现在完成时

现在完成时用法小结 我们知道现在完成时是由助动词have（has）+过去分词构成的，其规则动词的过去分词构成与过去式相同，不规则动词的过去分词则需要加强记忆。 现将其主要用法小结如下：

1．表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 例如： I have just cleaned my clothes. 我刚洗过衣服。 （“洗衣服”是发生在过去的动作，对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”）

2．表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，也可以表示实质可能继续下去的动作或状态。这时往往与表示一段的时间状语连用。 例如： I have been here for just over two years. 我到这里才两年多。 He has worked here since 1989. 从1989年， 他就在这里工作。

Have you finished your work yet? 3．现在完成时属于现在时态范围，因此，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。 如：yesterday, last night, two weeks ago等， 但可以和never, ever, already, yet, just, for…, since …等连用。 例如： Have you finished your work yet? 你已经完成你的工作了吗？ I have never heard that before. 过去，我从未听说过那件事。

4．be的现在完成时态。 1）表示一种状态，表示从过去已经开始持续到现在，要与表示一段的时间状语连用。 例如： There has been a factory near No. 14 Middle School for several years. 十四中学附近有家工厂，已经有几年了。

3）后加地点，表示某人曾经到过某地。 例如： 2）表示某人刚从某地回来。例如： Where have you been? I have been to the library. 你到哪里去了？ 我到图书馆去了。 3）后加地点，表示某人曾经到过某地。 例如： Have you ever been to West Hill Farm? 你曾经到过西山农场吗？

但是“have（has）gone （to）+地点”则表示已去了某地，不在说话者所在的地方。例如： Where is Kate? She has gone to Beijing with her father. 凯特在哪里？ 她和她父亲一起去北京了。

5．瞬间动词的现在完成时。瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词或终止性动词。这种动词是指它们动作的开始也就意味着动作的结束，所以不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用，但可以用其它方式来表示。 象这样的词有：buy, sell, begin, start, leave, come, go, borrow, lend, return, die, join等。 例如：

火车离开半小时了。 误：The train has left for half an hour. 正：The train has been away for half an hour. 正：The train left half an hour ago. 正：It has been half an hour since the train left. 正：It is half an hour since the train left.

但是，其完成时的否定式可与表示一段的时间状语连用，表示一种状态。 例如： I haven’t received a letter from my father for two months. 我已两个月没有收到我爸爸的信了。 He hasn’t come here for a week. 他一个星期没有来这里了。

现在完成时要点剖析 一、现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较 现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续到现在甚至会继续下去或表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响；一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去。 试比较：

The plane has arrived . 飞机已经来了。（说明现在的情况：飞机在这儿） The plane arrived a quarter ago. 飞机是一刻钟以前来的。（强调动作发生的时间在过去） I have taught here for fifteen years. 我在这儿已经教了十五年。（表示十五年前的动作一直延续到现在，还可能会继续。）

二、短暂性动词与时间段的关系 短暂性动词在肯定句、疑问句中不能与时间段连用，这些动词是：become, begin, buy, borrow, arrive, come, die, fall, finish, get to know, go, join, leave, marry等。为了表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词have，keep等或短语“be+名词（形容词、位置副词、介词短语）”来代替短暂性动词，

如：become →be, begin→have 或 be on, borrow→keep, buy→have, come(go, arrive, get) →be here/there/in…，die→be dead, fall asleep(ill) →be asleep(ill), finish→be over, get to know→know, join→be in …（be a member of … ）,

leave→ be away (from…), marry →be married等；也可以仍用原短暂性动词，用句型“It is … since从句（从句中用一般过去时）”或用“一般过去时+ …ago”这一结构来表述延续性的动作或状态。 如： 他入党五年了。 He has been in the Party for five years. He has been a Party member for five years. It is five years since he joined the Party. He joined the Party five years ago .

电影开始五分钟了。 The film has been on for five minutes. It is five minutes since the film began The film began five minutes ago. 但在否定句中，短暂性动词可以与时间段连用。如： I haven’t bought the bike for a year. 我买这辆自行车还不到一年。 She hasn’t come here for an hour. 她来这儿还没有一个小时。

三、have been in 与have been to 的用法比较 如： Mr. Green has been in China for many years. 格林先生在中国呆过好多年。 I have been here since I began to work. 我工作以来一直呆在这儿。

2。“have been + to +地点名词”意思是“曾经到 过某地（多少次）”。 如： 布朗小姐到日本去过两次。 Miss Brown has been to Japan twice. 布朗小姐到日本去过两次。 Have you ever been here before? 你以前到过这吗？

三、just, lately, recently是完成时的时间状语，just now 有a moment ago 之意，是一般过去时的时间状语。如： The train has just arrived. 火车刚到。 Did you see Joan just now? 你刚才看到琼了吗？ Have you heard from your family lately/recently? 你最近收到家人的来信了吗？

四、in the past few years 意思是“过去几年来”，可作现在完成时的时间状语；in the past意思是“在过去”，常作一般过去时的时间状语。 如： Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years. 过去几年来，我的家乡发生了很大的变化。 Where did you work in the past? 你过去在哪里工作？

五、even since then与from then on (after that)都有“打那以后”之意，前者是完成时的时间状语，后者常用作一般过去时的时间状语， 如： She’s lived here ever since then. 打那以后，她一直住在这。 I didn’t hear of Jim from then on/after that. 打那以后，我就没有吉姆的消息。

六、before泛指“以前”时，可用于现在完成时中；ago表示“现在的一段时间以前”，是一般过去时的时间状语。 如： I’ve never been to Japan before. 我以前没去过日本。 She went to Japan a year ago. 她一年前去了日本。

七、ever和never也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。前者意思是“曾经”，多见于疑问句或否定句中；后者意思是“从来没有”，表示全部否定。如： “Have you ever seen the film?” “No. I have never seen it.” “你曾经看过这部影片吗？” “没有， 从来没看过。” Nobody in our class has ever been there. 我们班没有人去过那。

八、so far(到目前为止)， these days(这些天) 也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。 如： So far, no man has travelled farther than the moon. 到目前为止， 还没有人到月球以外旅行。 What have you done these days? 这些天来，你做了什么事？

语法学习五个注意 第一、注意弄清时态的实际意义 现在完成时就是“用过去的动作来说明现在的情况”。就动作而言，是过去发生的，但既不说明动作发生的时间，也不强调动作的情景；就实际意义而言，描写或说明现在的情况，或说明动作对现在造成的影响，或强调动作发生后对现在所产生的结果。

第二、注意掌握两种基本用法 1. “过去的经历”：动作发生在过去的某一时刻且已经结束，但未说明动作发生的具体时间或情景，强调该经历(即动作发生后)对现在所造成的影响或产生的结果。如： I have heard of the man. 我听说过这个人。

2. “完成情况”：表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，或有可能继续延续下去。句子中一般有说明其完成情况的短语或从句。 ①句子中有“已发生了多久”的时间状语的短语或从句。如： 　　I have lived in Shanghai since I was ten years old. 我从十岁起就住在上海。 ②说明“到说话时为止，已完成了多少”。即句中，含有表示“完成了多少”的宾语或表示动作发生次数的状语。如： 　I have read the book three times. 这本书我看了三遍。

第三、注意归纳基本句型结构 现在完成时的否定结构就是在助动词have或has后加上否定词not；其一般疑问句就是将助动词have或has提到句首，肯定的简略回答是：Yes，主语＋have/has.，否定的简略回答是：No，主语＋have/has not.。如： 　　I have seen the film. →Have you seen the film？ Yes， I have./No， I haven’t.

第四、注意搜集其常见标志 现在完成时就“以往的经历”而言，常见标志词语有：before，never，recently，ever，already，yet，just等等。如： 　　I have already done the problem. 这道题我做过了。 “完成情况”方面常见标志的有：since，“for＋时间段”，from…on，so far，once，twice等等。如： 　　I have lived in this city since I was born. 我从出生就住在这座城市。

第五、注意延续性动词和短暂性动词的用法 1. 短暂性动词与短暂性时间(时间点)连用。如： 　　He joined the Party three years ago. 他入党三年了。(他三年前入党的) 2. 用“It is/has been＋时间段＋since…”句型。如： 　　It is/has been three years since I bought the book. 这本书我买了三年了。(从买这本书起到现在已三年了) 3. 用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点”。如： 　　He has been in the Greener China for three years./He has been a member of the Greener China fot three years. 他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。

Exercises： 1．So far，she _______ her holiday very much． A．has not enjoyed B．did not enjoy C．doesn't enjoy D．was not enjoying 2．John caught a cold on Saturday and _______ in bed ever since． A．was B．has been C．is D．have been 3．All of those houses _______ in the past ten years． A．were built B．had been built C．have been built D．have built A B C

D 4．I _______ to speak to you for these days． A．want B．wanted C．had wanted D．have wanted 5．This is the first time that I _______ really relaxed for months． A．had felt B．felt C．have felt D．am feeling 6．There _______ a lot of changes in our city recently． A．are B．have been C．has been D．were C B

7．It's one of the most interesting books that _______． A．I've ever read B．I read C．I had ever read D．I am reading 8．"Where is your uncle's home？"" _______ in Boston for the past four years．" A．He's lived B．He's living C．He lived D．He lives A A

训练 用括号中所给的动词的适当形式完成下列句子。 1. Mary ____(lose) her pen yesterday. ____ you _____ (see) it here and there? 2. ____ you ____ (find) your watch yet? 3. ---Are you thirsty? ---NO, I ____ just ____ (have) some orange. 4. We _____already ____ (return) the book. 5. _____ they ____ (build) a new school in the village?

6. ---Has Tom taught you English? ---Yes, he ______ (teach) us English for two years. 7. I ______(not finish) my homework yet. Can you help me? 8. What ______ they _____ (do) with the newspaper? They have read them. 9. --- The door is open. Who ______ (open) it? Do you know? --- Sorry, I don’t know. 10. My father _____ (read) the novel twice.

(A)用already，yet或still填空。 1. The old man is _____ living. 训练： (A)用already，yet或still填空。 1. The old man is _____ living. 2. He wears that old coat ______. 3. I have not _____ heard from him. 4. Have your parents come back ________? 5. If he hasn’t seen the film ______ , I may give him a ticket. 6. I have not heard the story_____. 7. He has ______ turned on the light. 8. They are _____ here. still still yet yet yet yet already still

B) 试做下列练习（用for或since填空） 1. He has lived in Nanjing ______ two years ago. 2. I’ve known him ______ we were children. 3. Our teacher has studied Japanese ______ three years. 4. She has been away from the city _______ about ten years. 5. It’s about ten years ______ she left the city. since since for for since

© 1. Wu Dong _____(be) a soldier for one year. 2. The students ______(study) in the middle school since last month. 3. How long ______ you ______(know) him? 4. Mike ______ (make) quite a few friends since he came to China. 5. I _____(give) my friend a nice book recently. 6. Li Ping and Wu Dong ______(see) the old man three times. 7. _____ she ever _____(teach) you English? 8. These children _____ (stay) in the park for two hours.

现在完成时的典型错误分析 １．你看过这部电影了吗？ Did you see the film? Have you seen the film? 析：see该动作所产生的结果现在还存在，即对电影内容了解。所以要用现在完成时。 ２．你什么时候学会这个词？ When have you learnt the word? when did you learn the word? 析：疑问副词一般不能与现在完成时连用。 (wrong) (right) (wrong) (right)

３．——你看这部电影了吗？ ——看过了。 ——你在哪儿看的？ ——我在北京看的。 ——Have you seen the film? ——Yes I have. ——Where have you seen it? ——I have seen it in Beijing. ——Where did you see it? ——I saw it in Beijing. 析：两人对话时常用现在完成时询问，但一旦情况了解了，侧重点便转入过去动作本身，这时就要用一般过去时了。 (wrong) (wrong) (right) (right)

他去北京三年了。 It was three days since he left for Beijing. It's或has been three days since he left for Beijing. 析：“it…＋若干时间＋since…”句型里，主句一般用一般现在时，也可以用现在完成时。Since从句的时态要用一般过去时。 (F) (T)

Li Ming has once lived here. Li Ming once lived here. 李明曾在这儿住过。 Li Ming has once lived here. Li Ming once lived here. 析：once当“曾经”解时，表示有过某种经验经历，要用一般过去时，如果要用现在完成时，可以把once改为ever，如Li Ming has ever lived here. (F) (T)