www.cityofpt.us/library/) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
执法-为残疾人服务(举例)(3) Serving People with Disabilities – Example (3) http://www.laferia-tx.org/Library/Library_Parking.htm - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elevator_panel_with_Braille.jpg 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
执法-版权法规(举例)(1) Copyright - Example (1) 伊州DIXON公共图书馆 Illinois Dixon Public Library Copyright Statement http://www.dixonpubliclibrary.org/ill.html#Copyright_Restrictions 复制、拷贝要遵照美国法典第17章版权法。其中一个指定的条件是,拷贝或复制的目的不能“用于超出个人学习、学术研究。”如果用户事后要用拷贝或复制品超出“公平使用”的范畴,他将要承担违犯版权法的责任。 本图书馆保留拒绝接受拷贝或复制的权力,一旦发现这种复制或拷贝将违犯版权法。 五法则:在一年里,对过去五年中出版的任何杂志,只能从中复制/拷贝5篇文章。 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
执法-版权法规(举例)(2) Copyright – Example (2) 亚利桑那州 Tempe市公共图书馆 Arizona Tempe Public Library Copyright Statement http://www.tempe.gov/library/admin/policies/illpolcy.htm 本图书馆根据联邦版权法和国家新技术应用委员会规则 制定以下馆间互借准则: 所做拷贝均要有版权保护公示,必须使用户知晓版权保 护公示内容。 对过去五年内出版的杂志,图书馆仅可以要求从中拷贝 五篇文章。 一年内,图书馆仅可以要求从任一期杂志中拷贝一篇文章。 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
执法-版权法规(举例)(3) Copyright – Example (3) 国会图书馆对版权的声明 LC web site: Legal: http://www.loc.gov/homepage/legal.html 国会图书馆尽可能在所提供的所有资料中提供相关版权所有 人的信息。作为一个公共机构,国会图书馆对所拥有的信息 资源一般来说没有版权。所以对使用这些信息资源国会图书 馆不收费。使用独立于国会图书馆的版权所有者的资料,可 能需要其允许和收费。如果要出版或传播国会图书馆藏书资料,遵守版权法的规定是当事人的责任。超出“公平使用” 原则的传输、复制版权保护的资源,则需要版权所有人的书 面许可。使用人必须对其使用资源的权力作出评估。 对于我们网页上的资料,如果您可以提供更多信息,或者如 果您是版权所有人,认为我们的网页没有正确展现您的作品,或没有您的许可,我们希望听到您的意见。请与OGC@loc.gov联系,并提供您的联系方式和有关内容的链接。 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
执法-保护图书馆用户隐私(举例)(1) Protecting Library Users Privacy – Example (1) 西雅图公共图书馆对图书馆用户的保密政策 Seattle Public Library Policy for Confidentiality of Library Borrowers 西雅图公共图书馆员工和义工保护借书人信息,这包括借书人 在图书馆索取的信息资料,他们所应用的网上资源,借阅记录。 图书馆不会将这些信息向任何私营或公共机构转让,除非有司 法正式文件或如相关法律所规定的情况。13岁以上的借阅者, 可以请其他人代理领取所街图书,或将借书证交给代理人,或 签署他人代理表格。 (Seattle Public Library Policy for Confidentiality of Borrowers: http://www.spl.org/default.asp?pageID=about_policies_confidentiality) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
执法-保护图书馆用户隐私(举例)(2) Protecting Library Users Privacy –Example (2) 威斯康星州Kenosha公共图书馆对图书馆用户记录保密政策 Wisconsin Kenosha Public Library Policy for Confidentiality Library Users 保密的信息包括:索取、阅读和借阅过的信息资源,包括数据库的 信息,咨询信息,馆间互借记录,以及所有能够确定个人使用图书资源 和服务的信息记录。… 美国宪法第一修正案规定保护自由表达和出版的自由。这就需要相 应的有说就有听到、有写就有看到的权力,而没有被侵犯、威胁和受到 报复的惧怕。… Kenosha公共图书馆公平地向所有人提供所有信息观点,无论其年龄、 种族、宗教、从哪里来,社会和政治观点、经济地位、或任何其他状况。 我们不会与那些侵犯用户隐私权力的行为调和。… 根据Wisconsin州的法律,如果家长或监护人需要查看其16岁以下孩子 的图书馆使用信息记录,在查看前,必须先签署本馆的确认表格。 --(http://www.kenosha.lib.wi.us/policies/confidentiality.pdf ) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
执法-图书馆保护儿童隐私(举例)(3) Library Protecting Children’s Privacy – Example(3) 俄亥俄州Pickaway 县公共图书馆 在其网页隐私政策中专门列出对儿童信息的关注:为了保护儿童的信息,鼓励家长或老师参与孩子们上网活动,尤其是当网页要搜集儿童的个人信息的时候,Pickaway图书馆要求儿童在有家长/监护人的许可方能在网上提交个人信息。 (Picaway County District Public Lib. Web Site Private Policy: http://www.pickawaylib.org/privacy.php) 加州Mill Valley 公共图书馆 对儿童隐私的承诺:图书馆认为保护儿童隐私是非常重要的,为此,图书馆在网上宣传某一儿童活动而需要使用儿童名字时,将尽量使用孩子的名(不用姓氏),不透露电邮地址。因为儿童在网上很容易泄露个人信息和看到不妥的网页,建议家长可以监督其孩子使用网页。图书馆收集的儿童的个人信息,不会向其他机构暴露。 (Mill Valley Public Library Privacy Policy: http://www.cityofmillvalley.org/Index.aspx?page=581) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
图书馆参与法律建设-图书馆协会 Libraries Contributions – Library Associations 设立相应的委员会/办公室,关注立法进程,向图书馆界及时通报任 何与图书馆行业有关的立法动向;同时代表图书馆和图书馆用户的利益, 向各级政府提出图书馆和用户的需求。例如,美国图书馆协会(ALA) 华盛顿办公室,及时通报政府动态,同时向政府反应图书馆界和图书馆 用户的要求。(Establishing special committee/office to work on special issues; Representing the voice of libraries and users. E.g.: ALA Washington Office) 协会为图书馆,提供咨询参考资料,组织相应活动,训练班,专题研 讨会,回答各种实际问题,例如,ALA成立了各种办公室,其中之一是 知识自由办公室,在保护个人隐私方面,提供了保护个人隐私”工具箱,” 为图书馆提供参考,可能遇到的问题及解决方法。(Associations, take actions, provide support, trainings, and answer questions. E.g.: ALA OIF provides “Privacy Tool Kit”.) 成为各级图书馆协会年会中的经常议题。 (Frequent topics at ALA and state associations annual conferences.) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
图书馆参与法律建设-图书馆协会-举例(1a) Libraries Contributions Library Associations – Example(1a) 现在就行动 美国图书馆协会华盛顿办公室(ALA Washington Office: http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/wo/wo.cfm) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
图书馆参与法律建设-图书馆协会-举例(1b) Libraries Contributions Library Associations - Example(1b) 谁是热衷于图书馆事业的人?任何关心图书馆的人! 紧急呼吁采取行动:要求你的参议员们支持对图书馆的 经费! 采取行动 http://capwiz.com/ala/home/ 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
图书馆参与法律建设-图书馆协会-举例(1c) Libraries Contributions Library Associations - Example(1c) 找到你的官员: 用邮编 哪一个州 政策工具: 条款和立法 与媒介联系 找到选举信息和参选人 国会基本信息 传播消息: 告诉朋友 把“给国会写信”的标签放 在你自己的网页上 国会今天 3月17日 今天众议院的日程 今天参议院的日常 工作查询各委员会的活动 及时收到消息: 加入采取行动群发名录 及时收到信息 每周电邮给你的代表! http://capwiz.com/ala/home/ 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
图书馆参与法律建设-图书馆协会-举例(1d) Libraries Contributions Library Associations - Example(1d) 与你当地代表联系,保护图书馆明年的预算 现在就联系:参议院为节省2亿开支, 而要免除图书馆中的宽带服务 http://capwiz.com/ala/officials/congress/?district=07&lvl=C&azip=60607&state=IL Viewed in 3/17/2009 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
图书馆参与法律建设-图书馆协会-举例(1e) Libraries Contributions Library Associations - Example(1e) http://capwiz.com/ala/officials/congress/?district=07&azip=60607&state=IL&bzip=3306 http://ala.capwiz.com/bio/id/131236 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
图书馆参与法律建设-图书馆协会-举例(2) Libraries Contributions Library Associations - Example(2) … … 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
图书馆参与法律建设-图书馆协会-举例(3) Libraries Contributions Library Associations - Example(3) 全国图书馆立法日(National Library Legislative Day) 自1974起,每年五月中旬,图书馆员在华盛顿集会,讨论有关图书馆的重要事宜,与政府的关系,到国会去游说,一般是两天(Started from 1974 in every May, llibrarians go to Washington, DC to learn about library issues and lobby with members of Congress) 参加者包括:各级图书馆协会,各图书馆代表,感兴趣的图书馆员,等等 (Participants include but not limit to: Library Association., representatives from libraries, interested individual librarians and library friends, Congressional staff, lobbyists, etc.) 代表图书馆,代表图书馆使用者(Represent libraries and library users) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
图书馆参与法律建设-图书馆员-举例(4) Libraries Contributions Librarians - Example(4) 9/11/2008:宾夕法尼亚州图书馆员Mary Clare Zales 在众议院作证, 讲述了在21世纪图书馆的重要作用。(9/11/2008, Pennsylvania State Librarian Mary Clare Zales testified before the House of Representatives, on how libraries are essential to the American public in the 21st Century. http://www.ala.org/ala/newspresscenter/news/pressreleases2008/September2008/ WOpalibtestimony.cfm) Judith Krug, 图书馆员,后来成为ALA信息自由办公室主任。“华盛顿 邮报”和“纽约时报”都分别专门报道了她。其中谈到她是信息自由 的坚定捍卫者,全国在多个最高法院案子的领导者,她成功地组织领 导了法律行动,推翻了国会第一次企图检查网上言论的“1996年通讯 规范法案,”她建立了美国图书馆协会“禁书开放周,”从1982延续至 今,… 1998年美国图书馆协会授予她图书馆界的最高奖(Judith Krug, a stalwart defender of freedom of information, a national leader in several legal cases that rose to the Supreme Court. She organized the successful Legal Campaign to overturn the 1996 Communications Decency Act… She advised countless librarians on dealing with challenges to books… In 1982 she establishedthe ALA’s annual Banned Books Week… In 1998, the ALA Gave her the profession’s highest honor, the Joseph P. Lippincott Award. …(The Washington Post, April 14, 2009; B05) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
结语 Epilogue 我们正在从事的图书馆工作的社会意义非常重要, 大有可为。我们的所做所为是建立在我们对自己 工作意义的充分理解和自信上。在收集、组织、 保存和传播信息,为全民信息需求服务、提供平等 自由的信息渠道方面,在全民普及和终生教育方面, 图书馆的作用是独一无二的。法律应该为保障我们 的工作服务,我们要为创造这样一个法律环境而共 同不懈地努力。 (The library has unique function in collecting, organizing, protecting and disseminating information, and in serving the need of information and life education of all people. Laws should protect the library for fulfilling this. We should make every effort for creating such a legal environment for people.) 2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)
2018/9/19 Libraries and Laws in the US (IMLS Project: Think Globally Act Globally)