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現在完成式 Present Perfect Tense
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「完成式」最簡單的概念就是「已經做完」一件事了,如:
1. 他們已經把功課做完了。 2. 他已經去台北了。 而若是這個「已經做完」的動作是發生在現在,就稱為「現在完成式」。
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上述兩句的動詞分別是「完成」和「去」,讓我們來看看這兩句的英文怎麼寫:
3. They have finished their homework. 4. He has gone to Taipei.
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再來幾個「現在完成式」的例子: 5. Sue has paid the bill. (Sue 已經付過帳單了。) 6. We have drunk the tea. (我們已經喝過茶了。) 7. The students have reviewed the lesson.(這些學生已經復習過那一課了。)
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主詞 ……
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主詞 have/has 過去分詞(Vp.p.) …… 在這個現在完成式的句型中,have/has 的真正角色,其實是幫助已變成「過去分詞」的原來動詞,形成現在完成式的「助動詞」。
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現在完成式的使用時機: 1. 過去的某個動作,到現在已經完成。 I have done my homework. 我已經把我的功課做完。
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2. 過去的某個動作,不久前才剛剛完成 (... just...)。
I have just done my homework. 我剛剛才把我的功課做完。
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3. 從過去到現在的經驗。 Have you ever eaten snake? 你吃過蛇嗎?
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4. 從過去到現在累積多久並有可能還會繼續下去。
How long have you lived here? 你在這裡住多久了?
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since for 常與現在完成式連用的介係詞: since、for
帶有 since 或 for 表時間的介系詞,通常用現在完成時式。for 表示一段時間, since 表示從過去某一時間點到現在。 since 2001 現在 for
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Rebecca has lived here for 10 years.
Rebecca has lived here since 2001. Rebecca 自2001年以來一直住在這裡。 I have been here for two hours. 我在這裡已經兩個鐘頭。 I have been here since 10 o'clock. 從10點開始我就一直在這裡。
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帶有副詞 ever, never, still, just, already, yet 等的句子,通常需要用現在完成式或過去完成式。
Have you ever failed a class? 你課業有被當掉過嗎? ever 通常用在疑問句。 She has never been to Korea. 她從來沒去到過韓國。 never 通常用在帶有否定意思的肯定句。 Mary has just finished her homework. 瑪麗剛做了她的功課。 just 通常用在表示某個動作不久前才剛剛完成。 以上這些字,都是放在 have/has 和「過去分詞」之間,另外already 也可以放在句尾。
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Don't forget to tell him to be here on time.
I have already told him. 不要忘了告訴他要準時到這裡來。 我已經告訴過他了。 already 通常用在表示比預期發生得早的動作。 Have you done your homework? No, I haven't done it yet. 你功課做完沒? 不,我還沒有。 yet 通常用在表示比預期發生得晚的動作。
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5. Sue has not paid the bill. 6. We have not drunk the tea.
因為 have/has 是助動詞,所以例句 5~7 的否定句的變化如下: 5. Sue has not paid the bill. 6. We have not drunk the tea. 7. The students have not reviewed the lesson.
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做了否定句,疑問句呢? 5. Has Sue paid the bill? Yes, she has.
No, she has not. 或 No, she hasn't. 6. Have you drunk the tea? Yes, we have. No, we have not. 或 No, we haven't. 7. Have the students reviewed the lesson? Yes, they have. No, they have not. 或 No, they haven't.
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"been to" 與 "gone to" 用法不同 He has been to Japan. 他曾去過日本。
Have you ever been to Japan? Yes, I went to Tokyo last month. 你去過日本嗎? 是的,我上個月去過東京。 been to 是「去過」某地,且現在已經回來了。 He has gone to Japan. 他去日本了。 Is Andy in Japan? Yes, he's gone to Japan. He'll be back next month. Andy 人在日本嗎? 是的,他去了日本。他將在下個月回來。 he's = he has; he'll = he will gone to 是「去了」某地,但是還沒回來。
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練功區
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Your son has eaten two hamburgers.
1. 你的兒子已經吃了二個漢堡了。 Your son has eaten two hamburgers.
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2. 他已經看了三本漫畫了。 He has read three comic books.
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3. Tina 和她的弟弟已經走路走了五個鐘頭了。
Tina and her brother have walked for five hours.
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The/These workers have built five houses.
4. 這群工人已經蓋好了五棟房子了。 The/These workers have built five houses.
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5. 他們在國中教英語已超過二十年了。 They have taught English in junior high school for more than twenty years.
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6. 你曾經聽過這則新聞嗎? Have you ever heard the news?
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7. 你女兒還沒吃藥。 Your daughter hasn't taken the medicine (yet).
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8. 他們已經邀請多少同學了? How many classmates have they invited?
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9. 那群學生已經學幾年英語了? How many years have the/those students learned/studied English?
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10. 我們已經收集了很多郵票。 We have collected a lot of stamps.
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