Dramatic History IAH241D-Section 740 10/28/19

Robert Edmond Jones, The Dramatic Imagination “Great drama does not deal with cautious people. Its heroes are tyrants, outcasts, wanderers. From Prometheus, the first of them all, the thief who stole the divine fire from heaven, these protagonists are all passionate, excessive, violent, terrible.” (Jones p. 41; Course pack p.15)

Dramatic History: Key Points The history of drama is linked to the history of citizenship戏剧的历史与公民的历史是联系在一起的 Most theatre is political 大多数戏剧是政治性的 Drama can reflect society and can lead to social change戏剧可以反映社会，可以导致社会变化

Dramatic History Ancient Greece: Theatre teaches democratic citizenship古希腊:戏剧教导民主公民 Medieval Europe: Citizenship in relation to God and Church中世纪欧洲:与上帝和教会有关的公民权 Renaissance and Restoration: Theatre upholds Absolute Monarchy文艺复兴与复辟:剧院支持君主专制 French Revolution into Modernity: Theatre advocates for the Rights of the Individual法国大革命进入现代:剧院倡导个人权利

Classroom Assignment In what ways are you a citizen? List organizations to which you belong. Nation, State, City/Town University, Dorm/Fraternity/Sorority Team/Club How does performance help you to express citizenship?

Theatre & Citizenship in Ancient Greece 5th Century BCE公元前5世纪 City Dionysia城市狂欢节 Festival of the god Dionysus (god of wine and fertility)酒神狄俄尼索斯(酒神和生育之神)的节日 (Male) Citizens were expected to attend(男性)公民应参加 Sat with tribe (10 tribes)与部落坐在一起(10个部落) Communal, political experience社会、政治经验 Theatre at Athens could fit 17,000 spectators雅典的剧院可以容纳17000名观众

Theatre Space

Greek Amphitheatre Fade up image of amphitheater

Chorus danced and sang dithyrambs Eventually 3 actors合唱，跳舞，唱歌 希腊悲剧Greek Tragedy Chorus danced and sang dithyrambs Eventually 3 actors合唱，跳舞，唱歌 Thespis was first actor Performers wore masks演员戴着口罩

Three Tragic Authors Aeschylus (525-456 BC): Oresteia, Persians Sophocles (497-406 BC): Oedipus Rex Euripides (480-406 BC): Medea, Bacchae

Aristotle Greek philosopher Wrote “The Poetics” Famous Greek Theatre Critique著名的希腊戏剧评论 Wrote “The Poetics” A recipe for successful theatre成功的戏剧的秘诀 Catharsis洗涤 purging pity and fear消除怜悯和恐惧

Plot Character Thought Language Music/Song Spectacle

Greek Theatre Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeTeK9kvxyo

Medieval Europe 476-1400’s, starting with the fall of Rome

Citizenship in the Middle Ages Medieval Europe: The Great Chain of Being中世纪欧洲:存在的大链条 Hierarchical structure of all matter and life.所有物质和生命的层次结构 Derived from Plato, Aristotle.源自柏拉图，亚里士多德 Being a citizen means having a relationship with God作为一个公民意味着与上帝有关系

Great Chain of Being

Mystery Plays/Cycle Plays神秘剧/周期 All of Biblical History, from Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden through the End of Time (Book of Revelation)所有圣经的历史，从伊甸园的亚当和夏娃到世界末日(启示录) York Cycle: 48 plays Wakefield Cycle: 32 Plays Oberammergau Passion Play (Germany)激情游戏(德国)

Pageant Wagons彩车

Mansion Staging

Renaissance and Restoration In England 1562-1642 “Elizabethan Theatre” “Early Modern English Theatre” To be a citizen in Europe in these periods is to be subject to a monarch. Court Theatre as well as Public Playhouses.

Sebastiano Serlio: 1475–1554, Italian Renaissance Architect First to dub the term “scenography”

The Ditchley Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I Painted by Marcus Geerhaerdts the Younger, 1592.

Shakespeare’s Globe Built in 1599

Engraving of Shakespeare from the 1623 Folio All over the Place Shakespeare Song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJK5ku-iNIE Engraving of Shakespeare from the 1623 Folio

English Restoration & Charles II Began c. 1660 Following a time of parliamentary rule under Puritan influence. Time of relative prosperity. Charles had lots of mistresses. Court culture—very gossipy. Sexually saturated (see especially poems by Earl of Rochester). Strongly influenced by court culture of France. 在清教徒的影响下，议会统治了一段时间 相对繁荣的时期。查尔斯有很多情妇 法院文化漫谈式的。性饱和(尤其是罗彻斯特伯爵的诗)。深受法国宫廷文化的影响

Castle Theatre in Český Krumlov Czech Republic c.1675

Stage Machinery Castle Theatre c. 1575

France: Moliere and Louis XIV Famous for his commedia dell’arte Reigned from 1638-1715

The Fop: A Restoration Character Type Actor Colley Cibber (1671-1757) as Lord Foppington in The Relapse by John van Brugh. Cibber was known for playing fops.

Eighteenth-Century Theatre Enlightenment: Tension between Reason and Sentimentalism启蒙:理性与感伤主义之间的张力 Neoclassical Ideals give way to new “bourgeois” sentimental forms.新古典主义理想让位于新的“资产阶级”情感形式 The Rise of the Novel and Increased Literacy Rates小说的兴起和识字率的提高

David Garrick (1717-1779)

French Revolution: 1789 Rejection of monarchy and privilege McNally: “Monsieur Durant, your play poses as a valentine of roses for an unsuspecting audience but I see its sharp thorns of sedition” (p. 558) 拒绝君主制和特权 麦克纳利:“杜兰特先生，你的剧本在毫无防备的观众面前摆出一副玫瑰花情人节的样子，但我看到了其中尖锐的煽动叛乱的荆棘”(558页)

Revolutionary Dress Phrygian Cap弗里吉亚帽 Cockade (tricolor)帽上的(三色) On left: Sans-culotte (long pants instead of fashionable breeches)左图:无裤裤(用长裤代替时髦的马裤)

Realism and Naturalism现实主义和自然主义 Ibsen (Norway) and Chekhov (Russia) Focus on Social Problems Women’s Rights Social Class Heredity vs. Environment 易卜生(挪威)和契诃夫(俄罗斯) 关注社会问题 妇女的权利 社会阶层 遗传与环境

Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1860-1904) Born in Taganrog, in southern Russia. His grandfather had been a serf. Chekhov became a medical doctor. Married an actress named Olga Knipper. Worked closely with director Konstantin Stanislavsky.

20th Century: Existentialism and Beckett After World War II, philosophers Camus and Sartre In the absence of God, humans must be responsible for their own choices 二战后，哲学家加缪和萨特 在没有上帝的情况下，人类必须对自己的选择负责

Camus: “Imagine Sisyphus Happy”

Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot

Key Points in Dramatic History Drama is for Teaching Citizenship戏剧是用来教育公民 Ancient Greece: How to be a Citizen古希腊:如何成为公民 Medieval Drama: Bible Stories中世纪戏剧:圣经故事 Drama is for Social Change戏剧是为了社会变革 Ibsen, Chekhov and Realism Drama Reflects Society戏剧反映了社会 Queen Elizabeth I Drama is Entertainment戏剧是娱乐

Assignment Readings On D2L in the Dramatic History Folder Take good notes on the Fan Language video in the Restoration folder. Watch it more than once, and learn the secret code! Fan Language QUIZ Due by 10:00pm on Sunday 11/3/19. Before next class, read the section in the course pack on “Text & the Playwright”