Lucy A. Tedd 《电子图书馆与信息系统》主编 October 2009 Digital libraries, universities and the journal Program 数字图书馆、高校以及 《电子图书馆与信息系统》期刊 Lucy A. Tedd 《电子图书馆与信息系统》主编 October 2009

Definitions-数字图书馆定义 A digital library is a library in which collections are stored in digital formats (as opposed to print, microform, or other media) and accessible by computers 数字图书馆是用数字技术处理和存储各种图文并茂文献的图书馆（相对采用传统的纸质、缩微形式或者其他媒介来处理和存储信息而言）http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_library Digital libraries are a set of electronic information resources and associated technical capabilities for creating, searching and using information....the content of digital libraries includes data, metadata that describe various aspects of the data and metadata consisting of links to other data or metadata 数字图书馆不仅涉及信息资源本身，同时涉及相关资源加工、检索以及使用等技术能力——它包括数据内容、元数据以及其他数据间的相关联系。 Christine Borgman, Digital libraries and the continuum of scholarly communication. Journal of Documentation, Vol. 56, No.4, 2000, pp412-430.

Examples of e-resources available to university students  Cambridge University Library 剑桥大学图书馆 (http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk)  Tsinghua University Library 清华大学图书馆(http://eng.lib.tsinghua.edu.cn/)

Quick overview of some of these resources Library catalogues 图书馆目录 E-journals 电子期刊 Abstracting and indexing databases 文摘与检索数据库 E-books 电子图书 Institutional/Digital repositories 机构/数据存储 Theses/dissertations 学位论文 Digitisation of special collections 特殊收藏品电子化 +++++

Library catalogues-图书馆目录 Computer-based catalogues were first developed in UK academic libraries in the 1960s 20世纪60年代英国高校图书馆首次应用了以电脑为基础的图书馆目录 In late 2000s an investigation of library management systems (LMS) in UK higher education (HE) libraries was undertaken 2000年末，英国高校针对图书馆管理系统进行了一项调查 Adamson, V., Bacsich, P., Chad, K. and Plenderleith, J. (2008) An evaluation and horizon scan of the current library management systems and related systems landscape for UK higher education. Available at: http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/programmes/resourcediscovery/lmsstudy.pdf

Key finding of LMS investigation UK HE LMS market is mature and dominated (87% of market) by 4 vendors with little product differentiation. 英国高校图书馆管理系统—市场成熟、 4家产品几乎没有区别的供应商占领了87%的市场份额 UK HE libraries spend ₤13.1 million annually- about 5% of global LMS marketplace – most for annual maintenance for systems. 英国高校图书馆管理系统—每年用于系统维护的经费达到1310万英镑，相当于全球图书馆管理系统市场的5% Movement in product replacement is slow – and customer loyalty to LMS vendor is high 产品更新换代速度慢—图书馆馆对管理系统供应商忠诚度高 180 HE institutions surveyed 被调查的180所高校使用LMS的情况如下： Ex Libris (inc. Endeavor) 43 Talis 42 SirsiDynix 41 Innovative 33

E-journals 电子期刊 17th Century – Scholarly journals first appeared 17世纪-首次出现电子学术期刊 Early 1990s - Publishers experimented with digital versions of the print journals + ELib projects 20世纪90年代初-出版商尝试将纸本期刊电子化，同时实施电子图书馆项目 Late 2000s Probably all universities in the UK provide access to a wide range of scholarly e-journals 2000年末-英国几乎所有高校都拥有众多的电子学术期刊

Abstracting and indexing databases 文摘与检索数据库 Online versions developed from 1960s onwards – Medline, Science Citation Index, Chemical Abstracts, Library and Information Science Abstracts etc. etc. 电子化文摘库自20世纪60年代以来，发展形成了医学检索、 SCI检索、化学文摘、LIS文摘等 CD-ROMs of these databases appeared in the 1980s 20世纪80年代—出现了CD-ROMs存储的文摘库 Now many universities provide access to a very wide range of subjects. To assist students in use of these federated searching tools (e.g. Metalib from Ex Libris) and Link resolvers (e.g. SFX from Ex Libris) are used. 现在—很多高校都有各个学科的文摘库，其中Metalib、 SFX等检索工具帮助学生利用这些资源

E-books 电子图书 These have not been as popular in UK academic libraries to date as ejournals – BUT looks set to change with more publishers making texts available – particularly in areas such as ICT, nursing and new technologies such as Amazon Kindle for reading ebooks, more lecturers are suggesting ebooks and students are aware of them 目前为止，英国各个研究性图书馆里E-book受欢迎程度略逊于E-journals，但是随着出版商日益增加电子书数量，这种形势有所变化。尤其在信息通讯技术、护理以及新技术领域，学生们意识到电子书的重要。

Institutional/digital repositories 机构典藏/数字存储 “In my view, a university-based institutional repository is a set of services that a university offers to the members of its community for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the institution and its community members. It is most essentially an organizational commitment to the stewardship of these digital materials, including long-term preservation where appropriate, as well as organization and access or distribution.” “我认为，基于大学的机构典藏是大学提供给师生的一系列的服务，这些服务都是为了管理和传播大学创造的电子资源。大学从根本上来讲，是致力于电子资源的管理，其中包括适当的长期维护以及组织借阅。” Clifford Lynch, Institutional Repositories: Essential Infrastructure for Scholarship in the Digital Age, ARL: A Bimonthly Report, no. 226 (February 2003) http://www.arl.org/resources/pubs/br/br226/br226ir.shtml

What might be in a repository? 哪些资源可能被存储？ 期刊投稿预印本 最终发表论文 博士论文 硕士论文 研究性报告 书 会议论文 教材 原材料数据库 多媒体对象  …… Pre-prints of papers submitted to journals Post-prints of papers published in journals Doctoral theses Masters dissertations Research reports Book chapters Conference papers Teaching materials Databanks of ‘raw’ data Multimedia objects ++

Why are institutional repositories popular now in UK universities There are currently 161 repositories in the UK listed in the Directory of Open Access Repositories 目前英国有161个机构典藏列入开放获取典藏库目录 (http://www.opendoar.org) Universities/institutions realising that they are businesses and research income depends on ‘outputs’ 大学、研究机构意识到机构典藏是商业活动，研究结果取决于投入 Mandates e.g. from research funding bodies, universities 研究资助机构和大学的委托管理 Open access movement and need to provide free access to publicly funded research 开放存取运动需要向公共资助研究提供开放获取 Technology maturing －Open source software (DSpace, Eprints, Fedora) －Commercial software (ExLibris Digitool, VTLS-Vital etc) 日趋成熟的技术 —开放资源软件(DSpace, Eprints, Fedora) —商业软件(ExLibris Digitool, VTLS-Vital etc) ++

Emerald, copyright and repositories 版权与储藏政策 “We ask for transfer of ownership of copyright from authors. This enables us to distribute our authors' published research via a number of means to a wide range of readers, to take advantage of new technologies as they arise to distribute and store authors' work, and to protect our authors from copyright and moral rights violation. We only work with third party distribution partners with assured copyright policies, and monitor usage to ensure that it is in accordance with our principles. “要求作者将版权转移给出版社，这样便于出版社通过最新的技术和研究最广泛的传播作者的论文，同时在作者受到版权或者道德侵权时，给予保护。出版社仅仅在保证版权条例下与第三方合作，并且监督论文使用，履行出版社原则。” We do not restrict authors‘ rights to re-use their own work. This is an important difference. Authors don’t have to ask our permission, and if they do, the answer is always yes.” (Emerald copyright ) 出版社不限制作者使用自身的论文，作者本人使用是无需获得我们的许可。 Policy regarding repositories available via the SHERPA/ROMEO service储藏政策可访问SHERPA/ROMEO service

JISC-英国 联合信息系统委员会 JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee) provides a range of services to UK universities JISC为英国高校提供一系列服务 Joint Academic Network (JANET) for Internet access 英国联合学术网(JANET)提供网络支持 Access to electronic resources 访问电子资源 New environments for learning, teaching and research 新的学习、教学以及研究环境 Advisory and consultancy services 咨询顾问服务http://www.jisc.ac.uk

Theses/dissertations-学位论文 Many universities are now making theses and dissertations prepared by students available on the IR 许多高校现在都可以通过IR访问学生学位论文 Nationally – there is a Electronic theses Online Service (EThOS) now available from the British Library (http://ethos.bl.uk) 全国而言-大英图书馆也提供了论文在线服务(EThOS)

Brief history of the journal Program 《电子图书馆与信息系统》简介 1965 First issue published at Queen’s University, Belfast – a 4-page newsletter entitled Program: news of computers in British university libraries 1965年第一期在贝尔法斯特女王大学正式出版，只有4页的新闻稿， 当时命名为Program: news of computers in British university libraries 1969 Aslib becomes the publisher of Program and another change of title: Program: news of computers in libraries 1969年英国专业图书馆与情报机构协会出版该刊，并将其更名为Program: news of computers in libraries Editorial Board is established, papers subject to referee process and publication 4x per year. 1972年，编辑队伍建立、论文需评审、每年出版4期 1997 An e-version becomes available to subscribers 1997年 期刊电子化 Emerald acquires Program: electronic library and information systems from Aslib, along with several other journals. 2001年Emerald从Aslib收购Program Celebration of 40 years of publishing- with reprints of key papers from the 4 decades along with current commentary. 2006年该刊出版40年庆典

Program in 2009  Emerald17本LIS期刊之一 所有资源可访问至1965年  16位国际EAB成员 One of 17 Library and Information Science (LIS) journals published by Emerald— All issues available online since 1965 International Editorial Board of 16 people 5-7 papers per issue 3-10 book reviews per issue Four issues per year  Emerald17本LIS期刊之一 所有资源可访问至1965年  16位国际EAB成员 每期发表5-7篇论文 每期出版3-10片书评 每年四期

‘Use’ of Program papers Year Downloads Users 2005 13,240 994 2006 21,654 1,163 2007 24,315 1,224 2008 30,445 1,410 2009 31,945 1,507

‘Use’ of Program papers by country UK 19% India 15% Malaysia 11% USA 10% Australia 9% China 4% ++++

What is covered in Program？ “Program: electronic library and information systems is a refereed journal which covers all aspects of the management and use of information technology in libraries and archives, museums and galleries, information centres, and the information industry generally. The emphasis is on the practical applications of new technologies and techniques and their costs, but reviews or emerging technologies and research and development in relevant fields are also published. The journal publishes a mix of articles, case studies, opinion pieces and book reviews.” 《电子图书馆与信息系统》是一本同行评审期刊，其内容涵盖了图书馆、档案室、博物馆、艺术馆、信息中心以及整个信息行业的信息技术的使用与管理。其重点不仅包括新技术、新方法的实际应用与成本，而且包括相关领域的发展与新兴技术以及他们的评论。期刊综合了文章、案例研究、思想交流与书评等各种形式。 http://www.emeraldinsight.com/prog.htm

Steps in publishing a paper-论文出版 Author submits paper to Editor-直接向主编投稿 Editor decides whether generally suitable for publication or not 主编大体看内容是否适合发表 If so, the Editor e-mails the paper to two referees, one of which is usually an Editorial Board member. This is a double- blind process – referees do not know who the author is, author does not know who the referee is 适合的话，论文将接受两轮双盲评审 Decision made about publication – revisions often requested if decision made to publish 决定是否出版，一般正式出版前都要进行修改 When authors, referees and Editor are happy, final edited version sent off to Emerald according to an agreed publication schedule 作者、评审人和主编都同意论文发表时，论文按规定时间提交给Emerald责任编辑 Paper is published in print issue as well as online 论文通过纸本和电子版发表

Where do papers come from? Key presentations made at a relevant conferences ( e.g. Bridging Worlds, Singapore, 2008, Association of History and Computing – Digital Histories, London 2005, CONSAL XII – Brunei, 2004) Suggestions to specific authors, or on specific topics, made by Editor or members of Editorial Board Unsolicited from authors 重要的会议报告 主编以及EAB成员对具体作者的建议 作者主动投稿

Criteria used in refereeing process 论文评审标准 Originality Relationship to existing literature Methodology Results Implications for research/practice/society Quality of communication 原创性 与现有文献间联系 方法论 发现 研究意义/实证作用/社会价值 沟通质量

Originality-原创性 Emerald’s guidelines for unacceptable practice Verbatim copying Paraphrasing other’s work Re-using other’s work ( e.g. figure, table) without attribution Self plagiarism Emerald不予发表论文的规定- Emerald 原创性指南 逐字逐句抄袭 改述他人作品 毫无申明的使用他人作品 自我剽窃

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