抑郁焦虑yu睡眠障碍 兰州大学第二医院精神科 张 兰 教 授
睡眠障碍 1 睡眠障碍的发生机理 2 抑郁焦虑中的睡眠障碍 3 抑郁焦虑中睡眠障碍的治疗 4
睡眠障碍的分类 任何不正常的睡眠模式 任何睡眠中发生的特殊行为 躯体疾病/精神疾病/成瘾相关的睡眠障碍 其他原因导致的睡眠障碍 内源性: 外源性: 生物节奏紊乱: 任何睡眠中发生的特殊行为 躯体疾病/精神疾病/成瘾相关的睡眠障碍 其他原因导致的睡眠障碍
睡眠障碍的后果 睡眠障碍对于身体健康,工作能力以及生活质量造 成重大影响 在10778例,年龄35-59岁男性和女性群体中,六年 中睡眠障碍者患缺血性心脏病人数是正常睡眠者 两倍以上 胃肠道,肾脏,肌肉骨骼功能以及慢性疼痛均与睡 眠障碍有关
睡眠障碍的发生率 失眠 30%-35% 周期性腿部抽搐 5%-30% 不安腿综合症 5%-15% 睡眠无呼吸症 2%-4% 失眠 30%-35% 周期性腿部抽搐 5%-30% 不安腿综合症 5%-15% 睡眠无呼吸症 2%-4% 原发性打鼾症 45% Saddock BJ: Philadelphia 2003:1 Green MF:Schizophr Res 1999;35 55-62
失眠 失眠症状伴有明显的苦恼和功能损害,持续时间超过1个月
失眠严重降低生活质量 SF-36 评分 95 75 55 35 对照组 失眠 身体疼痛 一般健康 精神健康 情感职能 生理职能 社会功能 活力 生理功能 35 对照组 失眠
睡 眠 生 理 分 期 状态分期 EEG EOG EMG 松弛醒觉 (闭眼) 8 -13 CPS节律,枕部。 ( 或 快波 > 50%) 自主控制 自主运动,张力较高。 N-REM 75% Ⅰ期 (2-5%) 低电压,混合频率伴有(3-7 CPS)活动。(或快波<50%) 慢眼动 肌张力活动较醒觉降低。 Ⅱ 期 (45 – 55%) 背景:相对低电压,混合频率, 睡眠纺锤:12-14 CPS K综合:负向尖波随即的慢向正波,顶部为著。( < 3 mins) 偶有慢眼动 肌张力较低 Ⅲ 期 5-8% 高幅慢节律delta(≤2 CPS), 额部为著。20-50% 无 Ⅳ 期 10-15% Delta 活动 > 50% REM (25%) 低波幅混合频率,睡眠纺锤或K综合 > 3 mins。 快速眼动 肌张力抑制
睡眠的生理功能 促进机体生长发育(Ⅲ-IV) 保存脑部能量,使整体功能得到恢复(Ⅲ-IV睡眠) 促进脑功能发育(REM) 巩固记忆(REM) 调节内分泌、机体免疫力
睡眠构成 觉醒期—早醒 潜伏期—入睡困难 快波睡眠期—觉醒次数增多 深睡眠期—宿醉感,嗜睡
疾病睡眠构成 抑郁症—早醒 焦虑障碍—入睡困难 (非)苯二氮卓类药物 帕罗西汀 递质: 5-HT ,NE,乙酰胆碱 递质:5-HT 帕罗西汀 递质: GABA,诱导肽DSIP
睡眠障碍 1 睡眠障碍的发生机理 2 抑郁焦虑中的睡眠障碍 3 抑郁焦虑中睡眠障碍的治疗 4
抑郁症的临床症状的认识在不断深化,由传统的三低症状——当今的三维症状 抑郁症: 一个系统性疾病 抑郁症的临床症状的认识在不断深化,由传统的三低症状——当今的三维症状 核心症候群 躯体症候群 心理症候群
核心症状 情绪低落 兴趣减退、享乐不能 精力不足、过度疲乏
抑郁症病人伴发躯体症状的出现 睡眠障碍 98% 疲乏 83% 喉头及胸部缩窄感 75% 胃纳失常 71% 便秘 67% 体重减轻 63% 睡眠障碍 98% 疲乏 83% 喉头及胸部缩窄感 75% 胃纳失常 71% 便秘 67% 体重减轻 63% 头痛 42% 颈、背部疼痛 42% 胃肠症状 36% 心血管症状 25% 喉头及胸部 缩窄感 疲乏 睡眠障碍 胃纳失常 躯体症状 便秘……
睡眠障碍与心境障碍的关系 存在严重的睡眠障碍 慢性失眠往往伴发情绪障碍 后果:焦虑抑郁,恶性循 环,易形成药物依赖 抑郁症/焦虑症患者80-90% 存在严重的睡眠障碍 慢性失眠往往伴发情绪障碍 后果:焦虑抑郁,恶性循 环,易形成药物依赖 抑郁焦虑 慢性失眠
睡眠障碍与心境障碍的关系 失眠可以在系统有效抗抑郁治疗后持续存在 失眠是抑郁障碍的主要症状之一 心境障碍是慢性失眠最常见的原因 失眠是心境障碍发病的前驱症状或危险因素 失眠是抑郁复发的重要危险因素 失眠可以在系统有效抗抑郁治疗后持续存在
睡眠障碍是心境障碍最主要的躯体症状 男性 女性 住院 门诊 —— Hamilton research 抑郁症伴有睡眠障碍的发生率还是比较高的,大家熟悉的汉密尔顿量表来源于一个经典调查,此调查发现,在抑郁症患者中,伴有睡眠障碍的,男性占66%,女性占61%,门诊病人占65%,住院病人占90%。 —— Hamilton research
老年患者中的睡眠障碍和抑郁 No. of Patients Study Age Results Livingston 705 65 years et al1 Roberts 2,370 50 years et al2 睡眠障碍与目前和 未来的抑郁相关最强 Slide III-10. Sleep Disturbances and Depression in Older Adults The relationship between insomnia and depression has been studied in older adults. Using a validated and reliable semistructured interview, Livingston and associates studied whether sleep disturbances predict depression in elderly individuals. Their subjects were 705 Londoners 65 years of age or older. These investigators found that the strongest predictor of future depression in nondepressed older individuals was current sleep disturbance. In addition, for those with current sleep disturbance, the usual predictors of depression (being female, being disabled, being single, living alone, and older age) did not contribute further to their problem.1 With the use of surveys, Roberts and colleagues prospectively studied sleep complaints (insomnia and hypersomnia) and depression in 2,370 Californians 50 years of age or older. Sleep problems were predictive of depression occurring 1 year later. However, stronger predictors of future major depression included loss of feeling and pleasure, low self-esteem, psychomotor agitation, mood disturbances, and thoughts of death.2 The etiologic role of sleep disturbances in the development of depression is unknown. While sleep problems in older adults do not always result in a future depressive disorder, these studies underscore the importance of further examination to either rule out or identify an underlying psychiatric disorder in such patients. References 1. Livingston G, Blizard B, Mann A. Does sleep disturbance predict depression in elderly people? A study in inner London. Br J Gen Pract. 1993;43:445-448. 2. Roberts RE, Shema SJ, Kaplan GA, Strawbridge WJ. Sleep complaints and depression in an aging cohort: a prospective perspective. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:81-88. 睡眠障碍可预测1年 之后的抑郁发作 1. Livingston G et al. Br J Gen Pract. 1993;43:445-448. 2. Roberts RE et al. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:81-88.
青春期患者中的睡眠障碍和抑郁 No. of Patients Study Age Results Goetz et al1 70 Not specified 在正常青春期受试者、隐匿 抑郁和经典抑郁者中可见 EEG睡眠潜伏期和睡眠周期 的显著差异 (EEG analysis in adolescence and follow-up 10-15 years later) Slide III-11. Sleep Disturbances and Depression in Adolescents The relationship between insomnia and depression has been studied in adolescents. To evaluate premorbid polysomnographic signs in patients with depression, Goetz and associates performed a reanalysis of EEG sleep in 70 young adults who had been studied in their adolescence. The follow-up occurred 10 to 15 years (average, 11.7 years) after the initial study of adolescents with major depression and normal control subjects. The researchers found significant differences in sleep latency and sleep period time among normal adolescents, those with latent depression, and those with major depression.1 Through interviews and questionnaires, Roberts and colleagues studied 4,175 adolescents (follow-up, n = 3,136) between 11 and 17 years of age. The investigators concluded that insomnia was predictive of depressive symptoms and low self-esteem 1 year later.2 The etiologic role of sleep disturbances in the development of depression is unknown. While sleep problems in adolescents do not always result in a future depressive disorder, these studies underscore the importance of further examination to either rule out or identify an underlying psychiatric disorder in such patients. References 1. Goetz RR, Wolk SI, Coplan JD, Ryan ND, Weissman MM. Premorbid polysomnographic signs in depressed adolescents: a reanalysis of EEG sleep after longitudinal follow-up in adulthood. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49:930-942. 2. Roberts RE, Roberts CR, Chen IG. Impact of insomnia on future functioning of adolescents. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:561-569. Roberts et al2 (questionnaire) 4,175 11-17 years 失眠可预测1年之后的抑郁 和自尊自信下降 EEG = electroencephalogram. 1. Goetz RR et al. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49:930-942. 2. Roberts RE et al. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:561-569.
成年早期失眠与抑郁症发病率增加相关 40 35 30 25 Cumulative Incidence of Depression (%) Insomnia 30 Insomnia Yes No Total Cases 137 23 887 76 25 Cumulative Incidence of Depression (%) 20 P=0.0005 15 No insomnia 10 LB: P value refers to the significance of the difference between the cumulative incidence of depression in patients with insomnia vs. those with no insomnia. 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Study Year Chang PP, et al. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:105-114.
失眠是抑郁的标志之一 Rochad等,分析200名抑郁症患者的失眠,得出抑郁症和失眠呈显著相关的结论,认为在综合医院失眠可以作为抑郁症的一个标志性主诉 Rochad FL, Hara C,Rodrigues CV etc. Is insomnia a marker for psychiatric disorders in general hospitals? Sleep Med. 2005 Nov;6(6):549-53. Epub 2005 Jul 5
心境障碍是慢性失眠最常见的原因 心理因素 生理因素 睡眠障碍 社会因素 行为因素…… 环境因素 心理因素:如抑郁、焦虑、兴奋对失眠的过度担忧等 生理(或疾病)因素:如胃痛、牙痛等躯体症状 社会因素:如应试、下岗、失恋生活和工作节奏过快 环境因素:如噪声、温度、光亮磁场等 行为因素:如无节制的上网打牌夜生活、加夜班等 食物、药物因素:如饱食咖啡及可卡因、雷米封、激素类药物等 社会因素 心理因素 生理因素 环境因素 睡眠障碍 行为因素…… 解放军总医院睡眠门诊80-90%失眠症与心理障碍有关(焦虑、抑郁、神经症等)
睡眠障碍易导致心理障碍 失眠病人(n = 811) 40% 的失眠病人有一种或多种心理障碍 焦虑障碍: 24% 抑郁症或心境恶劣:23% 酒滥用: 7% 药物滥用: 4% In the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health, 7,954 respondents were asked if they had experienced a period of two weeks or more of difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early (insomnia).1 A total of 10% (811) of the respondents reported insomnia. Of the respondents with insomnia, 40% had one or more psychiatric disorders, compared with 16% of the respondents with no sleep complaints. The most common psychiatric disorders among respondents with insomnia were anxiety disorder (24%), major depression or dysthymia (23%), alcohol abuse (7%), and drug abuse (4%).1 Not all categories of psychiatric disorders measured are shown on this slide, and more than one psychiatric disorder was recorded for some patients. KEY POINTS Insomnia is often a symptom of anxiety and depression. Approximately 40% of those respondents with insomnia had at least one psychiatric disorder. Depressive and anxiety disorders were the most common comorbid conditions among respondents with insomnia. 1. Ford DE, Kamerow DB. Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. JAMA. 1989;262:1479-1484. Ford DE, Kamerow DB. JAMA. 1989;262:1479-1484.
失眠患者中各种精神障碍的共病发生率 Significantly More Respondents With Insomnia Had 1 Psychiatric Disorder vs Those With No Sleep Complaints Insomnia No Sleep Complaint 4.2%* 1.4% 7.0%* 3.8% 14.0%† 0.9% 8.6%† 2.1% Slide III-4. Prevalence of Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders Among Patients With Insomnia In a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Epidemiologic Catchment Area study by Ford and Kamerow, 7,954 respondents were questioned about their sleep complaints and psychiatric symptoms at baseline and 1 year later using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Of these, 10.2% (811) of the respondents reported insomnia at the first interview. Of the respondents with insomnia, 40.4% had one or more psychiatric disorder, compared with 16.4% of those with no sleep complaints (P<.001). The most common psychiatric disorders among respondents with insomnia were anxiety disorders (23.9%), depressive disorders (major depression and dysthymia: 22.6%), alcohol abuse (7.0%), and drug abuse (4.2%). (Not all categories of psychiatric disorders measured are shown on this slide; more than one psychiatric disorder was recorded for some patients.) At the second interview, conducted 1 year later, an additional 17% of those with insomnia were found to have a psychiatric disorder. Those respondents with continuing insomnia had significantly higher rates of new cases of both major depression and anxiety disorders than did those whose insomnia had resolved. It is important to note that the questions used to classify sleep disturbances in this NIMH study were relatively restrictive. They referred only to the previous 6 months and required that the sleep disturbance (insomnia) last for 2 weeks. Thus, only individuals with relatively severe sleep complaints were classified as having insomnia. Reference Ford DE, Kamerow DB. Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders: an opportunity for prevention? JAMA. 1989;262:1479-1484. 23.9%† 10.0% 5.1%† 0.8% Percentage n = 811. *P<.05 vs no sleep complaint; †P<.001 vs no sleep complaint. Ford DE, Kamerow DB. JAMA. 1989;262:1479-1484.
慢性失眠是精神障碍的危险因素 3.5年内的发生率% Breslau 的随访研究发现,有失眠的患者发生中度抑郁症的相对危险性比其他人增加了4倍
睡眠障碍是抑郁障碍的危险因素 Martin:系统回顾和荟萃分析,23,058名社区50岁以上的受试者,随访了20,678名,其中有1,694名出现抑郁。 分析显示睡眠障碍在五个显著危险因素中位第二位,存在危险因素和抑郁障碍出现平均间隔24个月。 Martin G. Cole, Nandini Dendukuri Risk factor for depression among elderly community subjects: a systematic review and Meta-analysis Am J Psychiatry 2003;160: 1147-1156
心境障碍中睡眠障碍特点 睡眠效率降低(慢波睡眠减少) 特异性异常: 入睡困难,深睡眠不足,乏力,记忆力下降 睡眠维持率降低(醒起次数增多,早醒) Scrufrute E:Biol Psychiatry,1998;44:21~31 Layer CJ:Biol Psychiatry,1998;44:121~130 Armitage R. Biol Psychiatry,1995;37:72~84
临床特征 “抑郁性”失眠 “心理生理、焦虑性”失眠 临床特征 “抑郁性”失眠 “心理生理、焦虑性”失眠 一般在20-40岁开始出现睡眠问题,青春期以前少见,男女比例大致相当 早醒,醒后不能再入睡,总睡眠时间缩短 白天无主观思睡现象 过分全神贯注于睡眠问题 始于20-30岁,女性更多见 有失眠主诉伴白天觉醒状态时功能降低 躯体紧张性升高,阻睡联想
多导睡眠图(PSG) “抑郁性”失眠 “心理生理或焦虑性”失眠 睡眠连续性异常 90%睡眠中断 睡眠结构异常 NREM睡眠的第3和第4期减少,首次出现的NREM睡眠周期中的δ波睡眠减少并移位到以后 REM睡眠增加、潜伏期缩短、密度增加,特别在第1个REM睡眠期,且过早出现。 睡眠潜伏期延长,入睡后觉醒次数增多,睡眠效率降低。 NERM睡眠第1期时间延长,NERM睡眠第3,4期时间减少。 肌紧张升高,EEGα节律增多 睡眠结构异常:NREM睡眠的第3和第4期减少,首次出现的NREM睡眠周期中的δ波睡眠减少并移位到以后的NREM睡眠期 REM睡眠增加、潜伏期缩短,快速眼球运动的密度增加,特别在第1个REM睡眠期,第一个REM睡眠过早出现。 NREM睡眠的第3和第4期减少,首次出现的NREM睡眠周期中的δ波睡眠减少并移位到以后的NREM睡眠期
抑郁症失眠的特点 REM活动增强 首晚效应(FNE)缺乏 REM睡眠潜伏期缩短:入睡至出现第一个REM睡眠周期的时间,典型抑郁症病人平均40~50分钟 夜间首个睡眠周期中REM睡眠时程延长 REM密度增加 首晚效应(FNE)缺乏 FNE (first night effect)于60年代提出,表示受试对新环境的适应性,通常表现为RL延长 抑郁症患者FNE相对缺乏,某些患者首晚RL比第二晚更短-颠倒现象
抑郁症失眠的特点 REM活动增强 Kupfer等(1972 年)提出,RL缩短是内源性抑郁症的特征性改变(强迫症及分裂症患者中也存在REM睡眠潜伏期缩短)。 临床研究:RL与HMDM评分呈负相关,提示RL反映抑郁症的严重程度 PSG发现:抑郁程度越重,睡眠持续障碍越重;REM潜伏期与抑郁程度呈负相关;REM密度与抑郁程度呈正相关 一度认为:REM睡眠潜伏期缩短是内因性抑郁症的特异表现,具有鉴别诊断意义。目前认为:REM睡眠改变并不是抑郁症的特异性改变。因为,强迫症及分裂症患者中也存在REM睡眠潜伏期缩短。
抑郁症失眠的特点 伴RL缩短的抑郁症患者 一级亲属RL缩短者达70%(对照23%) 一级亲属单相抑郁患病危险率是无RL缩短亲属的3倍
睡眠障碍:病理基础 抑郁症睡眠障碍与抑郁症状病理生理同源 REM睡眠:由中脑网状结构Ach神经元诱发并维持,但受中缝核及蓝斑单胺能尤其5-HT神经元抑制 抑郁症病因:5-HT能活动下降、Ach能活动增加 实验研究:睡前给拟胆碱药使抑郁患者RL明显缩短 抑郁症睡眠改变:REM活力增强现象反映5-HT抑制不足,Ach活动亢进 如REM睡眠潜伏期缩短、REM睡眠时间延长和REM密度增加等, 抑郁症睡眠障碍与抑郁症状病理生理同源
抑制REM是抗抑郁治疗能否起效的关键吗? 睡眠障碍:病理基础 抗抑郁治疗能抑制REM 阿米替林、氟西汀等抑制单胺递质再摄取,能在投药48-72h内使患者RL延长,REM减少 选择性剥夺REM睡眠具有抗抑郁作用 病人康复后, 如REM潜伏期缩短持续存在, 则预示该病人复发可能性较大 抑制REM是抗抑郁治疗能否起效的关键吗?
睡眠障碍:病理基础 提示:抑郁症发生与抗抑郁作用机制的复杂性 抗抑郁治疗能抑制REM 但吗氯贝胺、氯米帕明等虽然作用于5-HT 系统,但不抑制REMS,也同样有抗抑郁效应 提示:抑郁症发生与抗抑郁作用机制的复杂性
睡眠障碍 1 睡眠障碍的发生机理 2 抑郁焦虑中的睡眠障碍 3 抑郁焦虑中睡眠障碍的治疗 4
为什么需要重视睡眠障碍? 改善病人主观体验 增加抗抑郁治疗依从性 帮助患者建立对治疗的信心 减少自杀发生率
抑郁症治疗:睡眠改善好的病情更稳定 老年抑郁症治疗维持阶段病情稳定率 资料显示:睡眠的改善更有利于抑郁症治疗期的病情稳定。从图表中可以看出睡眠好的抑郁患者有90%以上病人病情稳定。
治疗原则 分级诊断,个体化治疗 症状有哪些? 单一症状还是多重症状? 焦虑-失眠 抑郁-失眠 抑郁-焦虑-失眠 系统的病因治疗: 抗抑郁剂 焦虑-失眠 抑郁-失眠 抑郁-焦虑-失眠 系统的病因治疗: 抗抑郁剂 积极的心理治疗: 认知行为 生物反馈 康复治疗:躯体康复、心理社会康复 稳妥地使用促眠药物:五大原则 短期-小量-间歇-按需-适当药物 最基本治疗是使用抗抑郁剂,可以考虑有抗焦虑作用和对睡眠改善作用的药物
抑郁-焦虑-失眠的治疗 —行为、心理治疗 刺激控制 睡眠卫生习惯 认知行为 睡眠限制 只在入睡时上床 缩短卧床时间 床只用于睡眠 抑郁-焦虑-失眠的治疗 —行为、心理治疗 刺激控制 只在入睡时上床 床只用于睡眠 白天不打盹 认知行为 睡眠卫生宣教 建立规律睡眠-觉醒周期 了解有关失眠的非现实期望和误解 睡眠卫生习惯 缩短卧床时间 不要勉强入睡 卧室不放置时钟 睡眠限制 睡眠日记—明确睡眠平均时间 建立规律、合理的作息时间 睡前不打盹
选择药物原则 —“Steps + E” 安全(Safety) 耐受(Tolerate) 有效(Efficacy) 经济(Payment) 简便(Simple) 经验(Experience) —“Steps + E”
抑郁—失眠的治疗 单一使用抗抑郁药物 抗抑郁药物+安定类/非安定类药物 两种不同类型抗抑郁药物联合治疗
单一抗抑郁药物 具有镇静催眠作用的抗抑郁药物: TCAs(阿米替林、多塞平、去甲米嗪) 曲唑酮 米氮平 SSRIs
SSRIs与(非)苯二氮卓类药物 帕罗西汀抗抑郁焦虑作用 苯二氮卓类药物或者非苯二氮卓类药物镇静作用
两种抗抑郁药物联合治疗 SSRIs(镇静作用较弱) +TCAs(小剂量)/曲唑酮等
总 结 睡眠障碍与抑郁焦虑互为因果且影响预后 抗抑郁药能有效改善核心症状: 抑郁焦虑两个问题一起解决 抗抑郁药能有效改善躯体症状—睡眠障碍: 总 结 睡眠障碍与抑郁焦虑互为因果且影响预后 抗抑郁药能有效改善核心症状: 抑郁焦虑两个问题一起解决 抗抑郁药能有效改善躯体症状—睡眠障碍: 减少觉醒次数并增加深睡眠,同时改善抑郁焦虑;可单独应用也可与其他药物联用
谢 谢!
病理生理机制探讨 失眠和抑郁症患者均可见皮质醇功能亢进1-3 慢性失眠患者在未来1-3年中发生抑郁的机会较无失眠者高4-40倍4-6 *The broad range is due to differences in study population, duration of follow-up, and study design. For example, the highest risk was observed in patients who reported insomnia during 2 screenings within a 12-month period; the lowest risk was found in young adults who reported insomnia during only the initial screening and were followed for 3.5 years. 1. Rodenbeck A, et al. Neurosci Lett. 2002;324:159-163. 2. Vgontzas AN, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3787-3794. 3. Nemeroff CB. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1988; 21:76-82. 4. Ford DE, et al. JAMA. 1989;262:1479-1484. 5. Breslau N, et al. Biol Psychiatry. 1996; 39:411-418. 6. Roberts RE, et al. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:81-88.
抑郁、睡眠的病理生理基础 内源性抑郁:胆碱能增加、5HT能降低 REM睡眠是在脑干水平发生的,依靠胆碱能和5HT能递质平衡调节 Giles DE, Kupfer DJ, Rush AJ, Roffwarg HP. Controlled comparison of electrophysiological sleep in families of probands with unipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155: 192-199. Gillin JC, Sutton L, Ruiz C, Kelsoe J, Dupont RM, Darko D et al. The cholinergic rapid eye movement induction test with are coline in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:264-270.
“抑郁性”失眠病理生理机制 睡眠减少或许是试图弥补5HT浓度的自身治疗 首先,5HT中等量的缺失,失眠作为适应机制抵御潜在的抑郁情绪 这个阶段失眠持续存在,5HT浓度进一步减少而REM睡眠相应的增加。