Part2 考点15 Part2 语法专题 考点15 省略
对省略句的考查在湖南高考中主要出现在单项填空部分。 1.主要考查的知识点: (1)主语、谓语的省略 (2)动词不定式的省略 复习重点: (1)在从句中省略主语、谓语的情形 (2)不定式省略to以及后面动词的情形 (3)其他特殊的省略方式
2.如何应对省略句的考查 解题时,首先认真分析题干句的句子结构,找出被省略的部分,把省略的句子补充完整,结合4个选项,判断空格处该选用哪个选项。
(2009·湖南)Every evening after dinner, if not ______ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog. A. being tired B. tiring C. tired D. to be tired 思路点拨:分析题干句,if not明显为省略形式,结合题干句主句部分,将if not部分补充完整为if I am not…, 可判断C项为正确选项。
在英语中,为了避免结构上或内容上的重复,并使上下文连接紧密;或因为语法的客观要求,句子中的某一个或某几个成分不需要表达出来,这种现象称为省略。 省略要求保持语法结构完整,保持句子意义的准确,常用于口语交际之中。英语的省略大致有以下几种情况:
熟 读 深 思 简单句中的省略 (1) Open your books and listen to me, please. (2) — Jack would go to the Expo next week. — Me, too. (3) — Would you go to the movies this evening? — I'd love to. (4) Another apple, please.
归 纳 总 结 规则1:省略主语 在生活交流中,尤其在祈使句中,动作的执行者明了,因此常被省略,如:(1)。 规则2:省略谓语 在某些特定的环境中,由于语言所指清楚,为了避免重复,常将谓语动词省略,留下主语和其他成分;如果谓语部分全部省略,而只留下主语时,主语代词用宾格,如:(2)。
归 纳 总 结 规则3:省略宾语 当上下文宾语一致时,下文常省略宾语,如:(3)。 规则4:省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分) 在某些具体的场合下,主语和谓语都很明确,于是为了简单或情感亲切等,可将主语和谓语同时省略,只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分,如:(4)。
熟 读 深 思 2. 并列句中的省略 (1)He teaches English and his brother maths. (2)They walked, talked and laughed on their way there. (3)He was born and died in that house.
归 纳 总 结 规则1:省略谓语 在并列句中,如果后面的分句与前面的分句有相同的谓语,后面分句的谓语动词则常被省略掉,以免重复,如:(1)。 规则2:省略主语 当表示同一个人所做的几件事情时,后面分句的主语常被省略,如:(2)。 规则3:省略状语 当表示在同一个地方所发生的事情时,则将其中一个分句的状语省略,如:(3)。
熟 读 深 思 3. 状语从句中的省略 (1) When (she was) asked, she didn't answer a word. (2) Once seeing her, you will like her. (3) More people die in the car accident than are killed in air. (4) He likes dogs more than cats. (5) It is colder in Beijing than in Hunan. (6) Should it rain tomorrow,we would have to put off the visit till next week. (7) Child as he is, he knows a lot.
归 纳 总 结 规则1:省略从句的主语和be动词 在由when, while, as, once, whenever引导的时间状语从句;由if, unless引导的条件状语从句;由though, although, even if, even though引导的让步状语从句;由as though, as if, as引导的方式状语从句;由because引导的原因状语从句;由wherever引导的地点状语从句中;主从句的主语相同或从句的主语是it,且谓语中含有be时,常省略从句的主语和be,如:(1)。
归 纳 总 结 规则2:省略从句的主语 (1)在时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中,当从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,可将从句的主语省略,而将从句的谓语动词变为动词ing形式,如:(2)。 (2)在比较状语从句中,当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,从句的主语可以省略,如:(3)。 规则3:省略从句的主语和谓语 在比较状语从句或对话中,往往将从句中与主句或答话中与问话相同的主语和谓语省略,留下宾语,如:(4)。
归 纳 总 结 规则4:省略主语、谓语、宾语(表语) 在对话或时间、条件、让步、方式、比较等状语从句中,如果从句的主语、谓语、宾语(表语)与主句一致,则可省略,只留下状语,如:(5)。 规则5:其他的省略 (1)虚拟条件句中,were, should, had时,若将它们提到句首,则需省略if,如:(6)。 (2)在as引导的让步状语从句中,当作表语的单数名词提前时,不定冠词要省略,如:(7)。
熟 读 深 思 4. 限定性定语从句中的省略 (1) The story (that /which) he is reading was written by Luxun. (2) He is such a boy as was reported on TV last night. (3) What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.
归 纳 总 结 规则1:省略关系代词 在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom可以省略,如:(1)。 规则2:从句中主语、宾语或表语的省略 在以the same… as和such… as引导的定语从句中,可以省略与主句相同的部分,如:(2)。 规则3:关系副词的省略 the way后面的定语从句中,可以省略关系副词that或in which,如:(3)。
熟 读 深 思 5. 名词性从句中的省略 (1) He said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel. (2) Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who.
归 纳 总 结 规则1:引导宾语从句的连词that在口语中常常省略,或并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也能省略,如:(1)。 规则2:作宾语的wh从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同,则wh从句的谓语,甚至主语可以省略,如:(2)。 规则3:在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中,从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。
熟 读 深 思 6. 动词不定式中的省略 (1) I consider him stupid. (2) I'll have Hudson show you to your room. (3) The children were made to work more than 16 hours a day. (4) We can do nothing now but wait. (5) I'm really puzzled what to think or say. (6) I came not to scold but to praise you. (7) Why not try it again? (8) — Did you get a ticket? — No, I meant to, but there weren't any left.
熟 读 深 思 (9) You can go and play football if you want. (10) I don't want to wait for him, but I have to. (11) The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to. (12) — Could you go shopping with me? — I'm glad to (go shopping with you). (13) The only thing you have to do is press the button. (14) — Are you a doctor? — No, but I used to be.
归 纳 总 结 规则1:to be的省略 有些动词,如:believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略,如:(1)。 规则2:小品词to的省略 (1)在see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感观动词及使役动词let, make, have 后的“宾语 + 动词不定式作宾语补足语”的结构中,不定式符号to须省略,但这类结构变成被动语态时,其后的不定式要还原加上to,如:(2)、(3)。
归 纳 总 结 (2)在can not but, can not choose but, can do nothing but…, can't help but…, prefer to do rather than do…, would do… rather than…之后的动词不定式一般不带to,如:(4)。 【注意】 在“动词+something/nothing/anything/everything + but”结构中,若but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done时,but后面的不定式的to须省略,否则要带to。 (3)在并列结构中为了避免重复,后一个to省略,如:(5)。
归 纳 总 结 但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时,则后一个to不能省略,如:(6)。 (4)在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中,后跟的动词不定式须省略to,如:(7)。 规则3:不定式中动词的省略 (1)动词不定式在like, love, care, want, hope, wish, expect, prefer, refuse, decide, mean, intend, try, promise, wish, hope, plan等动词后作宾语时,为了避免重复,常承前省略不定式后的内容,但要保留不定式符号to,如:(8)。
归 纳 总 结 【注意】 在when, if, what, as 引导的从句中,want, like后的不定式符号to也常省略,如:(9)。 (2)be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等后面不定式动词若与前面的动词相同,则其后的动词常被省略,只留下不定式符号to,如:(10)。 (3)动词不定式在 ask, warn, tell, advise, force, wish, expect, allow, permit, invite, persuade, order, would like, forbid等动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时,如果作宾语补足语的不定式中,其动词与前面的动词相同。为了避免重复,补足语不定式常省略动词原形,而保留不定式符号to,如:(11)。
归 纳 总 结 (4)在“系动词(be)+ 形容词”,即“be afraid / ready / glad / happy / willing”等后面接不定式,为了避免重复,常省略与上文相同的动词,只留下不定式符号to,如:(12)。 (5)主语部分有to do, 系动词是is或was时,作表语的不定式通常省去,如:(13)。 【注意】 承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be,则要保留be或have,如:(14)。
熟 读 深 思 7. 某些词法上的省略 (1) These are John's books and those are Mary's. (2) He was at the doctor's then. (3) We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day. (4) She sings best in the class.
熟 读 深 思 (5) Our teacher came in, book in hand. =Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand. (6) Both (of) the films were interesting. (7) She invited both of us to her birthday party. (8) They have lasted a long time. (9) The letter was posted yesterday. (10) I have some difficulty answering the question.
归 纳 总 结 规则1:名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略: (1)如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现,则可以省略,如:(1)。 (2) 名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略,如:(2)。 规则2:冠词的省略 在the next day (morning, week, year…)等短语中,有时为了使语气紧凑,定冠词the 常可以省略,如:(3)。
归 纳 总 结 (2)在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略,如:(4)。 (3)在某些独立主格结构中,如:(5)。 规则3:介词的省略 (1)在both跟“of+名词或代词”中,若接名词时,介词of可以省略;但接代词时,of不能省略,如:(6)、(7)。
归 纳 总 结 (2)在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中,一段时间前的介词for可以省略,如:(8)。 (3)被动结构中,如果没有必要强调动作的执行者,则可以省略介词by短语,如:(9)。 (4)和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词,如:consider… (as)…, prevent / stop… (from)doing…, have trouble / difficulty… (in) doing…,spend… (in / on) doing… 等中的介词可以省略,如:(10)。
熟 读 深 思 8. 替代性省略 (1)— Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? — I suppose not. (2) — He can sing this song in English. — So can I.
归 纳 总 结 规则1:在一些交际用语中的某些动词,如:think, suppose, expect, believe, guess等后常常和so, not等连用,以替代上文出现的内容,如:(1)。 规则2:“So / Nor (Neither) +谓语+主语”这种句型,表明前面提到的情况也适用于后者,如:(2)。