过去完成时

过去完成时 一 .构成： 肯定句 (had + 动词过去分词)：By the end of last month we had/ we'd studied four units. 否定句 (hadn’t + 动词过去分词)：Before 1988, I had not/ hadn't heard of him. 一般疑问句：Had you left when he arrived? Yes, I had./ No, I hadn't. 特殊疑问句：Why had she done a lot of training before she sailed?

二.用法：描述在过去某一时间以前完成的动作或事件。如： One of the men couldn't move because he had broken his leg. (过去的过去) （过去） （现在） Man broke leg. Man could not move. Now I am reporting it. 注意：并不是过去完成的动作就用过去完成时。它是一个相对的时态，强调在过去某一时 间点或动作之前发生的动作。如只说明过去完成了某动作，应用一般过去时，如说明对现在而言，已经完成的动作，用现在完成时.比较:

He has seen the film. (对现在而 言) He had seen the film before he came here. (对过去的动作 came而言) He saw the film in 1998. (过去 某一确定的时间发生的动作)

三. no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when等 词连接两个过去动作时，先发成的动作通常用过去完成时。 e.g. No sooner had I sat down than the telephone rang.

四. 过去某一时间点可以用by, by the end of, before,等时间短语表示,如：They had made 10,000 TV sets by the end of last month. 也可以用主句或从句中的另一个动词过去时表示。如果主句和从句的动作都发生在过去，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。

Before he visited Polly, he had called her. (call 在 visit 之前) After she had trained hard, she left on the trip. (train 在 leave 之前) She did a lot of training because she had never sailed. (never sail在do training 之前) I thanked Mr.Smith who had given me so much help. (give 在 thank 之前) The boy said that he had never done such a bad thing. (never do 在 say 之前)

考点：过去完成时与一般过去时的用法辨析。 1. More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year. A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent B 本题不少学生会误选D因为他们以为发生在过去某时i的动作就该用过去完成时, 其实这正是一般过去时的典型用法, 不是过去完成时的用法.

C 2. He ___ more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15. A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned 本题是过去完成时的典型用法，进入大学是一过去动作，用一般过去时而已学5000多英语单词则是在进大学之前就已发生的另一过去动作，用过去完成时。用过去完成时必须有两个过去动作，第一个动作或时间用一般过去时或时间状语表示，第二个更早的动作即“过去之过去”，才用过去完成时。

She ___her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job. A. would change B. has changed C. changed D. was changing C 改变发型时间在前，来重庆找工作在后。改变理应用过去完成时，但before, after, until, as soon as 引导的时间状语从句由于连词本身的词义已经把动作的时间关系表达清楚所以从句动词也可用一般过去时替代过去完成时。

4. We ____that John would become a doctor, but he was not good enough at science. A.hope B. had hoped C. hoped D. have hoped B wish, hope, want, intend, mean, plan, expect等动词的过去完成时常表示未能实现的愿望、希望、意图、打算, 计划, 期盼等，汉语可译成“本来希望、本来打算、本来想、原来的意图是、本来计划、原本期望”等。这些动词的一般过去时+不定式的完成式也可表达同样的意思。

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