Mycotoxins in Ruminants for Food Safety 反刍动物霉菌毒素对食品安全的危害 by Scott Fleetwood, Ph.D. Executive Director Global Industry and Government Policy and Affairs 全球产业政策与政府事务执行理事，诺伟司国际公司 Product Management

A Safe Food Supply Is Critical 食品安全是关键 Consumers must have a high level of trust that the food they eat is safe 消费者必须高度信任他们所吃的食品是安全的 Outbreaks of food borne diseases damage the reputation of the suppliers in the chain individually and collectively 食源性疾病的爆发损害了食品供应链中个别或者全体供应商的声誉 Understanding and implementing best practice processes will help ensure a safe food supply and trust with consumers around the world. 理解和实施最佳食品安全生产管理将确保全球性的安全食品供应和消费者信赖 Consumers give us—food suppliers—trust it’s safe until something goes wrong Talk about the financial loss and reputation damage the melamine, spinach and peanut scares have caused Health chickens, for example, with reduced rates of coccidiosis coming from the farm into the plant contribute to keeping the end products safe

The Novus Story 诺伟司故事 Born in 1991 out of the scientific heritage of Monsanto 成立于1991年，科技源于孟山都公司 Growing under Mitsui & Co. (USA) Inc. and Nippon Soda Co, Ltd.成长于三井物产（美国）有限公司和日本曹达有限公司 Multiple Product Families Based on Science 丰富的产品系列均基于科学的研究 Portfolio Leveraged Across Multiple Species in Global Markets在全球市场跨越多个物种的产品组合 Team of Industry Experts with Deep Market Knowledge 由具备深厚市场知识的行业专家组成的团队 Programs Designed to Address Customer ROI & Challenge 旨在满足客户的投资回报率和解决问题的产品方案

The Novus Story 诺伟司故事 Sales totaling 1.1 Billion USD 销售总额近1.1亿美元 Over 900 employees around the world 全世界有900多名员工 Conducting business in over 95 countries 业务遍及95个多国家 Serving more than 2500 customers globally 服务全球2500多名客户

The Novus Story 诺伟司故事 Vision/远景 Mission/使命 To help feed the world affordable, wholesome food and achieve a higher quality of life. 为全球提供质优、价廉的健康食品，实现优质生活。 生产性能 动物福利 Mission/使命 Make a clear difference in sustainably meeting the growing global needs for nutrition and health. 在可持续满足全球营养和健康需要上，作出显著成绩 。 环境保护 食品安全 Novus vision and mission are lived out in our four pillars…of which food safety is a corner stone.

Food Safety Activity in China 中国食品安全行动

Mycotoxin occurrence in feed and feedstuffs of China in 2009 中国饲料中的霉菌毒素污染情况,2009 This slide illustrates the frequency of the mycotoxin contamination in Chinese feedstuff. In the survey you will see that over 90% of the feed samples analyzed in 2009 had DON (Vomitoxin). Over 80% of the samples where contaminated with Fumonisin (FUMB1) and 70% of the samples where contaminated with Zearalenone (ZON). Although lower in occurrence samples where regularly contaminated with Ochratoxin (OTA) and Aflatoxin (AFB1). All Samples Corn Feed Fermented Corn By-product Wheat & Wheat Bran SBM/CSM/RSM Product Management

No mycotoxins detected Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in 244 China samples (feed and feedstuffs), 2009 244种中国饲料和原料中霉菌毒素污染情况，2009 No mycotoxins detected 1 mycotoxin detected 2 mycotoxins detected 3 mycotoxins detected Additionally when samples had one mycotoxins they had other mycotoxins. 80% of the samples analyzed in 2009 had more than one mycotoxin. More importantly over 50% of the samples had 4 or more mycotoxins (the yellow portion). This means that when a combination of mycotoxins is present animals will be more susceptible to the combined effects of these toxins. 4 or more mycotoxins detected Product Management

Fact: Some rumen microbes (and protozoa) degrade myxotoxins 事实: 反刍动物瘤胃微生物能降解霉菌毒素 Traditionally we believed that ruminants were more resistant to mycotoxins than monogastrics because the rumen degraded the toxin and thus protected the animal from their effect. We know now that in the rumen mycotoxins can be metabolized but this is done in fairly low quantities and in some cases the metabolites can be equally toxic or even more toxic than the parent compounds. The next slide show the levels of metabolism in the rumen. BUT HOW MUCH? 但是，降解多少？ Product Management

Natural Bioconversion in the Rumen 瘤胃自发的生物转化能力 Ruminal Detoxification 反刍动物的解毒作用 Natural Bioconversion in the Rumen 瘤胃自发的生物转化能力 Metabolized （降解） Non- Metabolized （未降解） Aflatoxin 黄曲霉毒素 0-42 % 58 – 100 % Zearalenone 玉米赤霉烯酮 90 % -Zearalenol 10 x more oestrogenic 10 % BUT oestrogenic metabolites DON 呕吐毒素 35 % Rumen-pH sensitive 65 % Ochratoxin A 赫曲霉毒素A High ? ? Data here shows that metabolism for some toxins can be low (i.e for aflatoxin is 0-42%) and for DON as low as 35%. In some cases like with zearalenone metabolism is high but the compuonds produced like alpha zearalenone is actually 10x more estrogenic than the parent compound. Ochratoxin can be metabolized significantly in the rumen and thus problems with this mycotoxin are minimal in cattle. Jouany and Diaz 2005 Product Management

Sources of mycotoxins for ruminants 反刍动物霉菌毒素的来源 Feed supply - Grain 谷物 饲料 - Forage 干草料 - Silage 青贮料 - Pasture 牧草 Bedding - Straw 稻草 牛舍 - Litter 垫料 Dust 灰尘 Ruminant diets are much more complex than traditional monogastric diets and as a consecuence the source of contamination can be multiple. For example forage is a large portion of the ruminant diet and can be also be a significant source of mycotoxin. Other ingreedients like bedding (STRAW) can contribute to the overall mycotoxin load of the animals.

Mycotoxin contamination in silage, hay and corn straw samples, China (n=19) 中国青贮料，干草和秸秆霉菌毒素污染调查 AfB1 ZON DON FUM B1 T2 positive % 阳性检出率 57.9 35.3 100.0 23.1 44.4 Average ppb 平均值 ppb 12 3716 559 602 156 median ppb 中值 ppb 942 306 361 115 This example shows that in Chinese samples over 50% of the forage samples analyzed tested positive for Aflatoxin (AfB1) and all sample analyzed tested positive for DON. Zearalenone (ZON) and T2 Toxin (T2) where also found with high frequency (35 and 44% respectively) and at high average concentration (like 3716 ppb for Zearalenone). Product Management

Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Lactating Dairy Cattle Feed : Milk =2% 饲料：牛奶 =2% 去除黄曲霉毒素 About 2% of the aflatoxin consumed by the cow is converted into aflatoxin M1 in the milk of the cow. This also occurs very quickly. In this graph you can see that as soon as aflatoxin is added to the diet (DAY 6) it appears in milk (DAY &7) and it reaches it plateau of 2%. Equally quick is the disappearance from milk as soon as cows stop consuming aflatoxin in the diet the levels of aflatoxin M1 is reduced quickly. This means that it is important to have preventive practices in order to minimize the risk of contamination. 添加黄曲霉毒素 天 Diaz et al. Mycopathologia 2004

China regulation: AFB1 limits in feed and feedstuffs GB 13078-2001，ppb 中国政府对饲料及原料中黄曲霉毒素B1的浓度限制 Feed type Allowance （ppb） Corn 玉米 ≤50 Peanut meal, rapeseed meal, cotton seed meal 花生饼，菜籽，棉籽 Soybean meal 豆粕 ≤30 Dairy cattle concentration supplement 奶牛精料 ≤10 Beef cattle concentration supplement 肉牛精料

China regulation: OTA and ZON limits in feed and corn GB 13078 China regulation: OTA and ZON limits in feed and corn GB 13078.2 -2006，ppb 中国政府对饲料及玉米中 赫曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮的浓度限制 Feed type Allowance （ppb） OTA 赫曲霉毒素 Compound feed, corn 复合饲料，玉米 ≤ 100 ZON 玉米赤霉烯酮 ≤ 500

China regulation: DON limits in feed GB 130subtitil78 China regulation: DON limits in feed GB 130subtitil78.3 -2008，ppm 中国政府对饲料中呕吐毒素的浓度限制 Feed type Allowance (ppm) Compound feed for calf 小牛复合饲料 ≤ 1 Compound feed for lactation animal 泌乳期复合饲料 Compound feed for cattle 普通牛复合饲料 ≤ 5

What is a safe level of Mycotoxin? 霉菌毒素的允许含量是多少？ There are NO safe levels 没有允许含量 Risk is dependent on the concentration 霉菌毒素的危害性程度取决于其存在的浓度 Depends on the presence of other mycotoxins 取决于其他霉菌毒素存在与否 There is really no safe level of mycotoxin. The risk is dependent on the concentration of the toxins, the level of production on the animal, the health status of the animal and the conbination of mycotoxins present in the total diet. 17 Product Management

Mycotoxin management 霉菌毒素管理 Mycotoxins are the drop that fills the cup. They showcase deficiencies in production and management programs 霉菌毒素的存在可以反应企业在生产和管理过程中存在的问题 Subclinical losses are also key 无临床症状所造成的损失同样不容忽视 Total nutrition综合营养管理方案 Mineral/vitamin nutrition补充有机微量元素/维生素 Amino Acid nutrition补充氨基酸 Gut health (MOS, Yeast, Organic Acids) 维护肠道健康（MOS、酵母、有机酸） Feed quality/stability of nutrients (Vitamin E)确保营养物质的品质/稳定性（维生素E） Link between nutrition and health把营养与健康相结合 Mycotoxin are the drop that fills the cup. They showcase deficiencies in production and feed quality programs. Subclicnial losses can be more important at times than clinincal outbreak. Because nutrition is a integral part of animal health it is important to consider proper nutrition as mayor component of not only optimizing production but in maintaining proper animal health. 18 Product Management

谢谢 Thank You! Merci ขอบคุณ Obrigado Asante sana Gracias cảm ơn lắm Благодаря ви 谢谢 mulţumesc Gracias Asante sana cảm ơn lắm