Chapter 3. vitamin Lipid-soluble vitamin Water- soluble vitamin

introduction Vitamins are organic nutrients that are required in small quantities for a variety of biochemical functions and which, generally, cannot be synthesized by the body and must therefore be supplied by the diet. Lipid-soluble vitamin Water-soluble vitamin vitamin

Section 1. lipid-soluble vitamin Vitamin A, D, E and K are soluble in lipids, not in water. They lay with lipids in food and therefore absorbed together with lipids by body.

Ⅰ. Vitamin A Vitamin A1, retinol, 视黄醇 Vitamin A2, dehydroretinol, 脱氢视黄醇

Function: Deficiency diseases: Source: keep epithelial tissue healthy. Maintaining orthopsia(正常视觉). Deficiency diseases: night-blindness 夜盲症 Source: β – carotin β—胡萝卜素 (7.7mg/100g)

Ⅱ．Vitamin D Among them, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is the biological most active.

Function: Deficiency deseases: Promote absorbing of calcium and phosphonium into intestine, adjust calcium and phosphorus metabolism, be helpful of ossature(骨骼)calcifying and tooth forming. Deficiency deseases: rachitis(佝偻病 )osteomalacia(软骨病) Source: fish-liver oil，yolk蛋黄，milk

Ⅲ．Vitamin E tocopherol生育酚. 8 compounds had been found. The four: ，， and  are physiological active.

Functions: Deficiency states: Maintaining animal procreating ability, anti-infertilitas.（维持动物生殖功能，抗不育症） Antioxidation Promote metabolism of heme. Deficiency states: generative organ damage, even aciesis(不育). Source: bean oil豆油（94mg/100g) corn oil玉米油83mg/100g

Ⅳ. Vitamin K 1 2 3 4 2-甲基-1,4萘醌的衍生物

Functions: Deficiency states: Prosthetic group of - Glutamic Acid carboxylase(-谷氨酸羧化酶的辅酶), Promote synthesis of proserozyme in liver. Adjust synthesis of blood coagulation factor Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ. Deficiency states: Bleeding easily. Source: Yolk(蛋黄)，green color vegetables Synthesized by some entero-bacterium肠道菌合成

Section 2. water-soluble vitamin 1. Vitamin B1 thiamin Form TPP焦磷酸硫胺素． TPP is prosthetic group of pyruvic acid dehydrogenase 丙酮酸脱氢酶的辅基． Catalyze α-keto acid decarboxylic reaction.

Deficiency deseases: Beriberi脚气病, polyneuritis多发性神经炎 Source: seeds crust and corcle(胚芽).

2. Vitamin B2 riboflavin核黄素 Form FMN, FAD prosthetic group of redox enzyme FAD + 2H = FADH2 FMN + 2H = FMNH2 Transfer hydogen and electron递氢与电子

Deficiency deseases: Hypopnea, lower metabolism intensity. glossitis, ceratitis, cutitis(缺乏时,组织呼吸减弱，代谢强度降低。主要症状为舌炎、角膜炎、皮炎等。) Source: Bean,liver.

3. VitPP(VB5) Nicotinic Acid（烟酸) micotinamide （尼克酰胺) Deficiency deseases: Pellagra(糙皮病,玉米红斑病)

Source: Meat, yeast, peanut花生，rice bran米糠

4. Vitamin B6 Prosthetic group of aminotransferase, decarboxylase and racemase (Aa转氨酶、脱羧酶、消旋酶的辅酶)

Function: Amino group transfer Source: Yeast, rice bran(米糠), yolk(蛋黄)，meat.

5. pantothenic acid泛酸(B3) Form coenzyme A (CoA-SH) Form acyl carrier protein Transfer acyl group

CoA-SH

１ ２ Cys-S 泛-SH C-CH2-CH2CH3 O H １ ２ Cys-S 泛-S C-CH2-CH2CH3 O

Source: Yeast, meat, bee milk, peannuts. Synthesized by bacterium in intestines

6. Biotin(B7) Prosthetic enzyme of carboxylase Transfer CO2.

乙酰CoA羧化酶

Source: Wide exist in body of animals and plants. Synthesized by bacterium in intestines Deficiency deseases: Scytitis（皮炎），trichomadesis（脱毛），nervousness（神经过敏）．

7. Folic acid pterolyglutamic acid蝶酰谷氨酸

Carrier of one carbon group:-CH3, -CH2-, -CHO. Join in many biosynthesis processes. Deficiency states: Megaloblastic anaemia巨幼红细胞贫血 Exist mainly in liver and green leaves. Synthesized by bacterium in intestines

8. Vitamin B12 coholamine钴胺素 Prosthetic enzyme of mutase, catalyze reactions of group, mainly methyl, metachoresis in the interior of substrate molecule. 变位酶的辅酶，催化底物分子内基团(主要为甲基)的变位反应。

megaloblastic anemia巨幼红细胞性贫血 甲基丙二酸单酰辅酶Ａ变位酶 Deficiency states: megaloblastic anemia巨幼红细胞性贫血 Source: Liver, milk, meat and so on, not in plants.

９．Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Strong reduction quality ,Protect enzyme having thiol group being reductive(使巯基酶中巯基处于还原态。) Prosthetic enzyme of proline hydroxylase, promote forming of collagen protein (脯氨酸羟化酶的辅酶，促进胶原蛋白的形成。) Deficiency states:scorbutus

Widely exist in fresh vegetables and fruit 抗坏血酸 脱氢抗坏血酸 Widely exist in fresh vegetables and fruit

10.αLipoic α硫辛酸 prosthetic enzyme of Lipoate acetyltransferase(硫辛酸乙酰转移酶的辅酶) hydrogen carrier, acyl carrier Exist in liver,yeast and so on.

维生素概况一览表（1）--水溶性维生素 维生素名称 辅酶名称 功能 缺乏症 维生素B1(硫胺素) 焦磷酸硫胺素(-酮酸氧化脱羧酶的辅酶) 催化-酮酸脱羧 脚气病,多发性神经炎 维生素B2(核黄素) FMN、FAD(脱氢酶的辅基) 传递H与电子 口腔发炎,舌炎、角膜炎、皮炎等 维生素PP(尼克酸与尼克酰胺)（B5） NAD+、NADP+(不需氧脱氢酶的辅基) 神经营养障碍，出现皮炎（癞皮病） 维生素B6(吡哆醇、吡哆醛与吡哆胺) 磷酸吡哆醛与磷酸吡哆胺（转氨酶的辅基） 转氨基作用 泛酸（B3） 辅酶A 转酰基作用 生物素（B7） 生物素（羧化酶的辅酶） 固定CO2 精神抑郁、皮肤炎、脱屑红皮病等。 叶酸（B9） 四氢叶酸（一碳单位转移酶的辅酶与一碳载体） 提供一碳单位。 巨幼红细胞贫血 维生素B12 (钴胺素) （N5-甲基FH4转甲基酶的辅酶） 转甲基作用 维生素C 羟化酶的辅助因子 供氢，抗氧化 坏血病 -硫辛酸 （硫辛酸乙酰转移酶的辅酶） 递氢与转移酰基的作用

维生素概况一览表（2）--脂溶性维生素 维生素名称 功能 缺乏症 维生素A（视黄醇、视黄醛与视黄酸） 构成细胞内感光物质，维持上皮组织的健康和正常视觉；诱导上皮细胞分化，具抗癌作用。 夜盲症 维生素D 促进肠壁对钙和磷的吸收，有利于新骨的生成与钙化。 佝偻病或软骨病 维生素E 维持动物的生殖功能（抗动物不育症）具有抗氧化作用 新生儿贫血 维生素K 促进肝脏合成凝血酶原调节凝血因子Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ的合成。 易出血

药物可能导致营养素缺乏的种类 药物 可能导致的营养素缺乏 酒类 VB6与叶酸 抗惊厥药 VB1、叶酸、VD与VK 皮质类固醇 VB6、VC、VD、Ca、Zn与K 利尿药 K、Ca、Mg与Zn 避孕药与雌激素 VB6、VC、VB12与叶酸

成年人营养补充维生素每日参考用量： 维生素Ａ为1．5ｍｇ 维生素Ｄ为10μｇ 维生素Ｅ为30ｍｇ 维生素Ｃ为60ｍｇ 维生素Ｂ1为1．5ｍｇ 维生素Ｂ2为1．7ｍｇ 烟酰胺为20ｍｇ 维生素Ｂ6为2ｍｇ 维生素Ｂ12为6μｇ 泛酸为10ｍｇ 叶酸为400μｇ 生物素为300μｇ

练习题 1. 没有五元环结构的维生素是（ ） A.硫胺素 B.生物素 C.叶酸 D.维生素D E.钴胺素 2. 参与固定CO2的是（ ） 1. 没有五元环结构的维生素是（ ） A.硫胺素 B.生物素 C.叶酸 D.维生素D E.钴胺素 2. 参与固定CO2的是（ ） A.硫胺素 B.生物素 C.维生素C D.维生素D E.维生素A

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