句子成分的倒装（2）
（3）“分词+助动词(is/are)+主语” 注意：① 这里的助动词“be”有时也可是将来时形式“will be”或现在完成时形式“has [have] been”。 ② 汉译时，一般可把“分词”看成“what”从句来译，而把助动词“be”当成连系动词来译。
A、“分词”为现在分词的情况 Orbiting(绕…转) the nucleus(原子核) are negative(负的) charged(带电的) particles(粒子) called electrons. （汉译时可等效于“What orbit the nucleus are …”） Surrounding(环绕) the earth is a layer(层) of air of unknown thickness(未知厚度). （汉译时可等效于“What surrounds the earth is …”）
B、“分词”为过去分词的情况（常见） Shown in Fig. 1 – 1 is the block diagram(方框图) of a digital(数字的) computer. （汉译时可等效于“What is shown in Fig. 1 – 1 is …”） Also included(包括) in Chapter(章) 14 are discussions(讨论) of arithmetic circuits(运算电路) and digital filters(数字式滤波器).
(4)“状语/there + 被动语态谓语 + 主语” 注意：① 这种句型从被动句的主语与谓语两者的位置倒置来说，可属于“全倒装”；但由于其谓语部分本身并没有发生到装（也就是说，过去分词并没有倒放在助动词“be”之前），所以也可把这句型看成是属于“部分倒装”的。它与上面讲到的“分词 + 助动词‘be’+主语”全倒装句型是不完全一样的。
② 这里的“状语”主要是“介词短语”，个别情况下是“副词”。 A、“介词短语”处于句首的情况 ① 在主语中 By linear operation(线性工作) is meant(意味着) the ability(能力) of an amplifier(放大器) to amplify a signal(信号) with little or no distortion(失真). Into the ends(端) of the hose(软管) are thrust(插) glass tubes(玻璃管) 10 to 12 inches(英寸) long.
② 在定语从句中 Fig. 2 – 1 represents(表示) a conductor(导体) of irregular(不规则的) shape(形状), to which has been given a charge(电荷) q. Fig. 2 – 5 shows a block(木块) on which are exerted(施加) two forces(力) F1 and F2.
B、“副词”开头的情况（不多见） Below(下面) is shown the circuit(电路) for anode(阳极) neutralization(中和). It is here that is found(发现) the source(源) of the energy that the sun constantly(不断地) pours out(辐射) into space(太空) as light and heat.
C、引导词“there”开头的情况 注意：不要把这句型误认为是“there be（存在）”句型，这里的“be (is; are; has been等)”是助动词，它与“there”没有关系，而是与其后面的过去分词构成被动语态。这个“there”从语法上说可看成是一个“形式主语”。 In Fig. 1 – 1 there is shown an oscillator(振荡器) using a small capacitor(电容器) and an inductor(电感器). There are left(留下) only the lowest group of frequencies(频率) and the highest group.
(5)“so +表语（一般为形容词）+ is [are] + 主语 + that从句” So small are atoms(原子) that we cannot see them with our naked eyes(肉眼). So fast are electronic computers that hours, minutes and seconds are all much too long to measure(测量) their speed.