中考语法聚集系列微课一 名 词 江西省遂川县教研室 刘崇江

知识清单 名词是表示人、事物、地点、现象、品质或动作名称的词，属于实词。分析历届中考试题可知，名词的考试重点主要涉及名词复数形式的构成、名词所有格、不可数名词量的表示法以及近义词辨析等。而词义理解、不可数名词量的表示法、名词双重所有格等则是近年来中考的考查热点，并且我们发现如下常考的高频名词： 常考的可数名词 menu, chance, mistake, experiment, plan, reason, choice等 常考的不可数名词 news, information, space, paper, advice等 常考的名词类别 食物类：如fish, noodles, rice, chicken, hamburgers等 饮料类：如tea, coffee, juice, milk, water等 地点类：如cinema, hospital, restaurant, bank等

考点一◎词义理解 1. 一词多义辨析 一词多义指某个名词具有两种或两种以上的常用意义，在不同的语言环境中使用不同的意义。如： hand手；帮助 orange橘子；橘子汁；橘色 fish鱼；鱼肉 chicken小鸡；鸡肉 paper纸；报纸；试卷 exercise锻炼；练习 glass 玻璃；玻璃杯 ① ---Mum, I’ve heard that we can’t eat ___A___ these days. Is it true? ---Take it easy. It is safe to eat cooked meat. （2013广东） A. chicken B. chickens C. a chicken D. the chicken

考点一◎词义理解 2. 近义词辨析 近义词是指某几个名词在意义上比较接近，但使用范围不同。这也是中考常见的考点，尤其是下列几组名词： (1) home, family, house (2) problem, question, trouble (3) job, work (4) sound, voice, noise (5) advice, suggestion ② Hangzhou is __A___ to hundreds of foreign friends who are working and studying here. （2013浙江杭州） A. home B. house C. family D. room

考点一◎词义理解 3. 语境辨词 所谓语境辨词，就是运用我们的生活经验、知识积累，根据上下文推测出空格处所要表达的意思，选择正确的词，如：我们渴了需要水(water)、饮料(tea, coffee, juice等)；寄信要去邮局(post office)；取钱需要去银行(bank)。 ③ Lee is new in Nanchang. Maybe he needs a ___C____for sightseeing. （2013江西） A. watch B. ticket C. map D. notebook

考点二◎可数名词如何变复数 名词分可数名词和不可数名词两大类。可数名词有单、复数之分；而不可数名词没有复数形式。可数名词变复数时有规则变化和不规则变化两种： 1. 规则变化 ⑴一般情况下直接在词尾加-s，在元音或浊辅音后面读[z]，在清辅音后读[s]，在[t]后与[t]一起读[ts], 在[d]后与[d]一起读[dz]。如：book→books, bag→bags, bed→beds； ⑵ 以s, x, sh, ch 结尾的词，在结尾加-es，读[iz]，如：bus→buses, watch→watches, box→boxes； ⑶ 以f 或fe结尾的词，先将 f 或fe 变成v ，再在词尾加–es ，读[vz]如：thief→thieves, leaf→leaves, knife→knives； [口诀记忆] 树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去杀狼，架后小偷逃命忙。( leaf, half, self, wife, knife, wolf, shelf, thief, life) ⑷ 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词改y为i，再在词尾加-es，读[iz]，如：city→cities, country→countries； ⑸ 以“辅音字母＋o”结尾的名词（多数情况下）在词尾加-es；读[z]；以“元音字母＋o”结尾的词在词尾加-s，读[s]。如：hero→heroes, tomato→tomatoes, potato→potatoes, photo→photos, radio→radios [口诀记忆] 英雄吃马铃薯炖土豆。(hero, tomato, potato) ④ The underlined part in the word “watches” is pronounced as ___D___. (2013四川宜宾) A. /es/ B. /z/ C. /s/ D. /iz/ ⑤ There are some __C__ on the floor. （2013四川南充） A. milk B. child C. boxes

考点二◎可数名词如何变复数 2. 不规则变化 (1) 改变其中的元音字母。 改a为e，如：man→men, policeman→policemen; 改oo为ee，如：foot→feet, tooth→teeth等。 (2) 表示各国人的名词复数形式：Chinese, Japanese等名词的单复数形式相同，American, Australian, Canadian, German等在后面加上-s。特别地，German的复数不可写作Germen。 [口诀记忆]中日不变英法变，其余-s加后面。 (3) 其它单复数同形的名词还有fish, sheep, deer等； (4) 其它特殊变化，如：child→children, mouse→mice(老鼠)→mouses (鼠标). (4) 由两个或两个以上的名词所构成的复合名词其复数一般只将主要的一个名词变为复数形式。如：banana tree→banana trees, boy student→boy students, girl friend→girl friends. sports meeting→sports meetings. 但如果是由man或woman所构成的复合名词，则两个名词需同时变为复数形式。如： man teacher→men teachers, woman doctor→women doctors. 另外，注意这种构词法：“数词+名词（+形容词）”，相当于一个形容词，其中的名词只可用单数形式，而不可用复数形式。如：a two-metre-long ruler 一把两米长的尺子。 ⑥ ---Are there any ____B_____in your school? （2013四川广安） ---Yes, there are. A. Germen B. Germans C. German ⑦ ----Where are the ____D______students? -----They are playing football with _______students from Hilltop School. (2013山东青岛) A. boys, / B. boys, the C. boy, / D. boy, the ⑧ Kate is ____B____ girl. She’s very happy at school. (2013贵州安顺) A. a eighteen-year-old B. an eighteen-year-old C. an eighteen-years-old D. a eighteen-years-old

考点三◎不可数名词及其量的表示 1. 不可数名词的分类 物质 食物 bread, meat, rice, cheese, fish, beef 名词 饮料 milk, water, Cola, coffee, wine, tea 自然 air, soil, sand, wood 抽象 情感 love, friendship, joy, happiness 名词 概念 exercise, knowledge, energy, population 学科 maths, geography, physics, chemistry ⑨----Would you like some _____D_____? -----No, thanks. I’m not hungry at all. （2013浙江宁波） A. water B. soup C. orange D. bread

考点三◎不可数名词及其量的表示 2. 不可数名词量的表示方法 不可数名词前可以用much, little, a little等修饰，some和any既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。如果是想表示不可数名词具体的数量，可以用“不定冠词/基数词+计量词+of+不可数名词”。若想表达量的复数概念，只需要把计量词变为复数。 ⑩ I’m so hungry. Please give me _____B_____ to eat. （2013四川遂宁） A. three bread B. three pieces of bread C. three pieces of breads

考点四◎名词所有格 名词所有格用来表示所有关系，一般用’s和of来表示名词的所有格。 (1) 大多数情况下在名词后面加’s。如：Tom’s book汤姆的书；his father’s car他父亲的车；today’s newspaper今天的报纸。 (2) 以s结尾的复数名词只需要加“’ ”。如：Teachers’ Day教师节；the twins’ room双胞胎的房间。 (3) 表两人共有的，只需要在后一个名字后面加’s ；不是两人共有的，两个名字后面均要加’s 。如：Jim and Kate’s father 吉姆和凯特的父亲；Liu Mei’s and Lucy’s father刘梅的父亲和露西的父亲。 2. 无生命的名词一般用of格 如：the window of the classroom教室的窗户；the leaves of the tree树叶。（注意中英文顺序不同）

考点四◎名词所有格 3. 双重所有格 “of+名词所有格”或“of+名词性物主代词”构成，主要用于表示人的所有关系，用法有： (1)双重所有格中’s前面的名词必须是一个明确限定的指人的名词，同时of前面必须是不确定的名词。如：a brother of my father’s 我父亲的一个兄弟 Some friends of mine 我的几个朋友 (2) 有时双重所有格所修饰的名词与指示代词或形容词连用时往往带有赞赏、厌恶、不满等感情色彩。如：Look at that lovely baby of her sister’s. 看她姐姐的那个可爱的婴儿。 ----Whose room is this? (2013四川广安) -----It’s ____B_____. A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily’s ----____C____book case is this? (2013贵州安顺) ----It must be__________. A. Who’s, Tom B. Who’s, Tom’ C. Whose, Tom’s D. Whose, Tom

考点专练 ( A )1. Could you speak in a loud __________? We can’t hear you clearly. A. voice B. noise C. sound D. shout ( A )2. Look at the kites! They are in different _______: red, yellow, blue… A. colors B. sizes C. prices D. names ( D )3. There are two ________teachers and ten ________ students reading in the library. A. woman; girl B. men; girls C. woman; girls D. men; girl ( C )4. ----Please eat more ________, it’s good for your health. ---OK, I will. A. vegetables B. orange C. fish D. ice cream ( D )5. ----Oh, my God! I have lost my ticket to the movie. What should I do? ----I’m afraid you have no _________ but to buy another one. A. decision B. reason C. information D. choice

考点专练 ( B )6. I don’t have much colored ________. Could you please give me some more? A. bags B. paper C. erasers D. rulers ( A )7. ----Do you like fruit? ----Yes, I like _________best. A. pears B. bread C. chicken D. potatoes ( D )8. Boys, I have _________. Please come over and I will show them to you. A. a new story book B. some nice bread C. some delicious food D. some old pictures ( C )9. ---Is there a _______near here? I want to post a letter to my sister. ----Yes, there is one next to our school. A. museum B. bank C. post office D. theatre ( A )10. ----Would you like something to drink, boys? ----Yes, ________, please. A. two bottles of milk B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes D. some oranges

考点专练 ( C )11. In _______time, those bridges will be repaired, too. A. few years B. a few years C. a few years’ D. a few year’s ( D )12. ---I’ve got an “A” in the English test. -----That’s a good ________. You will certainly win a second time. A. news B. answer C. idea D. start ( B )13. There may be an _______for you to study in London this year. You shouldn’t lose it. A. advertisement B. opportunity C. experience D. organization ( B )14. This is _________ bedroom. They like it very much. A. Amy and Alice B. Amy and Alice’s C. Amy’s and Alice’s D. Amy’s and Alice ( D )15. Lucy and Lily are __________, and they are from Tokyo. A. Americans B. Frenchmen C. Chinese D. Japanese