The Supply Chain Management Concept 供应链管理概念 CHAPTER 2 The Supply Chain Management Concept 供应链管理概念

Learning Objectives To learn about supply chains and their management To realize the importance of leveraging technology To appreciate barriers to supply chain management To learn about 3PL and 4PL/LLP To Practice the Presentation Skill

Key Terms Agile supply chain 敏捷供应链 Bullwhip effect 牛鞭效应 Contract Logistics 合同物流 Data Mining 数据挖掘 Fast supply Chain 快速供应链 Fourth-Party logistics (lead logistics provider) 第四方物流（顶级物流提供商） GSCF model 全球供应链论坛模型

Key Terms Partnerships 伙伴关系 Perfect order 完美订单 SCOR model 供应链运作参考模型 Supply Chain 供应链 Supply chain collatoration 供应链协作 Suplly chain management 供应链管理 Third-party logistics (logistics outsourcing) 第三方物流（物流外包）

2.1 about Supply Chain 关于供应链

1、the evolution of Supply Chain The early to mid-1990s witnessed a growing recognition that there could be value in coordinating the carious business functions not only within organizations but across orgnizations as well. 供应链管理概念注意了与其他企业的联系，注意了供应链企业的外部环境。---更大范围，更系统的概念。 如今，供应链的概念更加注重围绕核心企业的网链关系，如核心企业与供应商、供应商的供应商乃至与一切前向的关系，核心企业与用户、用户的用户及一切后向的关系。

1980 传统的供应链 零部件制造商 最终装配 分销中心 零售商 用户 用户需求 零售商需求 分销商户需求 总装需求 拉动 推动 几个星期 零部件制造商 最终装配 分销中心 零售商 用户 用户需求 零售商需求 分销商户需求 总装需求 拉动 推动 几个星期 几个月

1990 精细供应链 零部件制造商 最终装配 分销中心 零售商 用户 用户需求 KANBAN 拉动 3-5个星期 5-7个星期 几个月

1995 集成化的敏捷供应链 零部件制造商 最终装配 分销中心 零售商 用户 用户需求 总体的用户需求 全球物料 计划系统 推动式计划 拉动 1995 集成化的敏捷供应链 零部件制造商 最终装配 分销中心 零售商 用户 用户需求 总体的用户需求 全球物料 计划系统 推动式计划 拉动 推动 一个星期 2个星期 几个月 库存信息

2000 用户化的敏捷供应链 零部件制造商 最终装配 分销中心 零售商 用户 单个的用户需求 Internet 信息系统 用户需求 拉动 零部件制造商 最终装配 分销中心 零售商 用户 单个的用户需求 Internet 信息系统 用户需求 拉动 四天 一天 几个星期

2.供应链定义 The definition of Supply Chain A supply chain “encompasses all activities associated with the flow and transformation of goods from the raw material stage (extraction), through to the end user, as well as the associated information flows.” Source: Robert B. Handfield and Ernest L. Nichols, Jr., Introduction to Supply Chain Management 但是，供应链至今没有公认的定义

3. 供应链的构造 Configurations of Supply Chain

产品和服务的流动 循环和退货 原材料供应商 中间产品制造商 批发商或分销商 零售商 最终产品制造商(或核心企业) 终端客户 运输和仓储行为 信息/计划/行为整合

Successful Supply Chains have… an enterprise-to-enterprise point of view a systems approach across all organizations in the supply chain Companies recognize interdependencies Goals and objectives are compatible a successful supply chain has a successful management

4.供应链管理的定义 the Definition of Supply Chain Management Supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all Logistics Management activities. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, and customers. In essence, Supply Chain Management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. Source: CSCMP

5. Supply Chain Managgement Frameworks SCOR(Supply-Chain Operations Reference) Model 供应链运营参考模型是供应链协会（SCC）开发并授权的一个关于供应链管理的跨行业标准。供应链运作参考模型是传播最为广泛、影响最大的模型，该模型在国内学术界广为流传。最新为9.0版。 GSCF(Global Supply Chain Forum) Model 全球供应链论坛是由美国俄亥俄州立大学费舍商学院道格拉斯•兰伯特博士领导的，全球供应链论坛是一个由非竞争性公司和学院派研究者组成的团体，兰伯特在其著作（SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT—Processes， Partnerships， performance》中提出了全球供应链论坛模型。

6. 供应链管理的重要特征 Key Attributes of Supply Chain Management Customer power 顾客权力 it impacts the design and management of supply chain fast supply chain: a speed and time component agile suppy chain: ability to respond to changes in demand with respect to volume and variety it suggests that traditional factory-driven, push supply chains should be replaced by customer-centric, pull-oriented ones. customer-centric supply chains are concerend with perfect orders

Long-term orientation 长期定位 Well-run supply chains improve the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole relational exchanges instead of transactional exchanges Partnerships: a positive, long-term relationships between suppply chain participants high interdependence, shared information, compatible goals. mutual trust, buying decisions based on value

Leveraging Technology杠杆技术 Technology has been at the center of changes taking place that affect the supply chain computing power the Internet Enhanced Communication across Organizations 跨组织沟通的增强 information can be seamlessly transmitted across organizations communication across organizations is dependent on both technologial capabilities and a willingness to share information

Inventory control库存控制 Bullwhip effect：distored information from one end of a supply chain to the other can lead to tremendous inefficiencies the result is excessively high inventory levels increasing as you get further from the end customer JAZ(just about zero) approach

Interorganizational Collaboration 组织间的协作 Supply chain collatoration: cooperative, supply chain relationships-formal or informal-between manufacturing companies and their suppliers, business partners or customers, developed to enhave the overall business performance of both sides

8.供应链管理的障碍 Barriers to Supply Chain Management Regulatory and political considerations规制和政治因素 Lack of top management commitment 缺乏高层的承诺 Reluctance to share, or use, relevant data 不愿意分享或使用相关信息 Incompatible information systems不兼容的信息系统 Incompatible corporate cultures 不想容的企业文化 Globalization全球化

2.2 about 3PL & 4PL/LLP 关于第三方物流、 第四方物流/顶级物流提供商

9.供应链管理整合 Supply Chain Management and Integration Long-term, mutually beneficial agreements Partnerships 伙伴关系 Strategic alliances 战略联盟 Third-party arrangements 第三方协议 Contract logistics 合同物流 Methods used to integrate Vertical integration 纵向一体化(eg:Ford Moter Company of the 1920s) Formal contracts 正式合同(eg:McDonald's and Martin-Brower Company) Informal agreements 非正式协议 Supply Chain Software

1、The Core Competency of the Corporation 美国经济学家Ｃ.K.Prahalad和Gary.Hamel于1990年在《哈佛商业评论》首次提出核心竞争力（Core Competency）概念 “The core competency is an area of specialized expertise that is the result of harmonizing complex streams of technology and work activity 。” Characteristics It increases perceived customer benefits (用户价值） It is hard for competitors to imitate（独特性） It provides potential access to a wide variety of markets（延展性） A core competency can take various forms, including technical/subject matter know how, a reliable process, and/or close relationships with customers and suppliers (Mascarenhas et al. 1998). It may also include product development or culture such as employee dedication. If a core competency yields a long term advantage to the company, it is said to be a sustainable competitive advantage Modern business theories suggest that most activities that are not part of a company's core competency should be outsourced.

2、Outsourcing 外包 最初由Ｃ.K.Prahalad和Gary.Hamel于1990年提出 Outside Resource Using 企业内部资源有限的情况下，为取得更大的竞争优势，仅保留其最具竞争优势的核心业务，而把其他业务借助于外部最优秀的专业化资源予以整合，达到减低成本、提高绩效、提升企业核心竞争力和增强企业对环境应变能力的一种管理模式。

3. 3PL Conception 1988年CLM的一项顾客服务调查中，首次提到“第三方服务提供者”一词 One company allows a specialist company to provide it with one or more logistics functions. 第三方物流的两个层次： 按照客户要求提供单一功能营运，短期服务 长期，多功能服务，并参与决策的战略伙伴。

4.Characteristics of 3PL 3PL是建立在现代信息技术基础上的现代物流运作方式(information technology) 3PL是合同导向的一系列服务(at least one year formal contract btw providers and users) 3PL是个性化物流服务(customized offerings. Customers can demand a number of different activities) 3PL与客户企业之间是一种联盟合作伙伴关系(partnership)

5.3PL的发展趋势 3PL越来越多，服务多元化和专业化 企业并购和整合趋势增强 业务重心向全球拓展 核心竞争力转向供应链管理

6、the Concept of 4PL/LLP In 1996, Accenture first coined the term 4PL (Fourth Party Logistics Provider) and defined it as a “Supply chain integrator that assembles and manages the resources, capabilities, and technology of its own organization with those of complementary service providers to deliver a comprehensive supply chain solution”. Accenture(1996年）首先提出4PL的定义：一个调配和管理组织自身的及具有互补性服务提供商的资源、能力与技术，来提供全面的供应链解决方案的供应链集成商。 4PL/LLP refer to a company whose primary purpose is to ensure that various 3PL are working toward the relevant supply chain goals and objectives

Do we have Fifth Party Logistics(5PL)? Yes! Fifth Party Logistics (5PL) is attributed to Logistics Service Providers who plan, organize and implement logistics solutions on behalf of a contracting party (in particular, information systems) by exploiting the appropriate technologies (conceptual level). 但是，目前提法还不多，没有形成完整的认识。