Grammar and usage direct speech and reported speech Teaching aim: 1. Help you learn the definition and function of direct speech and reported speech, 2.Help you learn how to change direct speech into reported speech in different tenses and sentence structure.

Reported(Indirect) speech Direct and Reported(Indirect) speech 直接引语和间接引语

Lead in: T: What did you eat this morning? S1: ‘I ate ….’ T：What did S1 say, S2? S2: S1 said he/she had eaten…. direct speech reported speech We use direct speech to report what exactly has been said. If we write the speech down, the words will usually appear in quotation marks.

时态，人称，时间副词 Change the following sentence into reported speech. Paul said, “I visited China last year. ” Paul said he had visited China the year before. 时态，人称，时间副词

“What are you doing?” I was doing. She asked me what

“Why do you like English?” I liked English He asked me why

“Where does he live?” he lived. She asked me where

“How does she go to school?” She asked me how She went to school.

“Do you know my name?” 是否 I knew her name. She asked me Whether / if

“Do you like English?” I liked English. She asked me Whether / if

“Can you help me?” I could help her. She asked me Whether / if

“Are you at home yesterday?” I was at home the day before. She asked me Whether / if

“Are you ready?” I was ready. She asked me Whether / if

直接引语变为 间接引语 要注意的几个问题 一. 时态问题

一、 如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来时态。 例如： 一、 如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来时态。 例如： 直接引语 间接引语 1）He says, “I am very busy today.” 1）He says that he is very busy today.　 2）He will say, “ I have watered the flowers.” 2）He will say that he has watered the flowers.

1) She said that China had been using PSAs to educate people. Examples: 直接引语 间接引语 1)She said, “China has been using PSAs to educate people.” 1) She said that China had been using PSAs to educate people. 2) He said, “I am doing my homework at 9 o’clock yesterday. 2) He said that he was doing homework at 9 o’clock the day before.

Examples: 直接引语 间接引语 3) He said that he was leaving for Beijing that afternoon. 3)He said,”I’m leaving for Beijing this afternoon.” 4) “I have received the letter,” Tom said to me. 4) Tom said to me that he had received the letter.

Examples: 直接引语 间接引语 5)She said that she had gone to Paris the year before. 5) She said, “I went to Paris last year.” 6) She said, “I had already finished the project.” 6)She said that she had already finished the project.

一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时 一般将来时 过去将来时 现在完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时 二、如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，直接引语变为间接引语时，从句谓语动词的时态通常要作相应的变化。规则如下(时态呼应)   直接引语 间接引语 一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时 一般将来时 过去将来时 现在完成时 过去完成时 一般过去时 过去完成时 过去完成时

Special case 1 .直接引语表述的是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变 Eg:1) The geography teacher said, 　“The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.” The geography teacher told us that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 2) He said, “ Magnet (磁铁) attracts iron.” He said that magnet attracts iron.

He said that he was born in 1990. 2. 如果直接引语所表述的内容在目前和说话时同样有效，变间接引语时，时态可不变 Eg:1) The children said, “We love this game.” They told us that they love that game. 2) He said, “I was born in 1990.” He said that he was born in 1990.

二.代词等的变化

1) He said “These books are mine.” He said that those books were his. 2) My father reminded me, “It is twelve o’clock now. My father reminded me that it was twelve o’clock then. 3) Mary said, “I finished the book last year/yesterday/three days ago.” Mary said that she had finished the book the year before/the day before/three days before. 4) He said, “I put the book here.” He said that he had put the book there.” 5) The teacher said, “I will come here tomorrow.” The teacher said that he would go there the next day.”

表示时间 的词 表地点的词 动词 代词等一般也应作相应的变化,变化方法如下表： 在直接引语中 在间接引语中 指示代词 this / these that / those now / today then / that day this week (month) that week (month) yesterday the day before last year the year before the previous year etc three days ago three days before tomorrow the next day next week (month) the next week (month) here there 　　come go

Change direct speech into indirect speech Lecture Ⅱ Change direct speech into indirect speech P10/ How to report statements , questions and imperative?

一） To report statements, We use object clauses introduced by “that” 陈述句(statements)变为以 that 引导的 宾语从句(陈述句序),例如： 直接引语 间接引语 1.She said, “Our train will arrive in five minutes.” She said (that) their train would arrive in five minutes.　 2.“PSAs are often placed for free,” the writer said. The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free. Besides “tell, say”, the following words are also used to report statements: advise agree explain insist promise warn remind suggest

二) To report yes / no-questions, We use object clauses introduced by whether / if 一般疑问句变成 if (whether是否) 引导的宾语从句。Eg: 直接引语 间接引语 1）He said, “ Can you swim, John?” 1）He asked John if/whether he could swim.　 2）The teacher asked the class if/whether they had all understood her. 2）The teacher asked the class “ Have you all understood me?”

2)“Where did you find the ads for jobs abroad?”Bill asked. → How to change this direct speech into indirect speech? I asked her, “How can that be true?” → I asked her how that can be true. 三） To report wh-questions , we use object clauses introduced by wh-words. 特殊疑问句变为由who, what, when,why,who,how 等疑问词引导的宾语从句。Eg: 直接引语 间接引语 1）George said, “When will you get back from London, John?” 1）George asked John when he would get back from London.　　　　　 2)“Where did you find the ads for jobs abroad?”Bill asked. → Bill asked where I had found the ads for jobs abroad.

“Don’t worry, Mike,” Jen said. → Jen asked Mike not to worry. 四） To report imperative sentences(祈使句), we use the structure: reporting verb + obj. + (not) to-infinitive 直接引语是祈使句,则间接引语变为动词不定式. 即: ask/ tell sb. (not) to do sth. eg: 1）The teacher said to the boy, “Open the window.” The teacher told the boy to open the window. 2) The salesman said to me, “Read what some of our satisfied customers say.” → The salesman asked me to read what some of their satisfied customers said.

☆ There are other verbs that can be used in this structure to report imperative sentences advise encourage invite remind warn 1. “Don’t believe every advertisement you read,” Michelle said to me. → Michelle advised me not to believe every advertisement I read. 2. “Don’t forget to take your medicine, Dad,” my daughter said. → My daughter reminded not to forget to take my medicine.

Summary(总结) you have math you have math. he had When do you have math? ( They asked him ) 1.特殊疑问句直接引语变间接引语 you have math you have math. They asked him when he had They asked him when he had math.

They asked him whether/if he had math. Do you have math? ( They asked him ) 2.一般疑问句直接引语变间接引语 you have math you have math. They asked him Whether/if he had They asked him whether/if he had math.

They asked him whether/if he could play the piano. Can you play the piano? ( They asked him ) You can play the piano you can play the piano. They asked him Whether/if he could They asked him whether/if he could play the piano.

They asked him whether he was a teacher. Are you a teacher? ( They asked him ) you are a teacher you are a teacher. They asked him Whether/if he was They asked him whether he was a teacher.

练习

一般疑问句要变成whether或if引导的宾语从句 直接引语变间接引语练习题 1. He asked ,“ how much do you payfor the computer？” He asked ______________ for the computer. A. did you pay how much B. you paid how much 　C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid 2. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. →He asked me ____________. A. had I seen the film B. have I seen the film C. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film 3. “Please close the window,” he said to me.  →He ______ me _____ the window. A. said to; to close B. told to; closing C. asked ; to close D. said to; please close Tips:直接引语为祈使句, 变间接引语时, 主句中的动词一般 换用ask (请求), tell ,order (命令),invite ,warn (警告), advise 等, 而直接引语中的谓语动词要变成动词不等式。 即ask/tell/order/invite/warn/advise sb. (not) to do sth. 宾语从句要用陈述句语序。 一般疑问句要变成whether或if引导的宾语从句

反意疑问句要变成whether或if引导的宾语从句 4. He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.” →He 　_____- very naughty. A. said his mother that the boy was  B. said to his mother that the boy is C. told his mother that the boy was  D. spoke to his mother that the boy was 5. “You’ve already got well, haven’t you?” she asked. →She asked ________. A. if I have already got well, hadn’t you  B. whether I had already got well C. have I already got well D. had I already got well. 反意疑问句要变成whether或if引导的宾语从句

6. He asked me ________ with me. A. what the matter is B. what the mater was 　C. what’s the matter D. what was the matter 7. He said, “Don’t do that again.” He _____ me _______ that again. 　A. said to me; not to do B. said to me; don’t do 　 C. told me; don’t do D. told me; not to do What作主语

选择题 C When will he go fishing?--- Do you know________? A.when will he go fishing B. when he go fishing C. when he will go fishing D. when does he go fishing What does she want?---- I don’t know what ________. A. does she want B. did she want C. she wanted D. she wants D

Change the following direct speech into indirect speech： 1. “I want to be a businessman ,” Annie said. to she Annie said that _________ _________ ______ be a businessman . wanted 2. “ Listen to me and don’t make so much noise, children!” said our teacher. to Our teacher asked the children _____ _______ _______ ________ and ________ _______ make so much noise. listen to him to not

3. The teacher said to us, “ Open your books .” The teacher asked us to open our books . 4. The old lady said to the boy , “ Could you please carry the bag for me ?” The old lady asked the boy if/whether he could carry the bag for her . 5. She says to Tim, “I will come to see you soon .” She says to Tim (that) she will come to see him soon. 6. Miss Su asked, “ Why are you late for school ?” Miss Su asked why I was late for school.

Mary said, “I will post the letter on my way to school.” 玛丽说：“我会在去学校的路上寄出这封信。（直接引语） Mary said that she would post the letter on her way to school. 玛丽说她会在去学校的路上寄出那封信。（间接引语） “When did you see her, John?” Jack asked. “约翰，你何时见到她的？”杰克问。（直接引语） Jack asked John when he had seen her. 杰克问约翰何时见到她的。（间接引语）

1) Mr. Smith said, “ I am very frightened.” 史密斯先生说：“我很害怕。” 例如： 1) Mr. Smith said, “ I am very frightened.” 史密斯先生说：“我很害怕。” Mr. Smith said that he was very frightened. 史密斯先生说他很害怕。 2)      She said, “ I read the book yesterday.” 她说：“我昨天看了这部小说。” She said that she had read the book the day before. 她说她前一天看了那部小说。

3)      She said, “ I haven’t seen him since April. 她说：“我从四月份就没看到过他。” She said that she hadn’t seen him since April. 她说她从四月份就没看到过他。 4) Tom said, “ I had finished my homework before supper.” 汤姆说：“我在晚饭前就已做完了家庭作业。” Tom said that he had finished his homework before supper. 汤姆说他在晚饭前就已做完了家庭作业。

5)      Tom said, “ I’ll do it after supper.” 汤姆说：“我将在饭后做这件事。” Tom said that he would do it after supper. 汤姆说他将在饭后做那件事。 注： 如果直接引语表示客观真理，在变为间接引语时，时态不变。例如： The teacher told us, “ The earth moves round the sun.” 老师告诉我们：“地球绕着太阳转。” The teacher told us that the earth moves round the sun. 老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。

转述祈使句时的变化： ① 如果直接引语是表示请求的口气，则间接引语用 ask sb. to do sth 转述祈使句时的变化： ① 如果直接引语是表示请求的口气，则间接引语用 ask sb.to do sth. 如果直接引语是表示命令的口气，则间接引语用 tell / order sb.to do sth. ② 否定式是not to do sth.  ③ 注意人称，时态做相应变化。 例： “Do not eat cold food ” , the doctor said. →The doctor told the patient not to eat cold food. “Do some shopping for me , please.” ,he said to her. →He asked her to do some shopping for him. “You must do everything as I do” ,the professor said. →The professor ordered his students to do everything as he did.

请将下列句子进行直接引语和间接引语的互换。 1.He said to her, “Go away! ”  He ordered her to go away. 2.Mother said to me, Come back before 10：00. Mother told me to come back before 10:00. 3.She asked us to sit down. She said to as ,“please sit down.”

C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. He asked me ___ I would go to Beijing by air the next day.    A. that if                 B. if           C. that whether             D. how 2. —Joyce, please don’t open the window.   —Pardon?   —I ______ open the window.    A. tell you don’t                     B. tell you not to    C. told you didn’t                    D. told you not to 3. He _____ they didn’t start early they wouldn’t catch the first bus.    A. said that if                         B. asked if    C. asked whether                     D. said that whether

4. He asked _______ for the violin.          A. did I pay how much                        B. I paid how much            C. how much I paid                     D. how much did I pay        5. The teacher asked us ______ so much noise.        (北京2003)    A. don’t make                       B. not make    C. not making                    D. not to make 6. The doctor asked me what _______  with me.    A. is wrong               B. wrong is       C. was wrong           D. wrong was

7. He asked the boy where _______.    A. his mother was                 B. was his mother    C. his mother is                        D. is his mother 8. They said at last that they _______ better start out at once.    A. had had               B. had        C. had been       D. was 9. The teacher said that doubt _______ the key of knowledge.    A. were          B. are          C. was            D. is 10. The actor said he _______ born in 1984.    A. was         B. is             C. be           D. had been

Key: I.   1-5 BDACD      6-10 CABDA  

II. 将下列直接引语变为间接引语，间接引语变为直接引语。 1. Mr. Stone said, “May I have a cup of tea?”   Mr. Stone ______________________. 2. The nurse said, “Let the children wash their hands themselves.”   The nurse ______________________. 3. My uncle said, “Do not open the window.”   My uncle _______________________. 4. John asked Mary, “ What do you know about the sea?”   John asked Mary ________________. 5. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”   The teacher said that _____________.

6. The teacher told Tom to be careful with his pronunciation.   _______________________________. 7. She asked me to open the door. 8. My mother advised me to have a good rest. 9. Peter asked me when I would leave Athens. 10. He asked me how I was getting along with my studies then.

II. 1. Mr. Stone asked if / whether he might have a cup of tea. 2. The nurse suggested (that) the children (should) wash their hands themselves. 3. My uncle told us not to open the window. 4. John asked Mary what she knew about the sea.  5. The teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.  6. The teacher said, “Be careful with your        pronunciation, Tom.”  7. “Would you please open the door?” she asked.  8. “Why not have a good rest?” my mother said to me.  9. “When will you leave Athens?” Peter asked me. 10. He asked me, “How are you getting along with your studies now? ”

Thanks for your attention!