Petroleum Prospecting (石油探勘) Chapter 3 Petroleum Prospecting (石油探勘)

References for 石油探勘(Petroleum Prospecting) Textbook 1 Fundamentals of Petroleum, Petroleum Extension Service, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas,1979. – chapter 2 Textbook 4 Hyne,N.J., Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production, Penn Well Co., Tulsa, Oklahoma, 2001. -- chapter 13 ; 14 (p. 195-232) Textbook 1– chapter 2 SPE Energy Education

Text Books Textbook 1 Fundamentals of Petroleum, Petroleum Extension Service, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas,1979. Textbook 2 Archer, J. S., and Wall, C.G., Petroleum Engineering—principles and practice, Graham & Trotman, MD, 1986. TextBook 3 Donohue, D.A.T., and Lang K.R., Petroleum Technology, International Human Resources Development Corporation, Houston,1986. Textbook 4 Hyne,N.J., Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production, Penn Well Co., Tulsa, Oklahoma, 2001. Textbook 5 Devereux, S., Drilling Technology, Penn Well Co., Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1999.

石油工程 講授大綱 Textbook 2– chapter 1 Textbook 4– chapter 1 1. 前言 (Introduction) Textbook 2– chapter 1 Textbook 4– chapter 1 2. 石油地質及儲油層 (Petroleum Geology and Reservoir) Textbook 1– chapter 1 Textbook 2– chapter 2 Textbook 3– chapter 4.1; 4.2 3.石油探勘 (Petroleum Prospecting) Textbook 1– chapter 2 Textbook 4-- chapter 13 ; 14 SPE Energy Education 4.鑽井工程 (Drilling Engineering) Textbook 1– chapter 4 Textbook 2– chapter 3 SPE Energy Education Textbook 3– chapter 1

Chapter 3 Petroleum Prospecting (石油探勘) 地表觀測(Surface observation) －by observation on earth surface 地質探勘 (Geological exploration) －downward projection of geologic information 地球化學探勘(Geochemical exploration) --tracing hydrocarbons in soil and water 地物理探勘 (Geophysical exploration) －physical measurements of gravity, magnetic and seismic of subsurface

石油探勘法 －研究地下地質、構造、岩石特性……等 －尋找石油及其他地下資源 －獲得工程地質及地質工程資料(作為建築設計大型建築之用) －其他 化學Chemistry 地質Geology 物理Physics 地球化學Geochemistry 地球物理Geophysics 地球化學探勘 Geochemical Prospecting 地質探勘 Geological 地球物理探勘 Geophysical 目的 理論地物 應用地物 －研究地下地質、構造、岩石特性……等 －尋找石油及其他地下資源 －獲得工程地質及地質工程資料(作為建築設計大型建築之用) －其他

地表觀測(Surface Observation) 野外(或現場)之勘查 －地表之實地觀察 seeps (plate 13-1, 13-2, and fig. 13-1)

地表觀測--Seeps

地表觀測 -- Seeps

地質探勘 地質探勘 →尋找石油 利用地表岩石露頭或井孔的岩石之觀測而推測分折其地下附近之構造、組成及歷史等(plate 13-3)。 地質探勘 →尋找石油 利用地表岩石露頭或井孔的岩石之觀測而推測分折其地下附近之構造、組成及歷史等(plate 13-3)。 利用鑽井的地層資料研判儲油層位置(fig. 13-2)。 利用鑽井的地層資料研究井與井之間的地層對比及連續性(fig 13-3; 13-4; 13-5; 13-6; 13-7)。

地質探勘—利用地表岩石露頭之觀測而推測分折其地下附近之構造、組成及歷史等(plate 13-3)。

地質探勘— 用鑽井的地層資料研判儲油層位置, 而發現新油田(fig. 13-2)。

地質探勘 --研究地層對比及連續性地層 要利用Marker bed (fig 13-3)。

地質探勘 – 由鑽井的地層資料(Well logs)利用Marker bed研究井與井之間的地層對比及連續性(fig 13-6)。

地質探勘 --由Well logs資料利用Marker bed研究井與井之間的地層對比及連續性(fig 13-5)。

地質探勘 -- 利用鑽井的地層資料(Microfossils)研究井與井之間的地層對比及連續性(fig 13-4)。

地質探勘 -- 利用鑽井的地層資料研究井與井之間的地層對比及連續性(fig 13-7)。

地球化學探勘 Geochemical exploration Geochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of the earth. Geochemistry can be used to trace hydrocarbons in soil and water indicating of the proximity of a petroleum trap. Geochemistry can also be used to identify the source rock for a specific crude oil. The crude oils in traps can then be correlated with source rocks to determine the migration path for the petroleum.

地球化學探勘 – to trace hydrocarbons Traces of hydrocarbons in soil and water are often good indications of the proximity of a petroleum trap (fig. 13-8). -- microseeps -- hydrocarbon halo(暈圈) -- sniffers(嗅覺器) -- Vitrenite reflectance

地球化學探勘 – to trace hydrocarbons

Vitrenite reflectance

Play A play is a combination of trap, reservoir rock, and seal that has been shown by previous discovered fields to contain commercial petroleum deposits in an area.

Trend A trend or fairway is the area along which the play has been proven, and more field could be found. (fig 13-9).

Prospect -- definition A prospect is the exact location where the geological and economic conditions are favorable for drilling an exploratory well.

Prospect -- geological factors There are four major geological factors in the success of a particular prospect. (1) There must have been a source rock that generated petroleum. (2) There must have been a reservoir rock to hold the petroleum. (3) There must be a trap. This includes a reservoir rock configuration that has four-sided closure, a seal on the reservoir rock, and no breach of the trap. (4) The timing must be right. The trap had to be in position before the petroleum migrated the area.

Prospect - economic An economic analysis of the prospect should include reserves and risk calculations.

地物理探勘 由地球物理探勘可獲得所需的地質資料而研判石油所在地 地質資料之獲得可經由 (a)利用物理原理及儀器，獲得地下構造、 地下岩石物理特性…等資料 (b)製作地下地質圖及構造圖…等，而研究 石油之所在

地物理探勘 主要是利用震波、重力、磁力等物理現象推測分析地下之構造及特性。 *震波測勘 反射－最常用之石油探勘；精測 折射－粗測之方法 *重力測勘－測基盤的形貌 *磁力測勘－觀測對磁性有反應之地層

地球物理探勘法 主要方法： (a)重力測勘(或重力法)－Gravity method (b)磁力測勘(或磁力法)－Magnetic method (c)震波測勘(或震波法)－Seismic method 其他方法： (a)電測測勘(或電測法)－Electrical method (b)放射性測勘(或放射性法)－Radioactive method (c)井測測勘(或井測法)－Well logging

重力測勘(或重力法) (Gravity Method) 量測原理：萬有引力及重力加速度 m1 m2 在地球上

重力量測儀器 (1)The gravity pendulum(重力單擺) －單擺原理(缺點：耗時) (2)The gravimeter(重力計) －Hock’s law, 彈簧 (3)The Hoyt gravimeter (4)The astatized gravimeter

(3)The Hoyt gravimeter (4)The astatized gravimeter →量測地表各測點之重力值或重力異常值

重力資料解釋： －不同的岩石→不同的密度→不同的重力值 (密度大的岩石→重力值大) Anticline-structure Salt dome -structure Higher density rock Gravitational field Less dense rock

重力資料解釋： －不同的岩石→不同的密度→不同的重力值 (密度大的岩石→重力值大)

磁力測勘或磁力法 (magnetic method) 1947 North magnetic pole 73oN 100oW 1945 South magnetic pole 68oS 146oE N 原理： －地球磁場 －地表磁場強度隨測點地下及其鄰 近岩石之磁性而變 (a)反磁性-排斥磁場 (b)帶磁性-吸引磁場 (c)強磁性-permeability隨磁場而改變 　(導磁性或透磁性) 儀器：磁力儀 磁感應強度(B) & 磁場強度 (H) B=μH Flux=perm×field strength μ= 磁導率

資料解釋 －地表各測點磁場強度不同之原因是測點以下之下列特性不同 (1)the permeability (導磁性)； (2)the magnetization(磁化) －火成岩及變質岩中的磁鐵(magnetite)較多(或較通常);沉積岩中的磁鐵較少 換言之，火成岩及變質岩中磁化率( susceptibility),k,較大，沉積岩之k較小 石油累積在沉積岩裡 －磁測資料解釋較複雜，較難

資料解釋(Dome or anticline)

磁力資料解釋： －不同的岩石→不同的磁性→不同的磁力值

磁力/重力資料解釋 (Fault)

震波測勘 (Seismic Exploration) -- 反射法(Seismic reflection method) -- 折射法(Seismic refraction method)

反射法(Seismic reflection method) Data Acquisition Data Processing Data Interpretation

反射震波測勘 震源 接收器 震測資料擷取(Data acquisition) 在地表， 炸葯爆炸 或機械撞擊或其他震動 ↓ 產生震波或脈波 傳播至地下地層 在不同物理特性的地層介面反射 反射波返回地表而被記錄(震測資料) 震波資料處理(Data processing) 地層速度分析 震測剖面 震測資料解釋(Data interpretation) 地層構造 －背斜 (Anticliness) －向斜 (Syncliness) －斷層 (Faults) －尖滅 (Pinchouts) 震源

Data Acquisition

震波測勘炸測 震測資料擷取(Data acquisition) 在地表， 炸葯爆炸 或機械撞擊或其他震動 ↓ 產生震波或脈波 傳播至地下地層 在不同物理特性的地層介面反射 反射波返回地表而被記錄(震測資料)

陸上震波測勘炸測法 震測資料擷取(Data acquisition) 在地表， 炸葯爆炸 或機械撞擊或其他震動 ↓ 產生震波或脈波 傳播至地下地層 在不同物理特性的地層介面反射 反射波返回地表而被記錄(震測資料)

陸上震波測勘炸測

Vibrator Truck

震波測勘法的Geophone排列

海上震波測勘炸測

海上震波測勘炸測時震測船曳著Air gun 及streammer

震波測勘之炸點底圖

Data Processing 震波資料處理(Data processing) 地層速度分析 ↓ 震測剖面

反射法

震測 剖面圖

震測 剖面圖

震測 剖面圖(Bright spot)

Data Interpretation

震測 剖面圖

Seismic Profile (correlating with drilling data)

震測 剖面圖 (Salt dome)

震測 剖面原圖

震測 剖面分析及解釋結果 (Isochron map)

震測 剖面分析及解釋結果 (Structure map)

震波測勘折射法 V0 V1 Z1 Z2 在地表， 炸葯爆炸 或其他大震動 ↓ 產生震波 傳播至地下地層 震波 ↓ 在不同物理特性的地層介面 D1 D2 D3 D4 Z1 Z2 在地表， 炸葯爆炸 或其他大震動 ↓ 產生震波 傳播至地下地層 震波 ↓ 在不同物理特性的地層介面 之高速層折射(或全反射) 全反射波返回地表而被記錄 資料處理(作圖)及解釋(求地層之 震波速度及地層厚度及傾斜角) T X Xcros Xcrit

井測測勘(或井測法)－Well Logging 井下電測 井測測勘(或井測法)－Well Logging 常見之井測包括： (1)The Spontaneous-Potential (SP) Logs 自然電位 (2)Conventional Resistivity Logs 傳統式電阻 (3)Focusing-Electrode Logs 集焦電極 (4)Induction Logs 感應式 (5)Microresistivity Logs 微電阻 (6)Sonic Logs 音波 (7)Formation density Logs 地層密度 (8)Neutron Logs 中子 (9)Gamma Ray Logs 伽瑪射線 (10)其他

電測圖

地層學(Stratigraphy) 研究地層(Rock Strata)的 --- 來源(Origin) --- 組成(Composition) --- 分佈(Distribution)及 --- 連續性(Succession)

地層測試 (Stratigraphic test, or strata test) 鑽井取岩石樣本以得到地質資料

地層對比 (Stratigraphic correlation) 井與井之間，以下特性之比對 -- 地層(Strata) -- 化石(fossils) --- 岩石硬度(Rock hardness or softness) --- 電測資料(Electric data) It is much easier to correlate wells because the data that are collected by drillers’ logs, sample logs, electrical logs enable the geologists to predict more precisely where similar rock formations will occur in each case

Subsurface correlation It is based primarily on －stratigraphic continuity, or －the fact that formations maintain the same thickness from one well to another. Any change in thickness can be a geologic indicator of －a change in the conditions that formed the strata, or －may be a signal of an event that could cause petroleum to accumulate.

Structure Map

Oil and gas discoveries 1842 －The presence of oil seep on anticline crests was observed 1859 －The drilling of the famous Drake well in Pennsylvania 1885 －I.C. White applied geological knowledge in search of gas in Pennsylvania and nearby states. Late 19t century －Geologist searched for oil in East Indians and Mexico 1897 －Geological departments were established by some U.S. oil companies, －Many of subsequent discoveries in the mid continent, Gulf Coast, California, and elsewhere were made with the application of geology to the problem of finding petroleum reservoir.

The first oil discovery Gravity measurements Seismic refraction Seismic reflection 1915 & 1916 The torsion balance was employed to detail the structure in a oil field at Egbell, now in Czechoslovakia(捷克斯洛伐克，歐洲中部) 1919 Ludger Mintrop applied for a German patent on locating and measuring depth to subsurface features by refraction. ~ 1921 The earliest experiments with the seismic reflection method were carried out by J.C. Karcher in central Oklahoma. 1917 Schweidar detailed a known salt dome at Hanigsen in Germany with a torsion balance and the predicted structure was confirmed by subsequent drilling 1923 The earliest work was in Mexico, but later in the year a refraction survey was under takan along the Mexico fault zone in the Texac Gulf coast. 1924 The first oil discovery 1922 Shell surveyed the Horgada field in Egypt with a torsion balance Finding the orchard dome in Texas 1927 The reflection method was put to work for routine exploration Late The Spindletop field in Texas was traversed by a torsion balance yielding a strike anomaly over the known salt structure 1928 伊朗 The seismic refraction method was introduced into the middle East by the Darcy Exploration Company (→British Petroleum) 1930 By the early 1930’s Reflection become the most widely used of all geophysical techniques, a status has maintained ever since. The torsion balance was used for the first time to explore for oil over areas where the structure was completely unknown. This was in the Gulf coast of the U.S.A. ＊ Discovered the productive Nash dome in Texas.

震測之wiggle trace 及 剖面圖

國 內 陸 上 油 氣 生 產 陸上油氣田位置圖 •生產油氣田：8 個 •生產井：69口 •生產能力：254萬M3 / 日 •新營 •生產油氣田：8 個 •生產井：69口 •生產能力：254萬M3 / 日 •年產量：8 ~ 9 億M3 •剩餘可採蘊藏量：93億M3 生產油氣田 產量 萬M3 / 日 鐵砧山： 90 出磺坑： 120 青草湖： 15 錦水、永和山： 20 白沙屯 新營、八掌溪： 9 合 計 254