Nonverbal Communication Unit 5 Nonverbal Communication

Objectives教学内容 The definition The Status Study Area The Function 1 The Function 2 The Status 3 Study Area 4 Cultural Differences in NC 5

Introductory Case 空城计 3

Introductory Case 《三国演义》中“空城计”的故事 ： 诸葛亮得知司马懿的大队人马即将兵临空城之下， 却命令一些老弱残兵洞开城门，打扫街道，同时 自己泰然自若地坐在城头上弹琴作乐。司马懿来 到城下，看到这番情景，狐疑诸葛亮对自己的偷 袭早有准备，于是撤兵而走。在这个故事里，诸 葛亮与司马懿之间没有说过一句话，没有书信来 往，即是说，没有言语交际。但是他们之间却交 换了信息，他们是用非言语的交际手段进行了交 流。 这就是一个运用非言语交际的例子。

Warm Cases: Case 1 Personal Space Question: Why did that woman suddenly stop talking with Mark and turned to another man?

Comment: This is a typical case of misunderstanding caused by different perceptions about body distance. In Denmark, people prefer intimate space which is between 20-30 centimeters while in Australia, the body distance of 40-50 centimeters is more acceptable. Obviously she felt somewhat threatened and lost her sense of comfort.

Case 3 Left in the Cold How would you explain the Director’s behavior toward Katherine? How would you make the Director understand why Katherine felt frustrated and angry?

Comment: This is a typical cultural clash between Chinese and Westerners. There is a great difference in the concept of appointment and its behavior pattern in different cultures. To Americans: An appointment is a confirmation to meet at a precise time. If it is scheduled, both parties should respect the appointment time. And it should not be interrupted by other things or people. They are good time-keepers.

To Chinese: They view appointments in a more flexible manner and they are more casual about commitments. The Director should have tried to avoid any interruption since he made an ten o’clock appointment. What’s more, he was still talking with another teacher when K arrived on time and when their meeting finally began, it was interrupted again. No wonder K became frustrated and angry.

Case 4 She Is Not Supposed to Be Wearing Trousers Comment: In Korea, a woman with social status will generally wear dress or skirt. Women wearing trousers are generally common citizens of low social status. The Korean interpreter assumed that the Chinese female college teachers held high social status and should therefore wear skirts.

Case 7 A misunderstanding of Seating Culture Comment: One can control one’s verbal language to disguise himself consciously. But unconsciously his physical behavior can give him away. e.g. Putting one’s feet with leather shoes onto the desk----Americans Talking and eating with a squatting posture--- Shanxi, the Yellow Plateau of China.

The definition of Nonverbal Communication Narrowly speaking, nonverbal communication (非言语交际) refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message. 12

How often have we listened to someone speak and wondered what the speaker really was saying? We may even come to the conclusion that the speaker means the opposite of what he says.

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We may base our judgment on an evaluation of tone, intonation, emphasis, facial expressions, gestures and hand movements, distance, and eye contact—in short, nonverbal signals or the silent language.

Status of Nonverbal Behavior accounts for 65% - 93% of the total meaning of communication NV behavior accounts for much of the meaning we derive from conversations.

the nonverbal messages. When nonverbal and verbal messages appear inconsistent, most of us tend to believe the nonverbal messages. NV behavior spontaneously reflects the speaker’s sub-consciousness.

Study Areas of NVC paralanguage Chronemics Proxemics Kinesics

1.Body Language Kinesics身势学 is the non-verbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body, or the body as a whole. In short all communicative body movements are generally classified as kinesics.

Facial expressions Eye contact Posture and stance Gesture

(1)Postures The way we sit, stand, and walk sends a nonverbal message. In Western culture to stand tall conveys confidence. The confident person stands erect with shoulders back and head up. The posture signals, "I am not afraid of anything."

Appropriate posture is related to a person's status in society Appropriate posture is related to a person's status in society. For example, the manager may stand erect when talking to subordinates, but the subordinates may drop their shoulders when talking to the manager.

(1) Posture deep in thinking or in the blues

absent-minded or lacking interest attentive and interested

US: comfortable, friendly Arab/ Thailand: the sole should never be pointed in the direction of another person. Germany/Sweden/China: a sign of rudeness and poor manners

美国教师和学生在教室里站立和坐着的姿势显然 与我国师生不同。我们参观他们的小学常常觉得 学生在课堂上太随便，缺乏纪律，东倒西歪，站 没有站相，坐没有坐相，教师管教不严。英美人 参观我们的小学，又会认为中国教师对学生管得 太死，学生没有什么自由。在大学的课堂上，美 国教师有时坐在讲桌边上与学生一起讨论，这在 我们看来有些不合体统，但美国教师的想法是在 课堂上创造一种无拘无束的自由讨论的气氛。

How do interpret the differences of their way of sitting?

Formality vs. Informality Chinese people tend to be formal in their address, postures. When introducing the Chinese, the surname comes first and the given name last, with titles. Americans assume that informality is very important. In the U.S. first names are used almost immediately; Titles are used infrequently.

（2）Gestures 各民族都用手势表达一定的意义， 但同一手势在不同的文化中却可 以表示并不相同的意义。例如， 将手掌平放在脖子下面在我国文 化中是杀头的意思，但是在英语 国家的文化中却可以表示吃饱了 的意思。

Chinese way of counting

The Chinese point to the tip of their nose, and ask “Me” The Chinese point to the tip of their nose, and ask “Me”? But the westerners point to their chest. Me?

The index finger pressed against the lips is a silent suggestion to stop talking, for someone may overhear us. Most often used by people to warn the others who are speaking loudly in class or at theater. Sometimes it means a sign to tell others that a special man is coming or entering. Be quiet, please!

(2) Gestures– point to objects and people US: ok Asia: rude German Janpanese

US: OK Latin American countries and Germany: obscene Tunisian: Fool Japan and Korea: money Arabs: (a baring of teeth) extreme hostility

Thumbs-up Great !

This characteristically American gesture remains well understood in most places for its American-ness. Except in a few places, that is, where it could land you in serious trouble - namely Australia and Nigeria. In these countries, it means, something like "up yours." Do not use it.

美国人站在公路旁 边向上伸出拇指， 这是向过往的汽车 司机表示，希望能 搭他们的车。英语 thumb a ride表达 的即是这个意思

英美人把中指放在 食指上面，表示希 望事情能办成功， 具体说法是Let’s keep our fingers crossed。

伸出食指与中指， 作V形表示胜利。这 是二次大战胜利后 传布开的手势。

V-sign

Despite being invented by the Brits' own national hero, Winston Churchill, the V-for-victory sign poses severe danger of misinterpretation in the U.K. If you flash the "V" palm outward, everything's hunky-dory (fine) - you will have just indicated "victory" or general approval. But, if you flash it with your palm facing yourself, it apparently means something like "up yours."

Up yours

把两只手摊开，耸 耸肩膀，表示“我 不知道”，或“没 有办法”。

Nodding the head 在北美: up and down:I agree 在中东： Nodding the head down: I agree up: I disagree Japan: I am listening. 45

Shaking the head most countries: refusal or disapproval SriLanks, Nepal, and India: agreement

(3) Facial expressions Sadness Anger Surprise Fear Enjoyment Disgust Contempt

（3）Facial Expressions While many facial expressions carry similar meanings in a variety of cultures, the frequency and intensity of their use may vary. Latin and Arab cultures use more intense facial expressions, whereas East Asian cultures use more subdued facial expressions. 美国人的面部表情比亚洲人多，但比拉丁美洲人、 南欧人少。实际上，在亚洲人中面部表情仍有很 大的区别。在日本人看来，中国人的感情比日本 人外露。

Americans can have a very deep-felt belly laugh that comes from the deepest emotions. In Arabic and Latin cultures the laugh is often accompanied by expressive gestures, such as arm waving and touching. The Japanese seldom laugh that way except among intimates. 比如，“发笑”，一般说来，日本人发笑时，放 低声音，不能容忍哄然大笑。中国人和美国人则 往往“开怀大笑”。这种做法在日本人眼里是 “太过分”了的感觉。日本人说话时，一开始就 微笑，并且将笑容保持一段很长的时间。而美国 人说话时先是微笑，接着微笑消失，以此表明自 己是严肃认真的，然后有继续下去。

日本人的微笑和点头并不一定表示快乐和友谊， 可以表示害羞、尴尬、不舒服和惊奇等多种感情， 甚至也可以用笑来表示悲痛和厌恶。日本人的微 笑很费解，这在世界上也是闻名的。日本人碰到 严重问题或有麻烦时，常常不由自主地笑，此时 的笑有几种含义：承认自己出丑；领悟到自己无 法用言语进行辩解；惊讶地说不出话来；怎么做 也挽不回败局。日本人这种笑主要是对自己发笑。 中国人的面部感情虽不如日本人那样含蓄，但是 比起西方文化来，也属于感情不太外露的文化， 中国的“保留面子”的概念就是这种态度的一种 体现。

sadness Mediterranean cultures: exaggerate signs of grief or sadness—men crying in public American: suppress the emotions Japanese: hide expressions of anger, sorrow, or disappointment—laughing or smiling Chinese: control emotions—saving face

smile American: a sign of happiness or friendly affirmation Japanese: mask an emotion or avoid answering a question Korean: too much smiling a shallow person Thailand: the land of Smiles

(4) Eye contact North Americans: direct eye contact a sign of honesty. If not, a sign of untruthfulness, shame or embarrassment Chinese: avoid long direct eye contact to show politeness, or respect, or obedience Japanese people: avoid prolonged eye contact is considered rude, threatening and disrespectful. Latin American and Caribbean : a sign of respect

在交谈中，阿拉伯人和拉美人的目光接触要多于 西欧和北美人；北欧人、印度人、中国人、日本 人、朝鲜人、韩国人、印度尼西亚人的目光接触 少于西欧和北美人。 法国人、意大利人和英国人的目光接触比美国人 的要多些。受过教育的英国人一般对讲话人给予 密切的注视，表示在倾听对方发言，听时还常眨 眨眼睛，表明自己听懂了。 英、美人在讲话和讲演时，常用目光与听众进行 交流，而中国人的目光交流却大大少于英、美人。 英、美人在向中国人讲演时，常用目光巡视听众， 中国人常避开目光交流，这常使讲演者产生误解， 认为听众对讲演不感兴趣和拒而不听。

Haptics is the study of our use of touch to communicate. （5）Haptics (touch) Haptics is the study of our use of touch to communicate. Touching and being touched are essential to a healthy life. Touch can communicate power and status. Women tend to touch to show liking, while men often use touch to exert power.

If you are talking with a friend in a coffee shop, you may touch each other once or twice in an hour in the U.S. have no touch at all in London. touch a hundred times in an hour in a French or a Parisian café.

Rude or Not Rude? In Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance to touch a child on the top of the head.

在我们的文化中，触摸小孩是一种亲昵的举动，可 以摸摸孩子的头，也可以抱过来吻，如果是朋友邻 居的孩子，人们会认为这是友好的表示，但是，在 西方，除非是家庭成员或极为亲密的朋友关系，通 常人们都不随便触摸或吻孩子。在泰国这样的佛教 国家，孩子的头是绝对不能抚摸的，他们认为头是 一个人最神圣的部位，随意触摸他人的头部是极大 的不恭，小孩子的头只允许国王、僧侣和自己的父 母抚摸。在理发店理发之前，理发师通常先说“对 不起”，然后才能开始理发。

Cultural Variations in Touch Don’t touch Middle touch Touch Japan United States Canada Scandinavia Other Northern European countries Australia Estonia France China Ireland India Middle East countries Latin American countries Italy Greece Spain Portugal Russia

Touch 有些民族的人身体接触较多，有些民族的身体接 触较少，从而将文化划分为“接触性文化contact culture”与“低接触文化low-contact culture”。 接触性文化包括大部分阿拉伯国家、地中海地区 （包括法国、希腊、意大利）、欧洲及中东的犹 太民族、东欧及俄罗斯人、印尼人及西班牙血统 的民族等。 低接触文化包括北欧大部、德国、英国和美国的 盎格鲁一撒克逊族人以及日本人。 澳大利亚人居于两者之间。 在中国，依照我们的文化传统，在公开场合，人 们的身体接触较少，尤其是男女间接触更少。

英美人对于身体接触十分敏感，通常都极力避免，他们忌 讳在拥挤的公共汽车或地铁火车上与陌生人的身体有长时 间的接触，从人堆中挤过去则更是大忌，而且被认为是极 不礼貌的。通常的情况下，偶尔不慎碰到其他人的身体， 总要表示抱歉。这与一些拥挤的亚洲国家的情况十分不同。 有些西方游客在我国一些售票处前看到拥挤的情形，常常 显得不知所措，既要买票，又害怕与周围人有任何身体接 触。

2. Space lanage Every culture has norms for using space. In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes. Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. North Americans in an elevator maintain personal space if the physical space permits while an Arab entering the elevator may stand next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.

Space The language of space is powerful. How close can we get to people; how distant should we be? Most of us never think about space; we intuitively know what the right distance is. The problem is that the acceptable use of space varies widely between cultures. What feels right for us may be totally offensive to someone else.

Our private space is sacred, and we feel violated if someone invades that personal bubble. In the United States that bubble is about the length of an arm. That bubble is a little bit smaller in France but larger in the Netherlands and Germany. It is even larger in Japan but much smaller in Latin countries and the Middle East.

1968年越南北方、越南南方西贡政权、越南南方民 族解放阵线和美国在巴黎举行旨在停止越南战争的 和会，就为开会的桌子的形状争论了8个月。美国 和南越西贡方面的代表主张用长方形的桌子，使会 谈成为以美国和南越西贡政权为一方、以北越和越 南南方民族解放阵线为另一方的双方会谈。越南北 方和越南南方民族解放阵线则主张用正方形的桌子， 形成四方会谈，意在把越南南方民族解放阵线提高 到与其他三方相等的地位。各方争论不休，和会不 能开始，致使战火依然不断，在敌对双方各死伤上 千人的8个月之后，才达成妥协：用圆形谈判桌， 各方可以用自己的方式对圆桌进行解释。可见半固 定空间语的作用不容轻视。

不同文化对方向也有不同的偏好。例如，在中国 汉族的传统文化中，把面南视为至尊，而面北象 征着失败，臣服。宫殿庙宇都朝向正南，帝王的 座位都是座北朝南。打了败仗、臣服他人叫“败 北”、“北面称臣”。古人还以东为首，以西为 从、为次，主位在东，宾位在西。后妃的住处分 为东宫、西宫，东宫为大、为正。供奉祖宗的太 庙在皇宫的东面。现代汉语中的“房东”、“股 东”、“做东”，都是偏好东的表现。中国古代 还有尊左的风气。尊左是以东为上习俗的延伸， 皇帝面南而坐，其东边就是左。男左女右的观念 就是尊左的反映。在伊斯兰文化中，偏好东南西 北哪一方要靠所处的地理位置来定。中国的穆斯 林偏好西方，因为麦加在中国的西方；摩洛哥的 穆斯林偏好东方，因为麦加在摩洛哥的东方。美 国一般的居民对方向的偏好不明显。

不同文化背景的人对交际时相互的间隔距离，有 不同的偏好。在相互交谈时，英国人、美国人和 瑞典人彼此站得最远，意大利人和希腊人站得比 较近，拉美人、阿拉伯人和巴基斯坦人站得最近。 这种差异可能在跨文化的交流时引起误解。 例如，一位美国人准备和一位巴基斯坦人交谈时， 美国人喜欢站到离对方大约3-4步远的地方，巴基 斯坦人感到与对方的距离远，谈话不惬意，想凑 近些，美国人感到距离太近不舒服，想退后些， 这使得巴基斯坦人又想往前凑近，这样进行下去 可能会把美国人挤到一个墙角。事后，巴基斯坦 人感到美国人冷漠，不够友好，美国人又感到对 方过于亲近和热情。

不同文化的人们对公共场所的拥挤的容忍程度也 不同。在中国、日本和阿拉伯国家，人们可以容 忍商店里、汽车和火车里、餐馆里人挤人状况， 而欧美人则感到很不愉快，难以忍受。 中国人更安于拥挤的情况，“对任何吸引人的地 方都不是回避而是乐于挤上前去围观。在团团围 坐的餐桌边，在大街上围观下棋的人群中，人们 毫不畏惧，甚至还怡然自得地和别人紧紧靠在一 起。中国人‘热闹’的概念意味着亲切相处，欢 乐聚集。他还发现，在拥挤的公共汽车上有的中 国人会凑过去看别人的报纸，甚至要求对方等一 下翻到下一页，以便他能读完他正在阅读的部分。 这对于英语国家的人来说简直是不可思议的

Our attitudes towards private space are also carried over into our attitudes towards office space. Generally, cultures that value a big personal space value large and private offices. 在一个公司或政府机构中，一个人的办公室安排 在什么地方与他的职位有关。在美国，等级高的 人的办公室一般都占据高层比较好的位置，外边 的景色比较好，周围比较安静，离来访者比较远， 而地位低的工作人员的办公室一般在底层，距离 来访者比较近，外面的环境不那么好。

Four Zones from Which People Interact Intimate Zone (touching to 0.46m) private situations with people who are emotionally close whisper Personal Zone (0.46m to 1.22m) friends or client counseling soft voice Social/Casual Zone (1.22m to 3.66m) everyday business full voice Public Zone (greater than 3.66m) lectures & speeches loud voice

INTIMATE

PERSONAL

SOCIAL

PUBLIC

Restaurants can arrange seating to encourage people to spend time or to eat quickly and leave.

3. Time Language Attitudes toward time vary from culture to culture. Countries that follow monochronic time perform only one major activity at a time (U.S., England, Switzerland, Germany). Countries that follow polychromic time work on several activities simultaneously (Latin America, the Mediterranean, the Arabs).

单时制的人们（例如北美、北欧、西欧等国家的 人）把时间看作是一条直线，可以切割成一段一 段，他们强调时间表，强调事先安排；为了利用 好时间，人们精心地安排一天、一周、一个月的 工作日程，确立优先考虑的问题。多时制的人们 （例如拉丁美洲、中东等国家的人）习惯于同时 处理几件事情，强调人们的参与和任务的完成， 而不强调一切都按照时间表。多向时间习惯对工 作安排不那么固定，时间限制不那么死，时间安 排更为随便，更讲人情味。

例如：美国人在拉丁美洲、中东地区活动时，常 常发现尽管事前与那里的政府官员有约会，但是， 官员都是在接待室内与几个人（或几组人）同时 谈话，同时处理几件事情。在单时制的人看来， 这是对于他的不尊重，同时时间使用的也不经济， 但是，在多时制的人看来，单时制只强调时间表， 而不问客观情况，只要时间一到，立即结束这项 活动转向下一项活动，不合情理。

U. S. persons are very time conscious and value punctuality U.S. persons are very time conscious and value punctuality. Being late for meetings is viewed as rude and insensitive behavior; tardiness also conveys that the person is not well organized. Germans and Swiss people are even more time conscious; People of Singapore and Hong Kong also value punctuality. In Algeria, on the other hand, punctuality is not widely regarded. Latin American countries have a manana attitude; People in Arab cultures have a casual attitude toward time.

在英国和北美，正式的约会必须准时到达，最多 不能超过预定时间5分钟，而在阿拉伯国家迟到15 分钟仍属正常范围。如果是家庭宴请活动，在美 国比规定时间晚到五分钟或七八分钟是合乎礼仪 的，在英国可以晚到5-15分钟，在意大利可以晚 到一两小时，在埃塞俄比亚甚至可以更晚。在英 语国家晚间宴请虽然可以允许客人迟到十分钟左 右，但绝对不能提前到达，提早会被认为是不礼 貌的。有一些Party并没有严格的开始时间，客人 可以在规定时间之后半小时（甚至更长的时间） 到达。

Cultures differ widely in the perception of time. Time in general Cultures differ widely in the perception of time. Promptness, for example, is highly valued by Americans, who become insulted when kept waiting for an appointment or a visitor’s overdue arrival.

The Japanese are extremely prompt, often to the second, in meeting with someone at an appointed time.

In contrast, individuals in Latin America and Middle East are extremely relaxed about punctuality.

Americans and others in the Western world are said to live in the present and the near future and hence plan carefully.

To the Hindu and Buddhist this life is only one among countless lives yet to come, merely one dot in an endless serious of dots.

American View of Time Americans look upon time as a present, tangible commodity, something to be used, something to be held accountable for. They spend it, waste it, save it, divide it, and are stewards of it, just as if they were handling some tangible object.

In order to use time well, they schedule the day and week and month carefully, set up timetables, and establish precise priorities.

They prepare carefully for business conferences, for personal interviews, for group meetings of all types. This they assume to be an elementary aspect of efficiency.

Americans expect an invitation to a dinner or a request for a date or for any other social event to be offered reasonably far in advance.

In fact, often the last minute invitations, no matter how enticing, will be turned down basically because the recipient refuses to permit himself to be “secured” at the last minute.

But in the Arab and Asian world, many simply forget appointments and arrangements if they are planned too far in advance, and their last minute invitations are sincere, and certainly not to be interpreted as insults.

Punctuality and tardiness The American divides up the day very precisely and communicates only during certain hours.

He withholds communication during other hours, such as late at night or early in the morning, at which times only some emergency would initiate a telephone call, or a visit, to someone.

But people of some other cultures do not divide the day too rigidly and are more liable to call at any time without being prompted by an emergency.

For many situations Americans would consider tardiness of five minutes to be relatively serious and improper

Other cultures would consider such an attitude to be a rather neurotic slavery to time.

In some cultures it is assumed that a busy important person should come late. Hence, coming on time would only lower his prestige.

Paralanguage Voice modulation tempo silence 99

Thank You!