蒙娜·贝克尔(Mona Baker)，世界著名语料库翻译研究家，英国曼彻斯特大学理工学院教授。主要著作有《换而言之——翻译教程》（In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation）、《文本与技术》（Text and Technology）等。 关于翻译的归化与异化（domesticating/foreignizing translation）问题，贝克尔认为： 一个翻译是归化翻译还是异化翻译，完全取决于文化形态的重构，翻译是在这一形态中得到产生和销售；什么是归化或异化只有在考虑到考虑到改变译入语的文化价值关系时才能得到定界。 贝克尔认为，语料库建设将会在翻译研究领域发挥越来越大的作用，因为目前的翻译研究存在一定的局限性，使其很难发展成为一门独立的科学。局限性：1）翻译研究在很大程度上限于规定性分析，即所探讨的是翻译应该怎样进行而不是进行客观的描述；2）译者是否应该具有自己的风格始终未有一个结论；3）翻译作为特殊的语言交际行为应该具有怎样的规范或系统规律尚有待解决。而通过翻译语料库，便可探索翻译的规律，分析译者的风格，验证众多翻译理论家所提出的假设，从而了解翻译的普遍性。

第五、六章 词类的转换和语序的变换 一、词类的转换 词类转换是汉英翻译中的重要手段之一，运用得当，可以使译文通顺流畅，符合英语习惯。反之，译文则会变得生硬累赘。常见的词类转换现象： 1、汉语动词转换成英语的名词； 2、汉语动词转换成英语的形容词； 3、汉语动词转换成英语的介词或介词短语； 4、汉语动词转换成英语的副词； 5、汉语的名词转译为英语的动词； 6、汉语名词转换成英语形容词或副词； 7、汉语的形容词或副词相互转换或转换成英语的名词，介词或介词短语；

二、语序的变换 在翻译中，原文中的某一种语序在译文中变换成另外一种语序，就叫做语序变换。汉英两种语言的某些句子成分和词语的排列顺序有可能不一样，在翻译时，必须对其进行语序变换。常见的语序变化情况有： （一）定语位置的变换； （二）状语位置的变换； （三）其它句子成分和词语位置的变换。

中国公司想创造世界品牌，外国公司想增加在中国的销量，这些都正改变着中国的设计产业。中国制造商意识到，若他们想在本国市场脱颖而出，在外国市场崭露头角，就必须设计更好的产品。索尼这样的外国公司也开始明白，从前海外公司常把随便什么地方设计的产品拿到中国来卖，而现在，中国消费者变得更加挑剔，他们不再那样容易满足了。 　　尽管全球大量的电子产品和鞋等都是中国制造，但这些产品的设计都是在欧美或日本完成的。中国公司制造自己品牌的产品时，通常是模仿国外。但如今不同了，他们都想开创自己的品牌。随着中国公司在设计上的改进，跨国公司意识到，他们的产品需要专门针对中国消费者的品味进行“量身定做”了。这些使中国设计产业开始繁荣起来。中国公司开始建立设计中心或雇人帮他们打造自己的品牌。成百上千的设计顾问公司在上海、北京和广州涌现。国外年轻设计师也开始拥入中国，想在这个全球最有活力的消费市场上一试身手。

1、使他吃惊的是，她不仅没有表扬他，反而批评了他。 To his surprise, she criticized him instead of praising him. 2、老栓正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。他便退了几步，寻找一家关着门的铺子，蹩进檐下，靠门立住了。（鲁迅，《药》） Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he saw the cross road lying distinctly ahead of him. He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in front of its closed door.（连淑能，p.72）

3、他有个女儿，在北京工作，已经打电话去了，听说明天就能回来。 He has a daughter, who works in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow. 4、那只老狼从灌木丛里窜出来，惊魂未定地喘息，伸出舌头。它扭头望着那片灌木林，声响渐渐消失了，慌乱中毫无目的地转了一阵。它累极了，便卧在地上。然后它又坐起来，可是它突然像被咬了一下似地跳起来，那只猛禽的铁爪还留在它身上。（周涛，《猛禽》） The old wolf runs out of the bush, still badly shaken, panting with its tongue lolling. It turns its head to look back at the bush; the terrifying sound has all but died out. Still in panic, it limps aimlessly for a while, then, exhausted, it crouches down to rest, As it sits up, a biting pain hurts its back: the eagle’s iron-like claw is still attached to its body.

5、这些斗争和探索，每一次都在一定的历史条件下推动了中国的进步，但又一次一次地失败了 All the attempts ended in failure one after another, although they helped promote progress in China under given historical conditions. 6、避暑山庄和北京的故宫、山东曲阜的孔庙一样，是中国保存最完好的古代建筑群，也是中国现存规模最大的古典皇家园林。 The Summer Palace of Chengde is one of the three best-preserved magnificent architectural complexes in China, the other two being the Forbidden City in Beijing and The Confucian Temple in Qufu of Shangdong Province.

1、绝对不允许违反这个原则。 No violation of this principle can be tolerated 1、绝对不允许违反这个原则。 No violation of this principle can be tolerated. 2、她负责翻译这个章节。 She is responsible for the translation of this chapter. 3、一想到他要去美国，他感到非常高兴。 He was delighted at the thought that he would go to the United States. 4、我们特别强调搞好售后服务。 We lay special stress on the importance of offering good follow-up service. 5、采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。 The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.

1、我们决不满足于现有的成就。 We are not content with our present achievements 1、我们决不满足于现有的成就。 We are not content with our present achievements. 2、他热爱科学研究，但对提升职称不感兴趣。 He is keen on scientific research but indifferent to promotion. 3、大多数子女都想要独立，不愿依靠他们的父母。 Most children want to be independent of their parents. 4、你熟悉这种晶体管放大器的性能吗？ Are you familiar with the performance of this type of transistor amplifier? 5、杭州历来盛情招待来自全世界的游客和客商。 Hangzhou has long been hospitable to the tourists and businessmen from all over the world. 6、交友不能不加选择。 You cannot be indiscriminate in making friends.

1、我们全体赞成他的意见。 We were all in favor of his suggestion 1、我们全体赞成他的意见。 We were all in favor of his suggestion. 2、她漂亮的无法形容。 Her beauty is beyond description. 3、一座跨越杭州湾的大桥已经开始建造。 A bridge has been under construction which will span the Hangzhou Bay. 4、我谨代表全公司，感谢你所做的所有工作。 On behalf of the entire company, I would like to thank you for all your work. 5、他不顾一切困难，坚持工作。 He kept working in spite of all difficulties.

6、年轻人顶着风，冒着雨，出去骑马了。 The young people went, against the wind and through the rain, for a ride on horseback. 7、国家采取各种措施，切实保护妇女各项权利不受侵犯。 The State has adopted measures to effectively protect women’s rights against infringement. 8、政府支持这项计划。 The government is behind this project.

1、今天晚上演什么？ What’s on tonight 1、今天晚上演什么？ What’s on tonight? 2、他们的试验已经结束了。 Their experiment has been over. 3、去年这种帽子流行了一阵子。 This hat was in for a while last year. 4、天黑下来了，我们得走了。 It’s getting dark. We must be off now. 5、三天后，病人又起床活动了。 Three days later, patient was up and about again.

1、该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。 The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability. 2、无知与疏忽是这错误的原因。 Ignorance and negligence has caused this mistake. 3、橄榄枝是和平的象征。 An olive branch symbolizes peace. 4、社会主义的革命目的是解放生产力。 Socialist revolution aims at liberating the productive forces. 5、他的演讲给听众的印象很深。 His lecture impressed the audience deeply. 6、2001年，中国成功地取得了2008年夏季奥运会的举办权。 In the year of 2001, China was selected to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.

1、我们应该尊老爱幼。 we should respect the old and love the young 1、我们应该尊老爱幼。 we should respect the old and love the young. 2、这两种化合物都是酸，前者是强酸，后者是弱酸。 These two compounds are both acids. The former is strong and the latter is weak. 3、楼下有人要见你。 There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 4、孩子大了，应该有自尊心了。 The boy is big enough to be self-respecting. 5、中国经济将保持持续快速健康发展。 China will maintain sustained, rapid and sound economic growth. 6、中国是世界经济最活跃的地方之一，浦东是国际资本投资的热土。 China is one of the economically most dynamic areas in the world and Pudong is a hot spot for international investment.

1、（卢沟桥的狮子）生动活泼，坐卧起伏，姿态各不相同。 They are all vividly and lively depicted in different postures-sitting,lying,standing or crouching. 2、我想男孩子的思维方式与女孩子是不一样的。 I suppose boys think differently from girls. 3、她慢条斯理地点了一下头，表示同意。 She agreed with a slow nod. 4、我们应当充分利用现有的自然资源。 We should make full use of the natural resources available. 5、空气是这样的清香，使人感到分外凉爽、舒畅。 The air was so fresh and fragrant that it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort. 6、即将举行的这个会议非常重要。 The meeting that will be held is of great importance.

7、我们很高兴地接受了她的邀请。 We accepted her invitation with excitement 7、我们很高兴地接受了她的邀请。 We accepted her invitation with excitement. 8、我们看见了一片欣欣向荣的景象。 We saw a picture of prosperity. 9、父亲不赞成地看着他。 Father looked at him in disapproval. 10、我们必须广泛地利用现代科学技术的新成就。 We must utilize the achievements of modern science and technology on a wide scale. 11、关于进一步加强和改善党的领导的问题，我们将充分进行讨论。 In regard to the question of further strengthening and improving the Party leadership, we shall discuss it in full.

语篇练习： 大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌；往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。

Nature does the same favor to every human being, whether rich or poor Nature does the same favor to every human being, whether rich or poor. So all the humans put on the nature deep dependence, especially in the countryside, where the people have been living the same life for thousands of years. They plant crops and grapes, make wine to drink, feed the cattle and milk the cows, weed and plant flowers. (They plant crops and grapes, brew and drink wine, feed and milk cows, weed and grow flowers. /They plant crops and grapes, brew wine to drink, feed cows to milk, and weed gardens to grow flowers.) They go to church at weekends, and play music instruments on the plaza in the festivals, dancing and singing. The previous (age-old) rural farms remain today’s sweet home. In this way each area has legends of its own and the customs pass down.

The bounty of nature is equal to everyone, rich or poor, and therefore all men are strongly attached to her. This is particularly true in the rural areas, where people have kept the same lifestyle for a millennium or so. They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine to drink, feed cows to milk, and weed the gardens to grow flowers. They go to church at weekends, and they meet in the square on holidays, singing and dancing. The age-old land remains the same as their family hearth. Each place boasts its folklore and thereby social customs go on.

生活像一杯红酒，热爱生活的人会从中品出无穷的美妙。将它握在手中观察，它的暗红有血的感觉，那正是生命的痕迹。抿一口留在口中回味，它的甘甜有一丝苦涩，如人生一般复杂迷离。喝一口下肚，余香润人心肺，让人终受益。红酒越陈越美味，生活越丰富越美好。当人生走向晚年，就如一瓶待开封的好酒，其色彩是沉静的，味道中充满慷慨于智慧。 Life is like a cup of wine; people who love it discover inexhaustible wonders from it. Hold in the hand and gaze at it, the dark red color is reminiscent of the blood, which is the impress of life. Take a sip of it and appreciate the taste, the bittersweet flavor is exactly the same with life, which is complicated and blurred. Once the sip is swallowed, the lingering fragrance pleases the heart and refreshes the mind, leaving a person lifelong benefit. There is a remarkable resemblance between life and wine: the taste becomes more delicious as the wine mellows, just as life gets better as it becomes more abundant. When life comes to twilight years, it looks calm and tastes full of wisdom and generosity, just like a bottle of wine to be savored.

当前，国际和地区形势深刻复杂变化，不稳定不确定因素增多。各国惟有同舟共济，才能妥善应对威胁和挑战。中方愿同各方一道，强化命运共同体意识，建设安全稳定、发展繁荣的共同家园。为此，我提出以下建议。   At present, the international and regional situation is undergoing profound and complex changes. Destabilizing factors and uncertainties are on the rise. Only through cooperation can countries properly meet threats and challenges. China is willing to work together with all parties to strengthen the sense of community of shared future, and build a common home of security, stability, development and prosperity. To this end, I would like to propose the following. 本次峰会后，中方将接任上海合作组织轮值主席国并于2018年6月举办峰会。中方将认真履职尽责，同各方一道，努力给各国人民带来越来越多的获得感，携手创造本组织更加光明的未来。 After this summit, China will take over the rotating presidency of the SCO and host the next summit in June 2018. China will make best efforts to fulfill the task and work with all other parties to give our people a greater sense of ownership and usher in an even brighter future for the SCO.