管 理 學 第四章 國際管理：全球環境 Managing in a Global Environment Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another. — Geert Hofstede 任維廉

Who owns what? (p.120) 外商公司vs.本土企業 What’s Your Global Perspective? (p.123) The Global Marketplace: Opportunities and Challenges “culture shock”? national culture vs. organization culture

綱 要 4.1 全球視野 VS. 偏狹地域觀念 4.2 變遷的全球環境 4.3 國際化之三階段 4.4 外國環境之管理

4.1 全球視野 Parochialism Is viewing the world solely through its own eyes and perspectives. Is not recognizing that others have different ways of living and working. 討論： 從美國看天下？北、西半球？ 從台北看天下？南部？ EAST, WCTR, HKSTS, CIT, 世界是平的，只要有網路和雄心。也是圓的（馮國經）。 聯合國考題：你對於世界糧食短缺問題的看法。 全世界的夜景（東方明珠），宗教禁忌，日本習俗， 不雅的手勢。

討論：Usama bin Laden, Jr., 西班牙姓名

Adopting a Global Perspective Ethnocentric Attitude, 種族優越中心 The parochialistic belief that the best work approaches and practices are those of the home country. Polycentric Attitude,多中心 The view that the managers in the host country know the best work approaches and practices for running their business. Geocentric Attitude, 地球為中心 A world-oriented view that focuses on using the best approaches and people from around the globe.

Multinational Corporation (MNC): Maintains operations in multiple countries. 1. Multidomestic Corporation: Is an MNC that decentralizes management and other decisions to the local country. 2. Global Company: Is an MNC that centralizes its management and other decisions in the home country. 3. Transnational Corporation (Borderless Organization): Is an MNC that has eliminated structural divisions that impose artificial geographic barriers and is organized along business lines that reflect a geocentric attitude.

4.2 變遷的全球環境： 區域貿易聯盟 Regional Trading Agreements 1. 歐盟(EU), The European Union, A unified economic and trade entity, Economic and monetary union (Euro) 2. 北美自由貿易協定(NAFTA), North American Free Trade Agreement, Eliminated barriers to free trade (tariffs, import licensing requirements, and customs user fees), United States, Canada, and Mexico 3.東協(ASEAN), Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Trading alliance of 10 Southeast Asian nations, 加一，三， 六 African Union, Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur), 蘇東坡？

European Union Countries

Mercousur Members

ASEAN Members

The World Trade Organization (WTO) Evolved from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995. Functions as the only global organization dealing with the rules of trade among nations. Has 149 member nations and 32 observer governments. 討論：FTA,   Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement,   Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement, CECA   Economic cooperation Framework Agreement, ECFA

G8 峰會 (Group of Eight) 八大工業國組織 英國, 法國, 德國, 美國, 日本, 義大利, 加拿大, 俄羅斯

G-20 G-20擁有全球65%的人口，85%經濟活動 阿根廷,澳大利亞,巴西,加拿大,中國 歐盟,法國,德國,印度,印尼 義大利,日本,韓國,墨西哥,俄羅斯 沙烏地阿拉伯,南非,土耳其,英國,美國 G-20擁有全球65%的人口，85%經濟活動

4.3 國際化之三階段 How Organizations Go Global 外包 進出口，授權，特許加盟 策略聯盟，合資，外國子公司

4.3 國際化之三階段 討論： 1. 在全球市場排名第一、二位的台灣製造業產品？ 2. 捷安特傳奇：Giant全球品牌經營學(天下文化) 3. Smile curve, 台灣十大國際品牌？

十大台灣國際品牌 1.趨勢科技 6.巨大機械 2.華碩電腦 7.明基電通 3.宏碁公司 8.合勤科技 4.康師傅 9.聯強國際 5.正新橡膠 10.威盛電子

台灣傳統產業之發展軌跡 從小開始， 為外國客戶代工（成為OEM）， 跨國分工， 投入研發設計， 掌握核心客戶（成為ODM）， 提升台灣為營運總部， 自建品牌通路。

4.4 外國環境之管理 1. 政法、經濟環境 2. 文化環境 個人、集體主義 權力差距 不確定之規避 成就或教養（重量或質，陽剛、陰柔） 長、短期導向 補充資料：南斯拉夫鈔票，女人女人

Managing in A Global Environment The Legal Environment Stability or instability of legal and political systems Legal procedures are established and followed Fair and honest elections held on a regular basis Differences in the laws of various nations Effects on business activities Effects on delivery of products and services

The Economic Environment Economic Systems Market economy An economy in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by the private sector. Command economy An economy in which all economic decisions are planned by a central government. Monetary and Financial Factors Currency exchange rates, Inflation rates, Diverse tax policies

The Cultural Environment National Culture Is the values and attitudes shared by individuals from a specific country that shape their behavior and their beliefs about what is important. May have more influence on an organization than the organization culture.

Exhibit 4–6 What Are Americans Like Americans are very informal. Americans are direct. Americans are competitive. Americans are achievers. Americans are independent and individualistic. Americans are questioners. Americans dislike silence. Americans value punctuality. Americans value cleanliness.

Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures Individualism versus Collectivism Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Achievement versus Nurturing Long-Term versus Short-Term Orientation

Examples of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Source: Based on G. Hofstede, “Motivation, Leadership, and Organization: Do American Theories Apply Abroad?” Organizational Dynamics, Summer 1980, pp. 42–63.

Exhibit 4–8 GLOBE Highlights Source: M. Javidan and R. J. House, “Cultural Acumen for the Global Manager: Lessons from Project GLOBE,” Organizational Dynamics, Spring 2001, pp. 289–305. Copyright © 2001. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier.

Global Management in Today’s World Challenges Openness associated with globalization Significant cultural differences (e.g., Americanization) Adjusting leadership styles and management approaches Risks Loss of investments in unstable countries Increased terrorism Economic interdependence

補充：Team work 1. Case study: a manager’s dilemma(p.119) 2. Thinking critically about ethics(p.132) 3. Internet-based exercise (p.138) Geert Hofstede, 捷安特傳奇，外派人選, IDS（利豐） 4. Team-based exercise (P.141)

回顧 比較：1. 全球視野 VS. 偏狹地域觀點 2. 國家 VS. 組織文化 3. 文化衝擊 (culture shock)

補充：改變全球經濟板塊的因素 海洋世紀，工業革命 資本主義 資訊科技：網路，通訊 討論：遙測 (remote sensor) 技術，GPS， GIS，Digital Earth

國家優勢的關鍵要素：Porter’s 鑽石模型， 一流大學，創投資金，創業精神，具成長潛力之大市場，國際優秀人才齊聚，自創品牌精神。

補充：北美、歐盟以外的第三勢力 1. 日本 2. 四小龍（儒家動態主義或 GLOBE） 3. 中國 (BRICs) 4. 亞洲、太平洋盆地 討論：1. 洋人如何分辨東方來的觀光客？ 2. 龍的傳人，洗門風

Terms to Know parochialism ethnocentric attitude polycentric attitude geocentric attitude European Union (EU) Euro North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) World Trade Organization (WTO) multinational corporations (MNCs) multidomestic corporation global company transnational or borderless organization born globals global sourcing exporting importing licensing franchising strategic alliances joint venture foreign subsidiary market economy command economy national culture GLOBE wikis blogs