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Presentation on theme: "状语从句 (副词性从句)."— Presentation transcript:

1 状语从句 (副词性从句)

2 目录 状语从句定义 状语从句分类 状语从句翻译 状语从句比较 其他从句概况

3 状语从句的定义 状语从句由从属连词(subordinating conjunctions)引导。
注意状语从句与主句之间的逻辑关系,选择正确的连词;有些连词能引导多种状语从句。 状语从句同副词,介词词组等作状语一样,用于修饰谓语,说明谓语动作的时间,地点,方式,手段,条件,程度,比较,原因,目的,结果等 观看动画,你们会有更感性的认识 返回

4 状语从句分类 表示时间 表示地点 表示原因 表示结果 表示目的 表示条件 表示让步 表示比较 返回

5 状语从句表示时间 一、时间状语从句   引导时间状语从句的从属连词主要有:after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as soon as;另外有些词如:immediately, directly, instantly用于as soon as 意义时,有些名词词组如 the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, the year, every time, next time, each time 等也用来引导时间状语从句 E.G. The mother didn't go to bed until her little daughter returned home last night.  昨晚母亲等到她的小女儿回家才睡觉。

6 例题  I'll explain it to you immediately I've finished reading the letter. 我读完信立刻给你解释。 You see the lightning __________it happens, but you hear the thunder later.  A) the instant    B) for an instant  C) on the instant    D) in an instant     闪电一发生,你立刻就能看到它,但雷声,你迟一点才能听到它。(B4, , A对。)   No sooner ... than 和 hardly/scarcely/barely ... when 也用来引导状语从句,意思是“一……就……”;如果将no sooner, hardly, scarcely, barely放在句首,就用倒装结构。例:   I had hardly entered the temple when it began to rained. 我刚踏进那座庙就开始下雨了。     _________when she started complaining.  A)Not until he arrived  B)No sooner had he arrived  C)Hardly had he arrived  D)Scarcely did he arrived (B6, ,C对。)他一到,她就开始抱怨。 No sooner had we reached the top of the hill_________we all sat down to rest.  A) when  B) then  C) than  D) until 我们一到山顶,大家都坐下来休息。(B4, , C对。) 返回

7 表示地点 引导地点状语从句的主要有:where, wherever及- where构成的复合词。 二、地点状语从句
 EG We received a warm welcome everywhere we arrived. 我们每一个地方都受到热烈的欢迎。

8 例题 Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded_________other  more  well-in formed experimenters failed.  A) which  B) that  C) what  D) where     虽然在此领域内的许多工作他知道的很少,但是,在比他知道得更多的实验者失败的地方,他却成功了。(B4, , D对。) 返回

9 表示原因 三、原因状语从句   最常用的连词是:because, since, as, now (that), seeing that ,consider that 等;注意 in that是复合连词,意思是because或“在……方面”; since也用来引导原因状语从句。 2.表示原因,相当于since, considering that,例:   It's very difficult for older people to give proper guidance when they have no experience of being young today. 老年人因为没有今天的年青人的经历,要他们作出正确的指导是很困难的。   I am not to tell him about the truth when he won't listen.既然他不愿意听,我就不把事情的真相告诉他了。

10 例题 _________ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.  A) For now  B) Now that C)Ever since D) By now 既然我们已经学完了这门课,我们就可开始花更多的时间去复习了。(B4, , B对。) Seeing that it is raining hard tonight, we'll have to stay here . 今晚下这么大的雨,我们只好在这里过夜了。 Liquids are like solids__________they have a definite volume.  A) in that B) for that   C) with that  D) at that 液体就象固体一样,因为它有一定的体积。(B4, , A对。) 返回

11 表示结果 九、结果状语从句 可以由 so that, so...that, such...that 引导,这类从句也可以理解为表示程度的状语从句: E.G. He was so angry that he left the room without a word.  他很生气,一句话不说就离开了房间。

12 例题 She told me__________story that we all forgot about the time.
 A) such an interesting  B) such interesting a  C) so an interesting   D) a so interesting (全国高考,1988,A对。)她给我们讲了一个有趣的故事,我们把时间都忘了。 回返

13 表示目的 四、目的状语从句     主要的引导词有:so that, in order that, so,less, in case 等。目的状语从句常常含有情态动词。例:     They are hurrying so that / in order that they may not miss the train. 他们为了赶上火车而匆匆忙忙。     He wrote down my name for fear that / less he should forget it. 他记下了我的名字,以免忘记。 返回

14 表示条件 五、条件状语从句   1.最常用的引导词有: if, if only(if 的强调式),unless, as long as, so long as, in case, providing, provide (that), supposing, in the event that, on condition (that)等: 2.provided (that)是书面语,有时与if 同义,有时有区别。provided (that)常常表示说话人所希望的条件,而 if 不一定有此含义:   E.G. We shall cancel the contract if you fail to open the L/C before the end of this month.如果你方在本月有不能开出信用证,我们就撤销合同。(if不能换成provided,,fail to open the L/C...不是we 希望出现的情况。)

15 例题 I'll accept any job__________I don't have to get up early.
 A) lest  B) as long as C) in case D) though   只要不让我早起,什么工作我都可以接受。( ,B对。)   Government cannot operate effectively__________it is free from such interference.    A) so long as  B) so that  C) unless   D) because   政府无法有效地运作,除非它不受这种干扰。( , C对。)   I'm sure he is up to the job__________he would give his mind to it.  A) if only  B) in case  C) until  D) unless   只要他用心,我相信他能胜任这工作。( , A对。) 返回

16 表示让步 六、让步状语从句   主要的引导词有:though, although, even if, even though, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, 与及“whever”词和“no matter wh-”。例:   Nowadays we know that everything he wrote was true even though some of it was second-hand information. 现在我们知道了:他所写的一切都是真的,尽管其中有些是间接得来的信息。   However troublesome the problem is , he always faces it with pa-tience. 不管问题多么棘手,他总是耐心面对它们。   When anyone does something for you, no matter how small and no matter whether he is a superior or servant , it is proper to say “ thank you”. 当有人为你办了事,不管这事多么微不足道,也不管他是你的上级还是服务员,你说一声“ 谢谢 ” 总是得体的。 返回

17 表示比较 八、比较状语从句 主要由than, as...as引导,这类从句常常有一些成分没有表示出来:
E.G. On the top of a mountain our lung would not take in as much oxygen at each breath as they would at the bottom. 在山顶,我们的肺每次呼吸吸入的氧气没有在山脚时吸入那么多。

18 例题 They usually have less money at the end of the month than __________at the beginning.  A) which is   B) which was   C) they have  D) it is 通常到了月底,他们的钱就比月初少了。(B4, ,C对。) She is__________a musician than her brother.  A) much of   B) much as C) more of   D) more as 她比她兄弟更懂音乐。(B4, ,C对。) 返回

19 状语从句翻译 if 从句的理解和翻译 before从句的理解和翻译 as 从句的理解和翻译 返回

20 if 从句的理解和翻译 一、if从句不一定表示条件,它可以用来表示although或even if相似的意思;当然,它所表示的“让步”,没有though或even if 的语气那么重。例:   If she is poor, at least she is honest. 她虽说穷,却至少诚实。   You must come in, if only it's only for a minute.你必须进来,哪怕是一会儿。   He is a very good man, if rather dull.他虽然迟钝,却是个大好人。   His style, if manned, is pleasant to read.他的文章风格,虽然有点矫揉造作,读起来还是令人感到愉快的。   The profits, if a little lower than last year's, are still extremely healthy. 利润虽然比去年低点,却仍然是丰厚的。   I'll finish this report if it kills me. 我即使死了,也要完成这个报告。

21 IF从句理解与翻译 二、if 从句中的主语和动词都可以省略:
  He's a pleasant, if awkward lad.  他是一个虽然笨拙然而却惹人喜欢的小伙子。(...even if he is awkward )

22 IF从句理解与翻译 主句里出现as...as很常见,这时if从句里用否定:
  John plays football__________,if not better than, David.  A) as well  B) as well as  C) so well D) so well as   (1994年高考试题,B是答案。) 论踢足球,虽然约翰并不比大卫踢得更好,但至少他们踢得一样好。 His health is as poor as, if not poorer than, his sister. 他的身体虽然说不比他的姐姐更差,但至少也是跟她一样差。 返回

23 before从句的理解和翻译 1. 在……之前 (earlier than the time when), 常常译作“在……之前”,例:
  You are expected to be sitting on your seat before the play begins.  请在话剧开演之前在自己的座位上坐好。

24 before从句的理解和翻译 但在 A  before B 的句式中,A表示时间,B表示行动,如果硬译为“A发生在 B 之前”便很不合汉语习惯,译成“ A之后才发生 B ”就比较得体。例如:   A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time__________the guards discovered what had happened.    A) before   B) until  C) since  D) when   (93年6月大学英语四级考试第50题,A对。)  昨晚上监狱里逃走了一个人,很久以后警卫才发现出了事。   Scientists say it may be five  or ten years__________it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.    A) since  B) before   C) after  D) when   (95年6月大学英语四级考试第54题,B对。) 科学家们说5到10年之后才有可能将这种药在病人身上做试验。   Ten years passed before we met each other again. 十年后我们才重逢。

25 before从句的理解和翻译 有时候before从句表示的事情实际上并没有发生,译成“以免……”、“没有来得及…… 就”便十分妥贴:
  They decided to chase the cow away__________ it did more damage.  A) unless   B) until  C) before   D) although   (90年1月大学英语四级考试第44题,C对。) 他们决定赶走这头牛,以免它造成更大的损失。   Before we could stop her, she rushed out . 我们还来不及拦住她,她已经冲了出去。   Before I could say a single word, my father began to criticize me . 我还来不及说一句话,父亲就开始批评我了。

26 before从句的理解和翻译 主句有barely, hardly等否定词时,译成“刚……就……”
  We had barely sat down before he got to his feet.我们刚坐下她就站了起来。   They had scarcely left for the station before it began to rain. 他们刚离家去车站雨就下起来了。

27 before从句的理解和翻译 在A before B中,如果句子在于强调“先有A, 然后有B”,则可译成“先……然后”、“先……再”: One must sow before one can reap.  先有播种然后有收获。   Look before you leap.先观察而后行动。(三思而后行。)   Managers want to have all the necessary facts before they can make the best decision and it is normal for them to seek for more and more information .  经理们首先要掌握所有必须知道的事实,然后才能作出最佳决定;这样,他们寻求更多的信息就是很自然的了。

28 before从句的理解和翻译 更愿意(more willingly than), 宁愿……而不愿……(rather than)
  The soldiers would die before they gave in.  战士们宁死也不屈服。   Father told the children that he would die of hunger before he would steal. 父亲告诉孩子们他就是饿死也不会去偷。 返回

29 as 从句的理解和翻译 as可以引导一个时间状语从句。主句和从句表示的两个动作同时发生,意为“一边……一边……”、“随着……”。主句和从句都用一般时态;或主句用一般时态,从句用进行时态;或主句用进行时态,从句用一般时态。例如: As I drove, I counted my passengers.我一边开车,一边数我的旅客。   As time went on, Einstain's theory proved to be correct. 随着时间的推移,爱因斯坦的理论被证明是正确的。   __________the day went on, the weather got worse.    A) With  B) Since  C) While  D) As   (1990年高考试题,答案是D。) 日子一天天过去,天气更坏了。   Just as he was speaking there was a loud explosion.  他正在讲话,突然一声爆炸声响了。   He saw that she was smiling as she read. 他看见她一边读书一边笑

30 as 从句的理解和翻译 引导一个原因状语从句, 意为“因为”、“既然”:
  We had better hurry__________it is getting dark.  A) and    B) but   C) as   D) unless   (1984年高考试题,C对。)天色越来越暗了,我们还是赶快吧。   As the dust men are not going back to work yet ,bags of rubbish have been piled in the street. 因为清洁工人不打算回去工作,垃圾已经一袋袋地堆在街上了。   As you make your bed, so you must lie on it. (proverb)  自作自受。   As there were not enough life-boats for every body, 1500 lives lost.  由于没有足够的救生艇运载所有的乘客,死难者多达一千五百人。

31 as 从句的理解和翻译 .引导方式状语从句,表示“像……一样”。有时候,从句中的某些部分省略了:
  Fats are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, as sugars are . 脂肪像糖一样,也是由碳、氢、氧原子构成的。   The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses does not change much if people leave things as they are . 如果人们听其自然,鹿、美洲狮和野玫瑰的数量不会有太大的变化。         The event is no longer celebrated in England as it was in Shake-speare's time. 现在英国已经不象莎士比亚时期那样庆祝这一事件了。   If I'd lived in the sixteenth century , I couldn't have earned my own living , as I do today. 如果我生活在十六世纪,我就不可能象今天那样谋生。   He moved gracefully and with dignity, filling the room not by his physical dominance, (as did Mao or De Gaulle), but by his air of controlled tension.他举止娴雅庄重,他使举座注目的不是魁梧的身躯(毛泽东和戴高乐却是那样),  而是他那外驰内张的神情。

32 as 从句的理解和翻译 4.引导让步状语从句。注意as 引导的状语从句要用倒装语序,有时可置于句子中间或后部。常见的句式有:
A.  形容词/名词+as+主语+联系动词 Unlikely as it sounds, what I'm telling you is true.  不管这事听起来多么不可能,我告诉你的话却是真的。 B.  主动词+as+主语+情态动词/助动词   Try as you may, you will not win the game. 你尽可一试,但这场比赛你是不会赢的。   There was not a soul to be found in the house, search as they would.他们尽管搜查好了,他们不会在房子里找得到人的。 C.  状语+as+主语+动词   Much as I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man.作为一个作家,我钦佩他;但作为一个男子汉,我却不喜欢他。   He was unable to make much progress ,hard as he tried.虽然他尽了力,却无法取得很大进步。

33 as 从句的理解和翻译 5.引导比较状语从句。一般以as...as形式出现,表示两者的等同;从句中有些成份常常不出现:
  Some of the states are as big as France and England put together . 有些州相当于法国和英国加起来那么大。 有时还把一个人(或事物)的两种特征,或一个人的一种特征与另一种特征进行比较,表示它们的程度一样;由于一种特征是明显的,因而就突出了另一种特征。这是一种活泼的、表现力丰富的说法。例: We were as happy as we were poor, or as poor as w e were happy. 我们穷是穷,却很快活;我们快活是快活,却还是穷。 One is as light as the other is heavy. 一个轻而另一个重 返回

34 状语从句比较 .because, as, since, for so that, so…that, such…that
though, although, as, .whatever, however, wherever, whenever so that引导的目的状语从句与结果状语从句的区别 返回

35 because, as, since, for 语气  位置    意义 because 最强 前或后  “原因”;表客观因果关系;回答“” as   较强  前 “由于”;把众人所知的事实当作理由 since  较弱  前  “既然”;就对方陈述的事实作为理由 for   最弱 后  “理由”;对某一事实进行推断的理由 注:上面所说的“前”,指从句在主句之前;“后”,指从句在主句之后。 返回

36 so that, so…that, such…that
so that “以便”、“结果”表目的和结果。注意:在从句中有情态动词表目的。无情态动词表结果。  so…that “如此的…以致于”表结果。该结构常见于:   1.so+形/副+that     2.so+形+a(an)+单数名词+that     3.so+many/much+复数名词(不可数名词)+that  such…that “如此的…以致于”表结果。该结构常见于:   1.such+a(an)+形+名词+that   2.such+形+复数名词/不可数名词+that  返回

37 though, although, as, though, although在句首表“尽管”两者都可以用。但句后不能再用but。  下列情况只能用though:  ▲ as though (=as if);     even if (=even though)  ▲ 在句末表示“然而”  as表示“尽管”,从句的表语、状语等成分要倒装。 返回

38 whatever, however, wherever, whenever
它们是what, how, where, when的强势语气。分别等于:  no matter what, no matter how   no matter where, no matter when 返回

39 so that引导的目的状语从句与结果状语从句的区别
1.目的是以观念形态存在的潜在的可能性和意欲,不是事实。这一潜在的可能性或意欲的实现,则是结果。目的是主观意念,结果是客观现实。因此,从句若反映一种意欲、一种可能性,则是目的从句;若是一种事实,就是结果从句。试比较: I'm going to take an early bus so that I'll get there in time.(purpose)我打算乘早班公共汽车,以便及时赶到那里。 I took an early bus so that I got there in time.(result)我乘了早班公共汽车,及时到了那里。

40 so that引导的目的状语从句与结果状语从句的区别
2.目的从句表示动机(即一种可能性),并非事实,只是想要达到某个结果的意愿,因而从句中多用假定性的谓语动词。常有can,many,will,could,might,would,should等情态动词。情态动词本身并无词汇意义,只是一种虚拟用法。结果从句表示客观事实,所以用陈述语气的谓语动词,从句中常无情态动词。试比较: I always write so carefully that I may make my meaning clear.(purpose)我写作总是字斟句酌,是为了让人看懂我的意思。 I always write so carefully that I make my meaning clear.(result)我写作总是字斟句酌,结果把意思讲得一清二楚。 Every precaution was taken that the plan might not fail.(purpose)已经采取了各种措施,好让计划不致遭失败。

41 so that引导的目的状语从句与结果状语从句的区别
注意,从句中如用情态动词could,有时会使得目的和结果的界线模糊。比如下面这个句子既可表示结果也可表示目的: He spoke loudly so that everybody could hear him.(result or purpose) 这种情况下,只有依靠上下文来判断从句是表示结果还是目的。 有时,即使从句中用了can,could,should等,但整句的意思是明确的,因此,它仍是一个结果状语从句。请看下面三个句子: The room was packed with people,so that we couldn't get in.房间里挤满了人,我们进不去。 It is raining,so that I cannot go out.天在下雨,我出不去了。 What have I done that you should be so angry with me?我干了些什么使你对我如此恼火?

42 so that引导的目的状语从句与结果状语从句的区别
3.目的状语从句与主句的关系紧密,在讲话时一气呵成,而结果从句则是句子的外在因素,讲话时往往在主句和从句之间须略加停顿,书写时一般用逗号断开。试比较: We all arrived at eight,so(that)the meeting began promptly.(result)我们都是八点到达的,结果会议马上就开始了。 We'll come at eight(so)that the meeting can begin early.(purpose)我们要八点来,以便会议能早点开始。 He violated the regulation,so he was punished.(result)他违反了规章制度,所以他受了处分。 I sent the letter airmail so he would gat it right now.(purpose)此信我航空寄发,好让他立即收到。 返回

43 其他从句概况 对等从句 名词性从句 定语从句 从句与先行词一直 返回

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