CDM项目设计 The CDM project design 中国CDM能力建设项目培训讲义 Training Material Building Capacity for the CDM in China 2019/4/7

CDM项目流程： The CDM Project Cycle 设计 审定/注册 监测 PP： 项目参与方 DOE：指定经营实体 EB： 执行理事会 CER： 经核证的减排 核查/认证 签发CERs 2019/4/7

项目参与者：Project participants 项目参与者或是指一参与CDM项目活动的缔约方，或指经某缔约方批准在该缔约方负责之下参与CDM项目活动的私营和/或公共实体。 In accordance with the use of the term project participant in the CDM modalities and procedures, a project participant is either a Party involved or, in accordance with paragraph 33 of the CDM modalities and procedures, a private and/or public entity authorized by a Party to participate, under the Party’s responsibility, in CDM project activities. 项目参与者是指就如何分配所考虑的项目活动产生的CERs 作出决定的缔约方或私营和/或公共实体。 Project participants are Parties or private and/or public entities that take decisions on the allocation of CERs from the project activity under consideration. 2019/4/7

项目设计文件：第二版, 2004年7月1日： Project Design Document：version 02, July 1, 2004 项目活动的一般性说明 基准方法学 项目活动的起始与期限/减排额计入期 监测方法学和计划 温室气体排放计算 环境影响 利害相关方的评价 附 件 附件1：项目活动参与方的信息 附件2：政府官方提供资金的信息 附件3：新基准线方法学 附件4：新监测方法学 附件5：表格：基准线数据 General description of project activity Baseline methodology Starting date and duration of the project activity/Crediting period Monitoring methodology and plan Calculations of GHG emissions Environmental impacts Stakeholder Comments Annexes Annex 1: Information on participants in the project activity Annex 2: Information regarding public funding Annex 3: New baseline methodology Annex 4: New monitoring methodology Annex 5: Table: Baseline data 2019/4/7

基本原则：General principles 完整性：Completeness 精确性：Accuracy 可比性：Comparability 透明性：Transparency 2019/4/7

完整性：Completeness 充分考虑并报告在确定范围内所有温室气体排放的源及活动，并对任何排除在外的情况予以说明。 Account for and report on all GHG emission sources and activities within the chosen project boundary. Disclose and justify any specific exclusions. 涡轮机、加热过程、锅炉等 Turbines, process heaters, boilers etc. 燃烧 Flaring 溢散排放 Fugitive emissions 焚化 Incinerators 化学反应的挥发 Chemical process vents 运输 Transport 能源输入/输出 Imported/exported energy 2019/4/7

精确性：Accuracy 所有通过计量、计算、估算的温室气体在纪录、运算、汇总和报告的过程中力求正确。 Accuracy means that (e.g.) the GHG data is recorded (through measurement, calculation, estimation), processed, reported and aggregated accurately. 精确性问题可分为：Accuracy can be classified into: 误差 Errors: 计算误差 （不正确的因子、假设） Calculation errors (inappropriate factors, assumptions etc) 在确定基准或排放时缺乏透明性：Lack of clarity within the methods for determining GHG emissions or baselines 数据管理的弱点（如人工转记误差）：Data management weaknesses e.g. manual transposition errors 不确定性 Uncertainties: 技术限制： Technological limitations 缺少数据来源：Lack of source data Accuracy may be associated with errors which may be correctable and may include the following: - Calculation errors. These may be due to inaccurate manual transposition, use of inappropriate emission factors or assumptions etc. - Lack of clarity within the guidelines for determining GHG emissions or baselines. This could lead to inconsistent approaches to calculations or scope of reported data. Accuracy may also be associated with uncertainty. In statistical terms, uncertainty is a parameter associated with the result of measurements that characterises the dispersion of the values that could be reasonably attributed to the measured quantity. In GHG terms, it is a general and imprecise term which refers to the lack of certainty (in inventory components) resulting from any causal factor such as unidentified sources, lack of transparency etc (IPCC1). Uncertainty may be associated with the following: - Technological limitations. There may be inherent uncertainties (error bands) associated with the methods used to measure emissions e.g. use of particular equipment such as meters. - Lack of source data. Data for some sources may not be cost effective or practical to collect. This may result in the use of default data which has been derived based on certain assumptions/conditions and which will therefore have varying applicability in different situations. Uncertainty should be explored with the site personnel, based on their knowledge and experience of the processes and plant. High risk process parameters or source data (i.e. those with a significant influence on the reported data, such as meters) should be reviewed for these uncertainties. 2019/4/7

透明性：Transparency 所有的假设应清楚地说明 All assumptions are clearly stated 所有背景资料引用应清楚 All background material is clearly referenced 使用方法及选择原理应予解释 The rationale for selection and use of methodologies, as well as the use of such are clearly explained 对讨论的问题应有一个清楚地结论 There is a clear conclusion or decision from all presented discussions 所有使用的公式应予规定 All formulas used for calculations are stated 所有的计算应是具体的 All calculations are incorporated or referenced 保密信息应清楚识别 Confidential information is clearly identified 2019/4/7

良好的项目设计实践：Good Practice for project design 确定职责 Define Responsi-bilities 识别排放源Identify GHG Emission Sources （基准与项目） (Baseline and project) 确定计算方法Determine GHG Calculation Methods （基准与项目） (Baseline and project) 计算排放量 Calculate Emissions 汇总/总排放整理Collation/ Aggregation of Total Emissions 保持文件体系 Maintain Supporting Documen- tation 汇整PDD或监测报告 Finalise PDD or monitoring Reports 评审并改进报告Review and improve the report See workbook and manual See self assessment table. Internal management controls may cover: Responsibilities appropriately defined - adequate number of appropriately experienced GHG representatives. Calculation procedures and assumptions documented. Manual calculations and transfer of data minimised. Source data referenced and copies kept on file for future reference. Frequency of GHG emissions reports to monitor progress against targets. Review and internal audit of calculations/data transfers etc. Communications with Peer Groups and stakeholders. Senior management roles - review, challenge and evaluate GHG data. Other controls as applicable 2019/4/7

PDD A项：项目活动的一般性说明 PDD SECTION A: General description of project activity A.1 项目活动名称：Title of the project activity: A.2. 项目活动描述：Description of the project activity: A.3. 项目参与方： Project participants: A.4. 项目活动的技术说明：Technical description of the project activity: A.4.1.项目活动的地点：Location of the project activity: A.4.2.项目活动类别： Category(ies) of project activity: A.4.3.项目活动将采用的技术：Technology to be employed by the project activity: A.4.4.简要解释拟议的清洁发展机制项目活动将如何减少人为温室气体源的人为排放量（包括说明为什么当没有拟议的项目活动时就不会发生相应的减排量，要考虑到国家和/或部门政策和实情）： Brief explanation of how the anthropogenic emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHGs) by sources are to be reduced by the proposed CDM project activity, including why the emission reductions would not occur in the absence of the proposed project activity, taking into account national and/or sectoral policies and circumstances: A.4.5.项目活动的政府官方融资：Public funding of the project activity: 2019/4/7

PDD B项：适用的基准线方法 PDD SECTION B: Application of a baseline methodology Title and reference of the approved baseline methodology applied to the project activity: B.1.1.选择该方法学的理由和为什么它可适用于该项目活动 Justification of the choice of the methodology and why it is applicable to the project activity: B.2. 说明该方法学如何应用于该项目活动： Description of how the methodology is applied in the context of the project activity: B.3. 说明各种温室气体源的人为排放量如何减少到低于没有该已登记的CDM项目活动时所出现的排放水平 Description of how the anthropogenic emissions of GHG by sources are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered CDM project activity: B.4. 说明与选用的基准线方法学相关的项目边界定义如何应用于该项目活动： Description of how the definition of the project boundary related to the baseline methodology selected is applied to the project activity: B.5. 基准线确定的详细说明， 包括基准线研究完成日期与人员/机构名称 Details of baseline information, including the date of completion of the baseline study and the name of person (s)/entity (ies) determining the baseline: 2019/4/7

PDD C项：项目活动期限/减排额计入期 PDD SECTION C: Duration of the project activity / Crediting period Choice of the crediting period and related information: C.2.1. 可更新的计入期(最长每一期七(7)年) Renewable crediting period C.2.2. 固定的计入期(最长十(10)年) Fixed crediting period: 绿色领域的项目一般会选择7年、更新2期的计入期，棕色领域的项目一般会选择10年固定计入期 Experience: “Greenfield” projects often select the option of seven years and 2 renewal periods, “brown field” projects often select a 10 years fixed crediting period. 2019/4/7

PDD D项：适用的监测方法和计划 PDD SECTION D PDD D项：适用的监测方法和计划 PDD SECTION D. Application of a monitoring methodology and plan D.1. 应用于该项目活动的经核准的方法学名称和参考文献： Name and reference of approved monitoring methodology applied to the project activity: D.2. 选择该方法学的理由和为什么它可应用于该项目活动 Justification of the choice of the methodology and why it is applicable to the project activity: D.2. 1.选择1：监测项目和基准情景的排放 Option 1: Monitoring of the emissions in the project scenario and the baseline scenario D. 2.2. 选择2：直接监测项目的减排量 Option 2: Direct monitoring of emission reductions from the project activity D.2.3. 监测计划中泄漏的设备 Treatment of leakage in the monitoring plan D.2.4. 说明用于估算项目减排的公式 Description of formulae used to estimate emission reductions for the project activity D.3. 实施监测数据的质量控制和保证程序 Quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) procedures are being undertaken for data monitored D.4. 说明项目实施单位为监测项目减排及泄漏运行和管理结构 Please describe the operational and management structure that the project operator will implement in order to monitor emission reductions and any leakage effects, generated by the project activity D.5. 确定监测方法人员/机构的信息 Name of person/entity determining the monitoring methodology: 2019/4/7

PDD E项：计算各种温室气体源的排放量 PDD SECTION E: Estimation of GHG emissions by sources Estimate of GHG emissions by sources: E.2. 预期的泄漏： Estimated leakage: E.3. E.1和E.2之和表示该项目活动的排放量： The sum of E.1 and E.2 representing the project activity emissions: E.4. 说明温室气体源的人为排放量的基准 Estimated anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases of the baseline: E.5. E.4和E.3之差表示该项目活动的减排量： Difference between E.4 and E.3 representing the emission reductions of the project activity E.6. 列出应用上述公式时得到的数值的表格： Table providing values obtained when applying formulae above 2019/4/7

项目边界与泄漏：Project Boundaries and Leakage 项目边界：Project boundary 项目边界项目边界应包括在项目参与者控制范围内的、数量可观并可合理归因于清洁发展机制项目活动的所有温室气体(GHG)源人为排放量。 The project boundary shall encompass all anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) under the control of the project participants that are significant and reasonably attributable to the CDM project activity. 泄漏定义：Leakage: 为项目边界之外出现的并且是可测量的和可归因于清洁发展机制项目活动的温室气体(GHG)源人为排放量的净变化。 Leakage is defined as the net change of anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) which occurs outside the project boundary, and which is measurable and attributable to the CDM project activity. 2019/4/7

泄漏：Leakage 确保所有由于项目产生的排放都应予以考虑。泄漏可能是负面的也可能是正面的。对正面的泄漏可以根据保守的原则予以忽略，而对负面的泄漏影响则必须考虑。 Ensure that all emissions that are affected by the project are taken into account. Leakage might be positive or negative. When/if identified, positive leakage may not be accounted for in order to be conservative in ER estimation. Negative leakage effects should always be accounted for unless explicitly stated otherwise in the methodology. 例如：Examples: 生物质的运输：Transport of biomass 生物质的缺乏导致石化燃料消费：Scarcity of biomass forces increase in fossil fuel consumption 与施工有关的排放：Construction related emissions 2019/4/7

温室气体排放源：GHG emissions by sources 直接现场排放 Direct on-site emissions 直接非现场排放 Direct off-site emissions 非直接现场排放 Indirect on-site emissions 2019/4/7

PDD F项：环境影响 PDD SECTION F: Environmental impacts Documentation on the analysis of the environmental impacts, including transboundary impacts. F.2. 如果项目参与方或东道缔约方认为影响很大：请提供结论以及按照东道缔约方要求的程序已完成的环境影响评估支持文件的所有参考来源。 If environmental impacts are considered significant by the project participants or the host Party, please provide conclusions and all references to support documentation of an environmental impact assessment and measures undertaken to mitigate the impacts 2019/4/7

PDD G项：（地方）利益相关各方的评价 PDD SECTION G: (Local) Stakeholder comments Brief description how comments by local stakeholders have been invited and compiled G.2. 所收到评价的总结： Summary of the comments received G.3. 对所收到的评价如何给予相应考虑的报告 Report on how due account was taken of any comments received 2019/4/7

网路信息来源：information web link http://cdm.unfccc.int/ http://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/ProjectsForRegistration http://www.ieta.org/VVM/VVM_4.htm 2019/4/7