Wiki & eLearning 維基與數位學習 Ref: From the reference papers and guidebook given Wikimedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia) http://wiki.im.ncue.edu.tw/ 2018/9/22

Some brief introduction to Wiki and Wikpedia 維基與維基百科之簡介 2018/9/22

Wiki history 維基歷史 On the basic level, wiki is a Web database technology that allows multiple users to edit and update a work quickly and easily. (Leuf & Cunningham, 2001) 基本上，維基就是一個能讓多使用者(同時且)快速 & 容易地編輯與更新 Web 資料庫的技術 2018/9/22

Wiki history 維基歷史 The first wiki was developed in 1995 by Ward Cunningham who named it wiki 首個 wiki 乃由 Ward Cunningham 發展於 1995 because of a Hawaiian term meaning fast or quick. (Venners, 2003) 稱 wiki 原因在於它在夏威夷語的意思就是 “快” 2018/9/22

Wiki history 維基歷史 Cunningham‘s technology paved the way for Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger to found the Nupedia encyclopedia project 後來，Wales 與 Sanger 採用 wiki 技術，創立 Nupedia 百科計畫 2018/9/22

Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger 2018/9/22

Wiki history 維基歷史 Wales and Sanger later switched their project to open source technology and in January of 2001 Wikipedia was born. (Leuf & Cunningham, 2001). 2001年， Wales and Sanger 將 Nupedia 改為 Open source 計畫 2018/9/22

The most common wiki 最普及的維基 Wikipedia 維基百科 has more than 17.6 millions articles (2010/12) in several different languages  including more than 3.5 millions in the English-language version of the website. (Wikipedia.org) 近 35 萬筆中文條目 Users can create and edit articles on any subject they feel necessary 只要自覺有需要，使用者可以新建與編輯任何主題的條目 2018/9/22

最普及的維基 (2011/10/18) 2018/9/22

最普及的維基 (2014/10/1) 2018/9/22

最普及的維基 (2016/11/9) 2018/9/22

維基百科條目數排序 (2014/08) 2018/9/22 http://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesArticlesTotal.htm

Wiki 條目數 2018/9/22

Wiki 條目數 2018/9/22

Brief wikipedia introduction 維基百科簡介 Due to its size and popularity, Wikipedia‘s articles have proven to be reliable. 由於其規模和知名度，維基百科的文章已被證明是可靠的 2018/9/22

維基百科簡介 Internally, there is no peer review process for putting articles on Wikipedia, but editors work around the clock to keep articles in the right categories and make sure that there is no copyright infringement 維基百科的文章並未經同儕審查程序，但 “云云眾編輯” 們之晝夜不停努力，得讓維基條目均能正確地分類，並確保沒有侵犯版權狀況 2018/9/22

維基百科簡介 The real policing with Wikipedia articles comes from its users. 用戶本身就是維基百科文章的真正 “警察工作” (e.g., 監控、糾錯等) 之執行者 2018/9/22

Reliability of Wikipedia 維基百科之可靠度 Several studies suggest that articles in Wikipedia are of a similar order of accuracy and similar rates of both serious and minor errors to Encyclopædia Britannica 幾個研究結論顯示維基百科之 “精確度” 與“嚴重”或 “輕微” 錯誤之比例與大英百科相當 2018/9/22

維基百科之可靠度 However, it does suffer from omissions and inaccuracies and sometimes these can be serious 但維基百科仍有遺漏和不準確之處 (有些時時候還頗為嚴重 …) 2018/9/22

Nature's study (Giles 2005) Finding that Wikipedia (for scientific articles) is as accurate as the Encylopedia Brittanica and thus has value for education and for knowledge-seekers. Nature 之研究結論顯示維基百科在科學條目的準確性與大英百科不相上下 Giles, J. 2005. Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. Nature 438:900-901. 2018/9/22

Reliability of Wikipedia 維基百科之可靠度 A separate study suggests that in the great majority of cases, vandalism is noticed and reverted fairly quickly — so fast that most users will not be aware of it 另一項獨立研究顯示，在絕大多數情況下，故意破壞的行為均能被迅速發現並更正-速度之快，導致大多數用戶都不會注意到 (故意破壞的行為) 2018/9/22

Reliability of Wikipedia 維基百科之可靠度 Most of its reliability comes from the fact that many users who update wikipedia articles keep a close watch on changes that have been made to their work. 維基百科之所以如此可靠之原因在於條目編輯者也同時會特別關注任何針對他編修文章的更動 2018/9/22

維基百科之深度 Looking at various wiki articles, it‘s surprising how in-depth users go with their topics. Most of the articles have internal citations and those that don’t have users questioning where the editor got that information from. (Leuf & Cunningham, 2001). 有機會深入看看維基百科的某些內容，您會驚訝於其深度 2018/9/22

維基百科之外 … Other large wikis include the WikiWikiWeb, Wikitravel, and World66. (Wikipedia: Wiki) Do you have any other good wiki sites to include? 2018/9/22

wikis 跟 e-learning 扯得上啥關係? By its nature, the material is already in electronic form. 維基的內容已經是數位化的形式 (e-) The fact that the information is easily accessible to anyone with an internet connection makes it tempting to rely on the source as gospel (福音). 任何能上網的人就能容易地獲得維基資訊，這會讓人輕易地仰賴維基，猶如福音 … 2018/9/22

However … However, taking information from a source such as Wikipedia and citing it as a scholarly source can cause some problems. 但 … 在您學術論文裡引維基的內容 … 可能會有些爭議喔 … 2018/9/22

Mediawiki … is a web-based wiki software application used by all projects of the Wikimedia Foundation, all wikis hosted by Wikia, and many other wikis, including some of the largest and most popular ones Web-based wiki 軟體應用，眾多 wiki 的實作之一 2018/9/22

Mediawiki … Originally developed to serve the needs of the free content Wikipedia encyclopedia, today it has also been deployed by companies as an internal knowledge management solution, and as a content management system. (可以作為內部知識管理的解決方案，亦能作為內容管理系統) 2018/9/22

Mediawiki MediaWiki is written in the PHP programming language, and can use either the MySQL or PostgreSQL relational database management system. Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, MediaWiki is free and open source software. 2018/9/22

Wiki servers 維基百科網站伺服器 Wikipedia employed a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed multi-tier architecture. (2004年之前，只有單一伺服器提供所有維基百科的資訊) 2018/9/22

Wiki servers 維基百科網站伺服器 In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. (2005/01後 … 擴增為 39 個 servers) This configuration included a single master database server running MySQL, multiple slave database servers, 21 web servers running the Apache HTTP Server, and seven Squid cache servers. 2018/9/22

Wiki servers 維基百科網站伺服器 Currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers (mainly Ubuntu, with a few OpenSolaris machines for ZFS (Zettabyte File System, Zeta=2的70次方). As of December 2009, there were 300 in Florida and 44 in Amsterdam. 503 (2015/09/14) 2018/9/22

Paper: Employing Wikis for Online Collaboration in the e-Learning Environment (Case Study) 2018/9/22

Abstract 2018/9/22

What? (purpose of this study, the problem) This paper examines the various ways in which students reflect on their very recent experiences in collaborating in an online elearning environment. 2018/9/22

What’s & why wiki? Wikis, fully editable websites, are easily accessible, require no software and allow its contributors, in this case students, to feel a sense of responsibility and ownership. 2018/9/22

Why this study? (why is this study essential) Wikis are everywhere, but, unfortunately, the online literature has not yet begun to focus enough on wikis (Mattison 2003). 2018/9/22

Where & Who? (Environment & Subjects Description) Whereas students are used to the WebCT based university Elearning environment, Deakin Studies Online (DSO), this case study, completed in Nov 2004, was conducted to test the wiki platform as a means of online collaboration in the tertiary education environment. 2018/9/22

What to expect in this paper What to expect in this paper? (revealing essential findings here would be better) A full analysis of the results is presented As are recommendations for improving the platform in an effort to employ wikis and utilize them to their full and absolute potential. 2018/9/22

Introduction 2018/9/22

Motivation It has been suggested that the single most neglected topic in the field of e-learning is the interaction between students and computers (Kruse 2002). If a student is feeling lost, confused and consequently frustrated, then their learning will prove insignificant. 2018/9/22

Motivation 一開始即點出 e-learning 環境下，學生與電腦間互動乃一最被忽略的議題 並提出參考文獻以資證明 接下來，“危言聳聽” 地說 : 如果學生覺得lost (迷失), confused (困惑), 以及最終地frustrated (沮喪), 則學習就 insignificant (不會有效果) 2018/9/22

Comments 以上，若補上這些會更好 … “學生與電腦間互動不佳” 與 lost (迷失), confused (困惑), 以及最終地 frustrated (沮喪) 間的因果關係證明 學生與電腦間 or 學生間的互動? 如果學生覺得 lost (迷失), confused (困惑), 以及最終地 frustrated (沮喪), 則學習就 insignificant (不會有效果) 的參考文獻 這點有點吹毛求疵，但加上肯定更完備 2018/9/22

Motivation Furthermore, there also exists a demand to investigate further research in collaboration (Hughes 2002), which is student centered and focuses on the process of students working together and sharing the authority to empower themselves with the responsibility of building on their foundational knowledge (Myers 1991) 2018/9/22

wiki 進場 … A wiki (meaning fast in the Hawaiian language) is a completely interactive website which is … 2018/9/22

解釋為何選 wiki … Additionally, wikis can provide an efficient, flexible, user friendly and cost-effective interface for collaboration, knowledge creation and archiving, and student interaction (Schwartz, Clark et al. 2004). 2018/9/22

接下來 … Methodology Results and Analysis 2018/9/22

Results Do you feel that you were able to get to know your group members through the wiki exercises? 15% 38% 34% 13% Do you feel that you were able to get to know your tutor through the wiki exercises? 28% 40% 17% Did the wiki exercises make it easier for you to communicate with your group members for the remainder of the semester 9% 25% 51% Do you feel that working in wiki groups online is better than working together in groups face-to-face? 30% n/a 70% 2018/9/22

Results 2018/9/22

Results 2018/9/22

Results 2018/9/22

Results 2018/9/22

Results 2018/9/22

Results 2018/9/22

Two recurring comments - 1 Not all, but many students are simply more confident using software that they are familiar with. DSO might be confusing and difficult to navigate, but they have plenty of experience with this platform and prefer to avoid having to familiarize themselves with another piece of communicative technology. 2018/9/22

Two recurring comments - 2 As mentioned in Section 3.4 students are scared that their wiki input is not secure because anyone at all has the ability to erase the page content. Therefore, since DSO has no deletion facility and all input is fully accounted for, they prefer to feel confident that their work is protected in a secure environment. 2018/9/22

Conclusions (To support a more suitable wiki in the e-learning environment …) Incorporate icons, color and interest into a dull interface to promote student motivation Taking the previous point into account, retain fast internet download 2018/9/22

Conclusions (To support a more suitable wiki in the e-learning environment …) Design the interface of the wiki to resemble the unit or university design Enable the page contents to be saved as another file e.g. a PDF file 2018/9/22

Conclusions (To support a more suitable wiki in the e-learning environment …) Allow students to delete only their own work so that they can feel secure about their contributions Make new text or page insertions visible upon login 2018/9/22

Conclusions (To support a more suitable wiki in the e-learning environment …) Add facility for real time chat Provide more documentation about HTML applications available within the wiki 2018/9/22

Second Life 第二人生 2018/9/22

第二人生的歷史與發展 2002年上線，由 Linden 實驗室開發 最初測試版：LindenWorld 2003年向公眾開放 2006.10.18：一百萬用戶註冊 2006.12.14：兩百萬用戶註冊 2007.1.28：三百萬用戶註冊 2007.2.24：四百萬用戶註冊 2007.3.26：五百萬用戶註冊 2009.9.23：玩家在虛擬世界中度過的總時間超過10億小時 (115年) 2010.10.13 ；Mesh 匯入功能正式開放公測。 2010.11：二千一百三十萬用戶 2018/9/22

虛擬世界的特色 居民 交流與交通 經濟與不動產 創造與所有權 第二人生裡的企業與組織 第二人生裡的教育 2018/9/22

Second Life 2018/9/22

Second Life 裡的虛擬貨幣 林登幣(Linden Dollars)，同現實世界一樣，貨幣質會上下浮動。 林登幣:美元=250~270 : 1 Second Life 為用戶提供版權保護，並允許使用林登元進行合法貿易。 2018/9/22

Second Life 裡的虛擬貨幣 林登幣 信用卡 2018/9/22

Second Life 裡的虛擬貨幣 Second Life中每月經貿量提升過快， Second Life總裁不得不開始密切關注Linden幣與美元的匯率。他甚至需要減少林登幣供應，以壓抑通貨膨脹的出現。 2018/9/22

林登幣能讓我致富嗎? Anshe Chung (遊戲裡的名稱) 在加入 Second Life 兩年半之後，其虛擬資產已經相當於現實生活中的一百萬美金。 Anshe Chung Studio 以銷售動畫賺錢 May 1, 2006 cover of BusinessWeek magazine 2018/9/22

Anshe Chung 虛擬房地產交易 開發公司 2018/9/22

致力於新的風景、基礎設施、 住宅和家具的創作 24小時不打烊房地產服務 2018/9/22

租 赁 2018/9/22

ING 安泰人壽 2018/9/22

電影---貝武夫(Beowulf ) 在Second Life上 設了一個島 2018/9/22

在 Second Life 裡開課 Cyberclasses 的概念 2007/01/17 專文介紹 2007/01/17 專文介紹 Second Life世界裡的教育系統— 可在SL上與學生約在正研讀的小說場景中。 優點: 直接融入小說的構想中，讓小說不光是只有文字敘述，還有3D，有身歷其境的感受。 2018/9/22

在 Second Life 裡開課的大學 Harvard University New York University San Diego State University Stanford University … 2018/9/22

可創業賺錢的遊戲－「第二人生」 <天下雜誌>第366期 2007/02 哈佛法學院線上課程 <天下雜誌>第366期 2007/02 可創業賺錢的遊戲－「第二人生」 哈佛法學院線上課程 瑞典駐Second Life大使館 … Second Life已不只是一款遊戲！ Second Life只是提供虛擬工具與交易平台，所有的創新應用，都是用戶自己發想而來。(讓使用者自行創新) 2018/9/22

However … Time雜誌將 Second Life 列為2007年，年度最差五大網站之ㄧ 2018/9/22

Educational Uses of Second Life An overview of educational uses of Second Life including educational locations, tools, and learning archetypes that are applicable to Second Life. 2018/9/22

Ohio University Second Life Campus 2018/9/22

Second Life with Autism 2018/9/22