托福文章阅读与解题实战展示 TPO 47 Reading Passage2解析 学好托福阅读，需要掌握如下知识： 话题（生物类人文历史类等） 文章中心思想---标题 段落中心思想---逐段判断 阅读方法（精读 略读 跳读 变速阅读） 文章结构（总分结构 对比展开 现象说明） 修辞（修辞方法 修辞类题目---修辞目的题） 语法 词汇 题型解答：十种题型（Table 不常考到） 文化背景 逻辑（逻辑七要素 段间逻辑（1.承上启下；2.转折关系；3.并列（没有明显的承上启下的句子，和转折关系的，都属于并列逻辑） 段内逻辑（分析分类 举例说明 对比比较 因果关系 递进展开） 句内逻辑（并列 转折 因果 比较 条件）逻辑类题目解题方法）

文章阅读---第一步话题及中心思想 TPO 47 Reading 2 Termite Ingenuity 本文属生物类话题。说明文 文章话题是：文类的早期文明writing的发展过程。 文章阅读---第一步话题及中心思想

文章阅读---第二步跳读，提炼文章中心思想 Paragraph1 ①Termites, social insects which live in colonies that, in some species, contain 2 million individuals or more, are often incorrectly referred to as white ants. （第1句，本段中心句：白蚁经常被别人误解为white ants）②But they are certainly not ants. （与第1句的转折）③Termites, unlike ants, have gradual metamorphosis with only three life stages: egg, nymph, and adult. （第3句介绍白蚁的特点，是第二句的递进展开）④Ants and the other social members of their order, certain bees and wasps, have complete metamorphosis in four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.（第4句讨论Ants的特点，是前面形成对比分析）⑤The worker and soldier castes of social ants, bees, and wasps consist of only females, all daughters of a single queen that mated soon after she matured and thereafter never mated again.（第5句接着介绍Ants的特点，是第4句的递进展开）⑥The worker and soldier castes of termites consist of both males and females, and the queen lives permanently with a male consort.（第6句介绍termites的特点，与前面形成对比分析） 第一段中心思想：白蚁与ants和其他social members的区别

文章阅读---第二步跳读，提炼文章中心思想 Paragraph2 ①Since termites are small and soft-bodied, they easily become desiccated and must live in moist places with a high relative humidity. ( 第一句，本段中心句；阐述termites居住的环境要求，句内因果逻辑) ②They do best when the relative humidity in their nest is above 96 percent and the temperature is fairly high, an optimum of about 79˚F for temperate zone species and about 86 ˚F for tropical species.（第2句，递进展开）③Subterranean termites, the destructive species that occurs commonly throughout the eastern United States, attain these conditions by nesting in moist soil that is in contact with wood, their only food.（第3句，举例说明Subterranean termites如何保证潮湿的生活环境的） ④The surrounding soil keeps the nest moist and tends to keep the temperature at a more or less favorable level. （第4句 是前面的递进展开）⑤When it is cold in winter, subterranean termites move to burrows below the frost line.（第5句，递进展开） 第二段中心思想：白蚁的生活环境是怎样的，特别讲到Subterranean termites

文章阅读---第二步跳读，提炼文章中心思想 Paragraph3 ①Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in "air conditioning'' that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen.（第1 句，本段中心句，阐述为什么tropical termites 是ingenious engineers）②Among the mast architecturally advanced of these termites is an African species, Macrotermes natalensis.（第2句，举例说明，Macrotermes natalensis）③Renowned Swiss entomologist Martin Luscher described the mounds of this fungus-growing species as being as much as 16 feet tall.（第3句递进展开，给出Macrotermes natalensis的具体情况） ④16 feet in diameter at their base, and with a cement-like wall of soil mixed with termite saliva that is from 16 to23 inches thick.（第4句是第3句的递进展开）⑤The thick and dense wall of the mound insulates the interior microclimate from the variations in humidity and temperature of the outside atmosphere.（第5句递进展开） ⑥Several narrow and relatively thin-walled ridges on the outside of the mound extend from near its base almost to its top.（第6句递进展开） 第三段中心思想：举例说明tropical termites是 ingenious engineers

文章阅读---第二步跳读，提炼文章中心思想 Paragraph4 ①According to Luscher, a medium-sized nest of Macrotermes has a population of about 2 million individuals.（第1句，接着介绍 medium-sized nest of Macrotermes的情况） ②The metabolism of so many termites and of the fungus that they grow in their gardens as food helps keep the interior of the nest warm and supplies some moisture to the air in the nest.（第2句递进展开） ③The termites saturate the atmosphere of the nest, bringing it to about 100 percent relative humidity, by carrying water up from the soil.（第3句，递进展开） 第四段中心思想： 介绍medium-sized nest of Macrotermes 的情况

文章阅读---第二步跳读，提炼文章中心思想 Paragraph5 ①But how is this well-insulated nest ventilated? （第1句，承上启下） ②Its many occupants require over 200 quarts of oxygen (more than 1,200 quarts of air) per day.（第2句，给出通风后的结果）③How can so much oxygen diffuse through the thick walls of the mound?（第3句，提出疑问，寻求原因） ④■ Even the pores in the wall are filled with water, which almost stops the diffusion of gases. （第4句， 指出大量oxygen能通过thick wall的原因，与第3句构成因果逻辑）⑤■ The answer lies in the construction of the nest.（围绕第3句进行展开，给出原因：the construction of the nest）⑥■ The interior consists of a large central core in which the fungus is grown, below it is a "cellar" of empty space, above it is an "attic'' of empty space, and within the ridges on the outer wall of the nest, there are many small tunnels that connect the cellar and the attic.（围绕第3句进行展开，给出原因：the fungus is grown）

文章阅读---第二步跳读，提炼文章中心思想 Paragraph5 ⑦■ The warm air in the fungus gardens rises through the nest up to the attic from the attic, the air passes into the tunnels in the ridges and flows back down to the cellar.（递进展开，给出细节）⑧Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse into or out of the ridges, since their walls are thin and their surface area is large because they protrude far out from the wall of the mound.（递进展开，给出细节）⑨Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges is relatively rich in oxygen and has lost much of its carbon dioxide. （递进展开，给出细节）⑩It supplies the nest's inhabitants with fresh oxygen as it rises through the fungus-growing area back up to the attic.（总结细节，得出最终原因） 第五段中心思想： 阐述termites nest能通风且保持moist的原因

题型解答--修辞目的题 1. The author mentions "white ants "in the beginning of the passage in order to A. correct a common misunderstanding about termites （对应原文第一句和第二句） B. introduce the idea that termites only take the form of ants during certain life stages （内容错误） C. argue that not all white ants are social insects D. illustrate the large variety of insect species that live in colonies 所以正确答案选 A

题型解答--事实信息题 2. According to paragraph 1,which of the following is true about termites? A. They are a kind of ant, but they are unlike most ants in many ways. （内容错误，对应原文第一句和第二句） B. They form colonies that grow at first and then gradually decline. (内容错误，原文没有说到) C. Their workers are all males, and their soldiers are all females. （内容错误，与本段最后一句不符合） D. They go through a life stage called the nymph stage. （内容正确，对应原文第三句：Termites, unlike ants, have gradual metamorphosis with only three life stages: egg, nymph, and adult.） 所以正确答案选 D

题型解答--事实信息题 3. According to paragraph 2 , termites need to live in nests with high humidity in order to A. keep their food moist B. withstand cold temperatures in winter C. Protect their bodies from drying out D. Keep nest temperatures high 通过题干可以定位到第一句：Since termites are small and soft-bodied, they easily become desiccated and must live in moist places with a high relative humidity. 句内因果逻辑，因为termites容易become desiccated，所以必须住在high relative humidity，可以得出答案。 所以正确答案选 C

题型解答--词汇题 4. The word ''attain'' in the passage is closest in meaning to A. achieve 获得 B. observe 观察 C. overcome 克服 D. reflect 反应 原文：Subterranean termites, the destructive species that occurs commonly throughout the eastern United States, attain these conditions by nesting in moist soil that is in contact with wood, their only food. Attain 的宾语是“these conditions by nesting in moist soil”根据语境，A.选项overcome比较合适。 所以正确答案选 A

题型解答--词汇题 5. The word "ingenious'' in the passage is closest in meaning to A. determined 决定性的 B. clever 聪明的 C. ambitious 有野心的 D. successful 成功的 原文：Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in "air conditioning'' that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. 根据语境“ingenious”修饰“engineers”，后面接着说engineers做了哪些事情来“keeps the nest moist”，所以正确答案选 B

题型解答--词汇题 6.The word "Renowned" in the passage is closest in meaning to A. Skilled 有技能的 B. Famous 出名的 C. Early 早起的 D. Revolutionary 革命的 原文“Renowned Swiss entomologist Martin Luscher described the mounds of this fungus-growing species as being as much as 16 feet tall.” Renowned 来修饰“Swiss entomologist”，根据语境可以得出“B”为正确答案。

题型解答--事实信息题 7. According to paragraph3, the nests of same tropical termite species have the ability to A. insulate the microclimate in one part of the nest from the microclimate in another part （内容错误，与第5句表述不符合）Microclimate 微气候（指森林，城市，洞穴等局部地区的气候） B. allow moist outside air to get inside regardless of whether it is warm or cool （内容错误，与原文第一句不符合） C. rapidly decrease the humidity inside when it gets hot outside （内容错误，与原文“The thick and dense wall of the mound insulates the interior microclimate from the variations in humidity and temperature of the outside atmosphere.”不符合） D. provide the oxygen needed in the nest （内容正确，对应原文第一句） 所以正确答案选 D

题型解答--事实信息题 8. According to paragraphs 3 and 4, all of the following are true of the nests of Macrotermes natalensis EXCEPT. A. The walls are built out of soil mixed with termite saliva. (内容正确，对应第4句“…with a cement-like wall of soil mixed with termite saliva that is from 16 to23 inches thick.”) B. The nests can be as tall as they are wide at the base. (内容正确，对应原文第3句“the mounds of this fungus-growing species as being as much as 16 feet tall.”) C. The interior of the nest is kept as humid as possible. （内容正确，对应原文第一句“built-in "air conditioning'' that keeps the nest moist） D. The termites use hollow, thin-walled ridges to travel from one part of the nest to another. （内容错误，与原文最后一句“Several narrow and relatively thin-walled ridges on the outside of the mound extend from near its base almost to its top”不符合） 所以正确答案选 D

题型解答--事实信息题 9．According to paragraph 4, how does the fungus grown by Macrotermes natalensis affect the environment of the nest? A. It carries water up from the sail into the interior. (内容错误，与原文第3句“The termites saturate the atmosphere of the nest, bringing it to about 100 percent relative humidity, by carrying water up from the soil.”不符合) B. It dries the air by using up moisture as it grows. （内容错误，原文没有提到） C. It heats and adds humidity to the inside of the nest. （内容正确，对应原文第2句“The metabolism of so many termites and of the fungus that they grow in their gardens as food helps keep the interior of the nest warm and supplies some moisture to the air in the nest.”） D. It lessens the effects of the metabolism of so many termites. 所以正确答案选 C

题型解答--事实信息题 10.According to paragraph 5, what does the thinness of the ridge walls make possible? A. The concentration of cool air in the cellar （内容错误，与原文第4句意思不符合） B. The construction of exceptionally long tunnels （内容错误，原文是“there are many small tunnels…） C. The even distribution of oxygen from attic to cellar (内容错误，原文是“Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse into or out of the ridges”) D. The diffusion of gases into and out of the ridges （内容正确，对应原文第8句“Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse into or out of the ridges…” 所以正确答案选 D

题型解答--事实信息题 11. According to paragraph 5, what happens to the air in the ridge tunnels of Macrotermes natalensis nests? A. It becomes more humid as water vapor diffuses into the tunnels. （内容和逻辑错误原文没有提到“water”） B. It loses carbon dioxide and gains oxygen. （内容正确，对应原文“Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges is relatively rich in oxygen and has lost much of its carbon dioxide.”） C. It reaches the interior of the nest through pores in the walls. （内容错误，原文说到“Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges”） D. It moves in the same direction as the air in the center of the nest. （内容和逻辑错误，原文提到“It supplies the nest's inhabitants with fresh oxygen as it rises through the fungus-growing area back up to the attic.”）

题型解答--事实信息题 题干“the air in the ridge tunnels”定位到第7，8，9，10句， ⑦■ The warm air in the fungus gardens rises through the nest up to the attic from the attic, the air passes into the tunnels in the ridges and flows back down to the cellar.（递进展开，给出细节）⑧Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse into or out of the ridges, since their walls are thin and their surface area is large because they protrude far out from the wall of the mound.（递进展开，给出细节）⑨Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges is relatively rich in oxygen and has lost much of its carbon dioxide. （递进展开，给出细节）⑩It supplies the nest's inhabitants with fresh oxygen as it rises through the fungus-growing area back up to the attic.（总结细节，得出最终原因） 所以正确答案选 B

题型解答--事实信息题 12. Paragraph 5 supports which of the following about the air that flows through the interior of a Macrotermes natalensis mound? A. It has a higher concentration of oxygen in the cellar than in the attic. (内容正确，对应原文第9句和第10句) B. It is the same temperature as the air on the outside of the mound. (内容错误，对应原文第7句） C. It contains over 250 quarts of oxygen which circulate continuously. （内容错误，与原文“require over 200 quarts of oxygen”不符合） D. It is most humid in the cellar and gradually loses moisture as it rises to the attic. （内容和逻辑错误，把原文的内容杂糅了）

题型解答--句子插入题 13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. If not through the walls or its pores, how does oxygen enter the nest at all, since the nest has a closed surface? If…how…句内条件逻辑，说明插入前的句子与要插入的句子形成对比分析的逻辑关系，同时，插入句说到“the walls or its pores”和“oxygen”，可以以此为线索着对应处。 How can so much oxygen diffuse through the thick walls of the mound?（前句没说到“the walls or its pores”不能形成对比关系，） ■ Even the pores in the wall are filled with water, which almost stops the diffusion of gases. ■（前句说到“ the pores ”的情况，也提到“gases”，所以此处正确）The answer lies in the construction of the nest. ■ The interior consists of a large central core in which the fungus is grown, below it is a "cellar" of empty space, above it is an "attic'' of empty space, and within the ridges on the outer wall of the nest, there are many small tunnels that connect the cellar and the attic. ■ The warm air in the fungus gardens rises through the nest up to the attic from the attic, the air passes into the tunnels in the ridges and flows back down to the cellar.

题型解答--总结题 14. Termites are social insects that live in large, often elaborately constructed nests. A. Although termites resemble ants in terms of size，metamorphosis, and social organization, they actually belong to a different order of insects. （内容错误，对应原文第1段，不是“resemble ants in terms of size”） B. Some termites build their nests under ground, while others construct aboveground structures with thick, insulating walls. （内容和逻辑正确，对应原文第2段subterranean termites和第3段tropical termites） C. Some termite species grow a fungus in their nests so that it will purify the air by tacking in carbon dioxide and giving off Oxygen. ( 内容和逻辑错误，对应原文第4段“The metabolism of so many termites and of the fungus that they grow in their gardens as food helps keep the interior of the nest warm and supplies some moisture to the air in the nest.”和第5段)

题型解答--总结题 14. Termites are social insects that live in large, often elaborately constructed nests. D. Termites are sensitive to dryness and to changes in temperature, so their nests are designed to minimize these Factors. （内容和逻辑正确，对应原文第2段） E. Whether they lie above ground or below ground, termite nests must include special pores that allow air to enter the nests. （内容错误，对应原文第5段） F. The nests of Macrotermes natalensis consist of a series of chambers and tunnels that allow for the circulation of air and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. （内容正确，对应原文第3段和第5段）

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