Paradigm Shifts in Educational Philosophy: 教育哲學的範例轉移 Instruction Construction Changing demographics of learners Elitism v. Egalitarianism Education for control v. for empowerment (e.g., imperialism, colonialism) Reference to Bloom’s Taxonomy of High-Order Thinking and to the Learning Pyramid (lecture, reading, a/v, demonstration)
Lower vs. Higher-order Thinking 低層次 vs. 高層次思維技巧（布魯姆的分類法） Ceng2 si; Si wei2 ji4 qiao2; Bu4 lu2 mu3; Fen le4 fa3 xiu din4 ban3 http://www.cpdscotland.org.uk/Images/blooms_taxonomy_tcm4-392604.jpg
低層次 vs. 高層次思維技巧（布魯姆的分類法修訂版） 創造 產生新的理念、新的看問題的角度、做出新的產品 設計、建構、規劃、生產、發明 評鑑 判斷一個決定或者行動的能力 檢驗、假設、評判、實驗、評價 分析 將資訊分解成部份並且能探究其中隱含的理念和關係的能力 對比、組織、解構、詢問(質疑)、查找 應用 運用資訊和遷移知識的能力 應用、實施、使用、操作 理解 詮釋理念和概念的能力 詮釋、總結、釋義、分類、解釋 記憶 對信息的會議和再認 辨識、列表、描述、再認、命名、查找 Ceng2 si; Si wei2 ji4 qiao2; Bu4 lu2 mu3; Fen le4 fa3 xiu din4 ban3 Ji4 yi4; Li2 jie3; Yi4 yong4; Fen xi4; Ping2 jian4; Chuang4 zao4
Classroom Activity 課堂活動 Teacher-Centered Learner-Centered 以教師為中心 以學習者為中心 Teachers teach the way they learned best v. teaching the way each student learns best Students must adjust to teachers’ teaching style v. teachers must accommodate students
Teacher Role 教師角色 Fact Teller Collaborator 事實的傳遞者 協同者 Always Expert Sometimes Learner 永遠是專家 有時是學習者
Student Role 學生角色 Listener Collaborator 聽眾 協同者 Always Leaner Sometimes Expert 永遠是學習者 有時是專家
Instructional Emphasis 教學重點 Facts Relationships 事實 關係 Memorization Inquiry and Invention 記憶 詢問及創作 Reference to Bloom’s Taxonomy
Concepts of Knowledge 知識的觀念 Accumulating Facts Using Facts 事實的累積 事實的轉化 Analogy to money—accumulation v. use Use it or lose it Facts as building blocks of construction
Demonstration of Success 成功的示範 Quantity Quality 數量 品質 Relative to teachers and students “Did teacher teach a lot of stuff?” v. “Did teacher teach effectively?” “Did students answer many questions correctly?” v. “Did students really understand and learn?” Norm referenced assessment v. standards-based assessment
Type of Assessment 評量方法 Norm-Referenced Criteria/Standards-Based 常模參照 效標參照 Multiple-Choice Portfolios & Performances 選擇題 檔案及表現 Bell-shaped curve v. rubrics
1.請就您學校中目前以學生為中心的學習情 形作描述? 2.以您學校目前的現況, 您會如何在學校更 進一步的推動以學生為中心的學習?