Basic Scientific and Technical Translation (II)

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Presentation transcript:

Basic Scientific and Technical Translation (II) Lecturer: Ivan Yeung

0 數字的翻譯 大陸台灣、英美用法不同 a hundred million 一億 (108 ) 十億 (109) 兆 * (1012) 千兆 * (1015) 京 * (1016) 百京 * (1018) a hundred million a thousand million (Br) a billion (Am) (increasingly common) a billion (Br) * (increasingly rare) a trillion (Am) a thousand billion (Br) a quadrillion (Am) ten thousand billion (Br) ten quadrillion (Am) a trillion (Br) a quintillion (Am)

0.1 數字的歧義 billion 兆* 106:百萬,大陸地區通用於單位前綴 (prefix) 表示倍數 1012:萬億,台灣地區常用 109:十億 (American),目前最常用 1012:萬億 (British) 兆* 106:百萬,大陸地區通用於單位前綴 (prefix) 表示倍數 megahertz (MHz) 兆赫 * megapixel (MP / Mpx) 百萬像素 * (!) 1012:萬億,台灣地區常用 韓國今年出口額已達到5150億美元、進口額為4850億美元,使得韓國的總貿易額首度突破1兆美元的大關。 (中央通訊社) 1016:億億,廢用

0.2 numbers 1 000 000 million 100 000 10 000 萬 1 000 千 100 hundred 百 decimal English Chinese 109 1 000 000 000 108 100 000 000 107 10 000 000 106 1 000 000 million 105 100 000 104 10 000 萬 103 1 000 千 102 100 hundred 百 101 10 ten 十 1 one 一

0.3 SI prefixes giga G 吉 (咖) gigabyte (Gb) 吉字節 mega M 兆 symbol 1000m 10n decimal Chi example giga G 10003 109 1 000 000 000 吉 (咖) gigabyte (Gb) 吉字節 mega M 10002 106 1 000 000 兆 megahertz (MHz) 兆赫 kilo k 10001 103 1 000 千 kilowatt (kW) 千瓦 10000 100 1

0.3 SI prefixes 1 deci d 0.1 分 centi c 0.01 厘 milli m 0.001 毫 micro µ symbol 1000m 10n decimal Chi example 10000 100 1 deci d 1000-1/3 10-1 0.1 分 decibel (dB) 分貝 centi c 1000-2/3 10-2 0.01 厘 centimeter (cm) 厘米 milli m 1000-1 10-3 0.001 毫 milligram (mg) 毫克 micro µ 1000-2 10-6 0.000 001 微 microsievert (µSv) 微希 nano n 1000-3 10-9 0.000 000 001 納 nanometer (nm) 納米

1 數量增加的翻譯 1.1 “percentage, fraction” Annual production of steel has gone up by more than 25%. 鋼的年產量提高了百分之二十五以上。 By 2005, the infected area had been expanded to one-third more than that of 2000. 到了 2005 年,受感染面積較 2000 年時擴大了三分之一。 動筆! Production is now double what it was. 產量比過去增加了一倍。 產量為過去的兩倍。

1 數量增加的翻譯 1.2 “times” A) three times the length of something. 三倍於某物的長度。(OAL) 例: A female giant weta bearing eggs weighed 71g - this is three times the weight of an average house mouse. 懷卵的雌性沙螽體重達 71 g,約為一般家鼠的三倍重。 懷卵雌性沙螽體重達 71 g,約為一般家鼠體重的三倍。 動筆! The longest human bone is the femur or thigh bone which is 48 cms long. It is so strong that it can support 30 times the weight of a man! 股骨長 48 cm,是人體最長的骨頭。股骨堅固,能支撐相當於人體重 30 倍的重量。

1 數量增加的翻譯 1.2 “times” B) three times as long as something. 某物的三倍長。(OAL) 例: 60 minutes is three times as long as 20 minutes and 40 pounds is four times as heavy as 10 pounds. 20 分鐘的三倍是 60 分鐘,10 磅的四倍是 40 磅。 Aluminum is three times as heavy as polyethylene. 鋁重為聚乙烯重的三倍。 鋁比聚乙烯重二倍。(2.7 vs 0.92 – 0.94 g/cm3)

1 數量增加的翻譯 1.2 “times” 動筆! An atom of Carbon is twelve times as heavy as hydrogen while an atom of Aluminum is just over two times as heavy as carbon. 碳原子重為氫的12倍,而鋁重則剛超過碳的兩倍。* 碳原子重為氫原子的12倍,而鋁原子重則稍大於兩倍碳原子重。 碳原子重為氫原子的12倍,而一粒鋁原子則比兩粒碳原子稍重。 (density: graphite: 2.267; Al: 2.70 g/cm3) (atomic weight: H: 1.00; C: 12.01; Al: 26.98 g/mol)

1 數量增加的翻譯 1.2 “times” C) three times longer than something. 比某物長兩倍。(OAL) 例: The total length of China's railway network is two times longer than that of France. 中國鐵路網比法國的長一倍。(32,682 vs 70,000 km ) Krypton is three times heavier than air. 氪氣比空氣重兩倍。(3.708 vs 1.25 kg/m3 ) Silver is three times heavier than quartz.* (wrong use!!) 銀比石英重三倍。(10.5 vs 2.65 g/cm3) *

1 數量增加的翻譯 1.2 “times” D) increased by three times. increased threefold. increased by a factor of three. 增加了兩倍。 增至 (原來的) 三倍。 The grain output has increased by three times. 糧食產量增加了三倍。** 糧食產量增加了兩倍。 The number of monkeys has increased more than twofold. 猴子數量增加了多於兩倍。** 猴子數量增加了一倍多。

1 數量增加的翻譯 1.2 “times” 動筆! Malwares have increased by three times in 2008 2008 年惡意軟件增加了兩倍 The West Nile Virus is spreading faster than federal health officials had expected, with the number of cases tripling to at least 164 since last week. 西尼羅河病毒散播速度比聯邦衛生官員所預測的快,自上週起,累計案例數目增加了將近兩倍,最少達 164 例。 西尼羅河病毒散播速度較聯邦衛生官員預測為快,自上週起,累計案例至少達 164 宗,數目增加了將近兩倍。 Nationwide, the CDC said at least 164 people in 16 states are infected, compared with 59 a week ago. 疾病控制防治中心稱,全國 16 個州共 164 人遭感染,一週前 感染人數只有 59 人。

1 數量增加的翻譯 1.2 “times” Roundup exercise 動筆! Food production since Independence has also increased over four times (from 50 million metric tonnes in 1951 to over 200 million metric tonnes in 2001), while population growth has been a little less than three times (from 36 crores in 1951 to 102 crores in 2001) 獨立後,食物產量從 1951 年的 50 百萬公噸增至 2001 年的 200 百萬公噸,增長達三倍。而人口亦從 1951 年的 360 百萬增加到 2001 年的 1.02 十億,增幅接近三倍。** 獨立後,糧食產量從 1951 年的五千萬公噸增至 2001 年的二億公噸,增長逾三倍。而在同一期間,人口亦從三億六千萬增加到十億二千萬,增幅接近兩倍。* 獨立後,糧食產量從 1951 年的 5000 萬公噸增至 2001 年的超過 2 億公噸,增長逾三倍。而在同一期間,人口亦從 3.6 億增加到 10.2 億,增幅接近兩倍。

2 數量減少的翻譯 2.1 “percentage, fraction” The antibody level was reduced by 10 percent. 抗體濃度降低了百分之十。 The volume of an electric motor can be reduced by one third by using glass fiber for electric insulation. 用玻璃纖維作電器絕緣材料,可使電動機的體積縮小三分之一。 The loss of metal has been reduced to less than 20%. 金屬損耗已降低至百分之二十以下。

2 數量減少的翻譯 動筆! 2.1 “percentage, fraction” The test results indicate that the olefin content of catalytically cracked gasoline can be significantly reduced to less than 20 v%, while sulfur content reduced by 15% ~ 25%. 實驗結果顯示,催化裂化汽油的烯烴體積含量 / 體積百分濃度可顯著降至 20% 以下,硫含量則下降 15% ~ 25%。

2 數量減少的翻譯 2.2 “half” This rope is half as long as that one. 這條繩子只有那條的一半長。 這條繩子比那條短一半。 動筆! When the new Medical Library opens in three years, it will be half the old one’s size with 40 percent fewer books. 三年後新的醫學圖書館啟用,面積只有舊館的一半大,藏書量也較舊館少四成。

2 數量減少的翻譯 2.3 “times” The length of the laser tube was reduced ten times. 雷射管的長度縮短了十分之九。 雷射管的長度縮短為十分之一。 The length has been shortened four times. 長度縮短了四分之三。 長度縮短至原來的四分之一。 Microsporidia branches have been shortened three times (double black break) to increase readability. 微孢子蟲分支縮短了三分之二 (雙黑斜間) 以增加可讀性。* 微孢子蟲分支縮短了三分之二 (雙線分隔標記) 以利閱讀。

2 數量減少的翻譯 2.4 “fold” The principal advantage is a six-fold reduction in volume. 主要優點是體積縮小了六分之五。 主要優點是體積縮小為六分之一。* 主要優點是體積縮小至原來的六分之一。 There is a three-fold fall in price. 價格降低了三分之二。 價格降低至原來的三分之一。

2 數量減少的翻譯 2.4 “fold” The team showed a six-fold reduction of the effective size of the Zea mays (maize or corn) genome while creating a four-fold increase in the gene identification rate when compared to standard whole-genome sequencing methods. 與傳統全基因組測序方法比較,研究小組測定玉米 (Zea mays) 基因序列,基因組有效大小 (effective size) 降至原來的六分之一,而基因鑑定速度提高了三倍。

2 數量減少的翻譯 2.5 表示數量不確定的譯法 There are millions of stars like the sun in the universe. 宇宙中有數以百萬計像太陽一樣的星球。* 宇宙中有許許多多像太陽一樣的星球。* The instruments of this variety will cost thousand odd dollars. 這種儀器可值 1000 多元。

3 被動句的翻譯 3.1 翻譯成中文被動句 被動態可以翻譯成「被」、「由」、「讓」、「給」、「受」、「遭」、「為」、「所」、「為……所」 The compass was invented by Chinese long ago. 很久以前,指南針被中國人發明。* 很久以前,指南針早為中國人所發明。* 很久以前,中國人發明了指南針。 Besides voltage, resistance and capacitance, an alternating current is also influenced by inductance. 除了電壓、電阻和電容之外,交流電還受電感的影響。

3 被動句的翻譯 3.1 翻譯成中文被動句 (續) The metal hardened when it was cooled in the air. 這種金屬在空氣中冷卻時,就會硬化。 Purified hydrogen is passed over a hot catalyst. 讓純化氫氣通過熱催化劑。 動筆! The atomic theory was not accepted until the last century. 直到上個世紀,原子學說才為人們所接受。

3 被動句的翻譯 3.2 翻譯成中文主動句 Other evaporation materials and processes will be discussed briefly. 其他一些蒸發材料和蒸發程序將簡要地加以討論。 Resistance is measured in ohms. 電阻是以歐姆為單位被量度的。** 電阻是以歐姆為單位(來)量度的。 No work can be done without energy. 沒有能量,就不能做工。

3 被動句的翻譯 2.2 翻譯成中文主動句 (續) A film of oil is inserted between the sliding surfaces of a bearing. 承軸的滑動面之間上了一層油膜。 It has been found that this machine is similar to the other one in design. 人們已經發現,這台機器和那台機器在結構上是相似的。* 人們發現,這台機器和那台機器結構相似。* 這兩台機器結構相似。 The field trip will be lead by Professor Li. 李教授會帶這次野外考察。 這次野外考察由李教授帶領。

3 被動句的翻譯 2.2 翻譯成中文主動句 (續) 動筆! Measures have been taken to diminish friction. 已經採取措施來減少摩擦。 Special instruments for measuring cosmic rays are installed in the satellite. 衛星中裝有測量宇宙射線用的特種儀器。 Much progress has been made in biological cloning technology in less than a decade. 不到十年,生物複製技術取得了許多進展。

4 否定句的翻譯 4.1 全部否定 He is not an engineer. 他不是工程師。 He is no engineer. Compare the following sentences He is not an engineer. 他不是工程師。 He is no engineer. 他根本不是工程師。

4 否定句的翻譯 4.1 全部否定 (續) Not all matter is visible. Air is not visible, but it is matter. * (部分否定,見 4.2) 不是所有物質都是看得見的。空氣是看不見的,但空氣是物質。 The proton carries a positive charge and the electron carries a negative charge, but the neutron carries neither. 質子帶正電荷,電子帶負電荷,中子兩種電荷都不帶。

4 否定句的翻譯 4.2 部分否定 動筆! All that glitters is not gold. 閃閃發亮的都不是黃金。* 閃閃發光的不全是黃金。 Both the instruments are not precision ones. 這兩部儀器並不都是精密的 (機種)。 compare with: “Neither instruments are precision ones.” 兩部儀器都不是精密型的。 Every machine here is not produced by our factory. 這裡的機器,並非每台都是我們廠製造的。 “None of these machines are produced by our factory.” 這些機器沒有一台是我廠生產的。

4 否定句的翻譯 4.3 雙重否定 There is no grammatical rule that does not have exceptions. 沒有一條語法規則沒有例外。 每條語法規則都有例外。 Heat can never be converted into a certain energy without something lost. 熱能每逢轉換成某種能量時,總是不能不損耗掉一些。** 熱能轉換成其他能量時,總是有損耗。

4 否定句的翻譯 4.4 意義上的否定 In the absence of force, a body will either remain at rest or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line. 沒有外力,物體不是保持靜止,就是一直沿著直線作勻速運動。 This equation is far from being complicated. 這個方程式一點也不複雜。 Unless there is motion, there is no work. 沒有運動,就沒有功。

4 否定句的翻譯 3.4 意義上的否定 (續) 動筆! Farad is too large a unit to be used in radio calculation. 用在無線電計算中,法拉這個單位太大。* 法拉這個單位太大,不能 / 不便用於無線電計算裏。

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