第二章 翻译的过程 Processes of Translation.

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1 第二章 翻译的过程 Processes of Translation

2 第二章重点 第二章 翻译的过程 2. 1 正确理解 2. 2 流畅表达 2. 3 认真审校 第二章综合练习及参考译文
2.1.1 正确理解句子 2.1.2 正确理解段落与篇章 2. 2 流畅表达 2.2.1 关键词的表达 2.2.2 短语的表达 2.2.3 句子的表达 2.2.4 整体表达 2. 3 认真审校 第二章综合练习及参考译文 课堂互动1 课堂互动2 课堂互动3 课堂互动4 课堂互动5 课堂互动6 综合练习1 综合练习2 ----end

3 Processes of Translation
第二章 翻译的过程 Processes of Translation 翻译是在正确理解原文的基础上，用译入语文字创造性地再现原文思想内容的语言过程。 第一步是理解，第二步是表达。

4 优美的译文必须经过下列翻译过程 : 翻译的过程 理解 分析 总体了解 表达 转换 重现原文 审校 润色 点睛出神 小点结束

5 2. 1 正确理解 (Comprehension Reading)

6 理解的诸多方面如图所示 ： 词义的选择 篇章 固定搭配、成语、短语、惯用词组 段落 歧义 词句 理解 矛盾修辞 逻辑关系 夸张 重复
平行结构 …… 篇章 段落 词句 理解

7 正确理解句子 句子是表达一个完整思想的、具有一定语法特征的最基本的语言单位。翻译是不能只看半句话或开头几个词就动笔去译，要读完整个一句话，搞清句子结构，分析句子成分，句子传达的是什么意思，肯定什么，否定什么，提出什么问题，表达什么愿望或情感，是否隐含什么，是否话中有话；还要看语言环境，根据一定的背景知识等。

8 例1：Having discovered an unknown island, they wintered upon it.
(G.A.Lensen: Russian’s Eastward Expansion) 【译文】他们发现了一个无名小岛后，便住了下来，在那里过冬。

9 例2：Eager to trust but determined to verify, many single women in an age of risky romance are hiring private detectives to check the background of their suitors. (《中国翻译》， N0.5, 1997) 【译文】这个年月，就连谈情说爱都有暗礁。许多单身女子对向自己求婚者既急切地想以身相许，却又很想知道对方是否靠得住，于是就纷纷雇用私人侦探去查清对方的身世经历。 小节结束

10 正确理解段落与篇章 翻译首先要通读整个段落或全篇文章，先有个整体了解，知道说的是什么，要解决什么问题，关键在哪里，是什么结构，做到胸中有数。

11 例1：On Friday, October 19 of this year, when the afternoon sun was misty in an autumn sky, a part of Edgar Snow returned forever to the campus of Beijing University; as a young man, he had taught in the department of journalism on these same grounds, at what was then called Yenching. (Louis W. Snow: Edgar Snow’s Return) 【译文】今年10月19日，正好也是星期五。那是个秋日的下午，日色朦胧，埃德加• 斯诺骨灰的一部分回到了北京大学校园并永远地安放在这里；他年轻时曾在这里的新闻系任教，当时北京大学还叫“燕京大学”。

12 例2：It is hardly possible here to summarize his ideas
例2：It is hardly possible here to summarize his ideas. Suffice it to point out that they constitute a dependable response to the demands of a crisis which steadily increases the feelings of helplessness and hopelessness of the individual by asserting his primacy and supremacy and open up a perspective of restoring sanity and decency in public life. (M.N. Roy: Memoirs) 【译文】此时此地，我们不可能概述他的思想。只要说明这一点就够了：人们由于主张个人第一、个人至上，这就日益增加了求助无门和失去希望的情绪，于是产生了危机，而他的思想就是对这种危机的出现所作出的可靠反应；同时，他的思想也在人们的生活中开创了恢复理性与公正的前景。 小节结束

13 课堂互动1 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 1. Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States. 【译文】无论是中国还是美国，都不会缩小贸易的重要性。

14 课堂互动1 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 2.My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. 【译文】几乎是毫无意识地，我用手指抚摸着我所熟悉的叶片和花朵，这新长的叶子和新开的花朵迎来了南方美好的春天。

15 课堂互动1 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 3.They say a person needs just three things to be truly happy in this world. Someone to love, something to do and something to hope for. 【译文】话说，人生幸福只需三条：有所爱，有所为，有所盼。

16 课堂互动1 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 4.He smiled at that, with a rueful curve of his lips, but his eyes were alight with an emotion she was afraid to identify. 【译文】听了这话，她笑了，双唇合成一条曲线，露出一副悔恨的样子。但两眼仍熠熠发光，脉脉含情。这种感情她不敢认同。

17 课堂互动1 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 5．Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, “and what is the use of a book,” thought Alice, “without pictures or conversation?” 【译文】爱丽丝无所事事，跟姐姐一起闲坐岸边，开始感到厌倦了。姐姐正在看书，她瞥了一两眼，但是那书上并没有图画或对话。爱丽丝想，一本书中如果没有图画或是对话，那它又有什么用呢？ 小节结束

18 2. 2 流畅表达 (Fluency in Expressing)
表达就是准确地运用各种翻译技巧，以规范的汉语体现原文的内容，从而使所译的东西在内容和形式上成为有机的统一体。

19 例1：He came up to her, his red face, with its bloodshot eyes, thrust forward, and gripped her arms. She cried in fear of him, struggled to be free. (D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers) 【译文】他走上前去，眼睛充满血丝，满脸通红地凑到她面前，一把抓住她的胳膊。她吓得叫了起来，挣扎着想脱身。

20 例2：Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our Northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.” (Martin Luther King: I Have a Dream)

21 朋友们，今天我对你们说，在此时此刻，我们虽然遭受种种困难和挫折，我仍然有一个梦想。这个梦想是深深扎根于美国的梦想中的。
【译文】让我们回到密西西比去，回到亚拉巴马去，回到南卡罗来纳去，回到佐治亚去，回到路易斯安娜去，回到我们北方城市中的贫民区和少数民族居住区去。要牢记，这种状况是能够，也必将改变的。我们不要陷入绝望而不可自拔。 朋友们，今天我对你们说，在此时此刻，我们虽然遭受种种困难和挫折，我仍然有一个梦想。这个梦想是深深扎根于美国的梦想中的。 我梦想有一天，这个国家会站起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等。” 小节结束

22 翻译过程中要注意的问题： 关键词的表达 短语的表达 句子的表达 整体表达

23 关键词的表达 例1：He is a jovial giant, with a huge appetite for food, drink and women. (Brian Crozier: De Gaulle) 【译文】他生性乐观， 身材魁梧，贪食贪杯又贪色。

24 例2：I wanted to be a man, and a man I am.
【译文】我立志想做个真正的人；我现在终于成了一个真正的人。

25 例3：She was dancing gracefully in the room.
【译文】她正在房间里跳舞，动作非常优雅。 小节结束

26 1.He excels others in every expect.
课堂互动2 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 1.He excels others in every expect. 【译文】他在各方面都优于他人。 2. I get positively angry with the impertinence of it and the everlastingness. 【译文】这么鲁莽无礼，没完没了，真让我生气。

27 3．China is a very big country with a very big population.
课堂互动2 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 3．China is a very big country with a very big population. 【译文】中国幅员辽阔，人口众多。

28 课堂互动2 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 4．The key to everything is patience. You get the chicken by hatching the egg not by smashing it. 【译文】耐心是一切的关键。小鸡是从蛋里孵出来的，不是把蛋壳敲破取出来的。

29 课堂互动2 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 5．Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. (Francis Bacon: Of Studies) 【译文】读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑和修辞使人善辩，能够争论。（王佐良译） 小节结束

30 例1：He has paid the debt of nature.
短语的表达 例1：He has paid the debt of nature. 【译文】他已经死了。

31 例2：The explorers worked their way up the mountain.
【译文】勘探人员十分艰难地慢慢地爬上高山。

32 例3：Dance music began to play, Sarah was the only woman present, and she had her work cut out.
(W.S.Churchill: The Second War) 【译文】舞曲响起来了，萨拉是在场的惟一女性，她可真给“忙”坏了。

33 例4：My hand moved by mistake and I spilled my drink on my leg.
【译文】我失手把饮料撒到了腿上。

34 例5：So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life.
(Helen Keller: Three Days to See) 【译文】我们就这样终日忙碌于鸡毛蒜皮的琐碎小事，几乎没有意识到我们对待生命的态度是消极冷漠的。 小节结束

35 课堂互动3 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 1．A man is in his best shape in the decade before age 25. His muscles are firmest, his resistance to colds and infections is highest, and his body is most efficient in utilizing nutrients. 【译文】男人在25岁前的10年中身体最棒、肌肉最结实、对感冒和传染病的抵御力最强、身体摄取营养的效率最高。

36 2．After singing, she sits on audience’s hands.
课堂互动3 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 2．After singing, she sits on audience’s hands. 【译文】唱完歌，观众不给她鼓掌。 3．Every time he comes to New York, he wants to paint the town red. 【译文】每次来纽约，他都要痛饮一番。

37 4．The game was rained off.
课堂互动3 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 4．The game was rained off. 【译文】比赛因雨暂停举行。 5．In the moment of fire，telephone the message to 119. 【译文】如有火情，请拨打火警电话119。 小节结束

38 例1：His learning I admire, but his character I despise.
句子的表达 例1：His learning I admire, but his character I despise. 【译文】他的学识我佩服，但他的人格我鄙视。

39 例2：The thought of returning filled me with fear.
【译文】一想到还要返回，我心里就害怕。

40 例3：I’ve been giving the thought some consideration.
【译文】我一直在考虑这个问题。

41 例4：The sun sets regularly on the Union Jack these days, but never on the English language.
【译文】现在，英国已不再是那个“日不落”帝国了，但是，英语却在广泛使用着。

42 【译文】环境退化和人口增长，以及随之而来的对水的需求不断增加，这使得优质淡水的短缺变得更为严重。
例5：Environmental degradation and population growth, with consequent increase in demand for water, have contributed to a shortage of good quality fresh water. 【译文】环境退化和人口增长，以及随之而来的对水的需求不断增加，这使得优质淡水的短缺变得更为严重。 小节结束

43 课堂互动4 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 1. Everyone recognizes the importance of speaking English well. In school one of the chief things to learn and to practice may be the reading and writing of English, but in everyday life we convey our thoughts to other people by speaking far more often than by writing. 【译文】人人都知道讲一口流利的英语有多重要。在学校，我们学习和练习的主要内容之一是读写英语，殊不知在日常生活中我们与人交流思想时发现说比写的机会要多得多。

44 课堂互动4 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 2．Imagination will often carry us to worlds that never were. But without it, we go nowhere. 【译文】幻想常把我们带入虚无之乡，而缺乏想象又会使我们驻足不前。

45 课堂互动4 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 3．There are only three types of people: those who make things happen, those who watch things happen and those who say, “ What happened? ” 【译文】世上只有三种人：实干者，旁观者，打探者。

46 课堂互动4 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 4. The real art of conversation is not only to say the right thing in the right place, but to leave the wrong thing unsaid at the tempting moment. 【译文】谈话的艺术不仅是善于分别场合，说话得当，而且要在忍不住的场合强忍下不得当的话。

47 课堂互动4 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 5. Kind hearts are the gardens; kind thoughts are the roots; kind words are the flowers; kind deeds are the fruits. 【译文】仁慈的心肠是花园；高尚的情操是根基；友好的话语是花朵；慷慨的行为是硕果。 小节结束

48 整体表达 例1：All the summer world was bright and fresh. There was a song in every heart; there was cheer in every face and a spring in every step. (Mark Twain: Adventures of Tom Sawyer ) 【译文】整个的夏季世界显得光明灿烂，生气勃勃。人人心里哼着小调，个个脸上都流露着喜色，走路步履充满活力。

49 例2：I have known very many of them, professionally and privately, and if I pleased, could relate divers histories, at which good-natured gentlemen might smile, and sentimental souls might weep. (Herman Melville: Bartleby, the Scrivener) 【译文】由于职业和私人交往，我认识了不少这样的人。要是我兴致所至，就可讲出他们各自的故事经历，好心温厚者闻之，准会莞尔而笑；多愁善感的人儿听了，就会潸然泪下。

50 Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer
例3:To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them. (Shakespeare: Hamlet) 【译文】生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清；这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？（朱生豪译）

51 例4．It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bees and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, each in its own time and motionless rhythm. 【译文】绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无语，春花不声，海波歌歇，大地声寂，这日子是如此平静安谧。然而，并非静谧，因为万物以其特有的节奏，或动、或摇、或震、或起、或伏，平衡协调。

52 例5：Rebecca’s wit, cleverness, and flippancy made her speedily the vogue in London among a certain class. You saw demure chariots at her door, out of which stepped very great people. You beheld her carriage in the Park, surrounded by dandies of note. The little box in the third tier of the Opera was crowed with heads constantly changing; but it must be confessed that the ladies held aloof from her, and that their doors were shut to our little adventurer. (William Thackeray: Vanity Fair) 【译文】利蓓人又聪明，小嘴又俏皮，喜欢油嘴滑舌地说笑话，在伦敦自有人捧她，立刻就成了这些人里面的尖儿。她门前常常停着一辆辆马车，行止十分掩密，里面走出来的全是大阔人。她常常在公园兜风，马车旁边挤满了有名的花花公子。她在歌剧院三层楼有个小包厢，里面总有一大堆人，而且每次不同。可说句实话．所有的太太们看她不是个正经货，从来不和她打交道。 小节结束

53 课堂互动5 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 1．School is not easy and it is not for the most part very much fun, but then, if you are very lucky, you may find a real teacher. Three real teachers in a lifetime are the very best of my luck. (《英语世界》，N0.5, 1992) 【译文】上学可不是件轻松的事，而且大部分也没什么趣味；不过要是你的造化好，也许会碰上个真正的好老师。我最大的幸运，就是一生中有过三位这样的好老师。

54 课堂互动5 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 2. But what really is a clone? A clone is born from an embryo, which is genetically identical to the donor animal and is carried to term by a surrogate mother. The resulting newborn animal is essentially an identical twin of the donor “parent” with the same similarities and differences of such twins in that species. Whatever the case, animal-cloning knowledge is growing rapidly and certainly holds applications we have not even imagines today. The ability to reprogram a cell’s DNA may be one of the most significant biological achievements of the 20th Century. 【译文】可是，克隆动物究竟是怎么回事？克隆动物来自基因与供体动物相同的一个胚胎，该胚胎由另一母体代孕至足月。由此而来的新生命本质上是供体“父母” 的同卵双生，具有该动物孪生者之异同。 无论事实如何，动物克隆技术发展迅速，其广阔的应用当今人难以想象。重组细胞的DNA也许是20世纪最重大的生物学成就之一。

55 课堂互动5 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 3．My father had particularly large hands. Oil often was pounded into his palms, his fingers, filling every crease and fold. Buddy, as he was called, would scrub with soap, but the oil wouldn’t give. His hands were covered with scars, healing cuts, and freshly blackened nails. The cuts were of the sort and size that would send me, and most likely you as well, to the emergency room for stitches; for Buddy, they were commonplace. 【译文】我们都把父亲叫“大哥”。父亲的一双大手，真是大得出奇，常常沾满了机油，甚至连掌纹、指甲缝里都是。父亲总是用肥皂使劲地搓洗双手——机油可不容易洗掉。父亲的手伤痕累累，旧疤没掉，又添新伤，指甲常常是青的青，紫的紫。有时，父亲的手伤得很厉害，伤口大得吓人，要是换了我或者别人，肯定会跑到急诊室去缝针了，可父亲从来就不往心里去。

56 课堂互动5 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 4. He read over and over all the letters which he ever had from her—letters of business relative to the little property which he had made her believe her husband had left to her—brief notes of invitation—every scrap of writing that she had ever sent to him—how cold, how kind, how hopeless, how selfish they were! (William Thackeray: Vanity Fair) 【译文】 他拿出她所有的信来反反复复地看。有的信上是关于怎么处置她那一小笔财产的问题（他仍旧骗她说是丈夫留给她的遗产）；有的是从前给他的请帖；只要是从她那里寄来的，有她笔迹的小纸片，他都拿出来看了又看。她的口气多么冷淡，多么和蔼，多么自私，多么令人绝望!

57 课堂互动5 ：翻译句子（参考译文） 5. There are many things that we do in our own culture that we never ask questions about. We do things without thinking about them because we have always done them in the same way. When we are in another culture or with people from a different culture, we see that people do things in many different ways. One of the first differences we notice is the forms of address that are used in the culture. The language that people use to address each other tells us many things about a culture. 【译文】在自己的文化里我们所做的很多事从不需要问为什么，做事时也不需考虑什么，因为我们往往用同样的方式处理这些事情。而当我们处于另一种文化中或与来自另一种文化的人交往时，我们就可以看出，人们做事的方式不尽相同。我们首先注意到的是不同文化的人相互称呼的方式不同。人们相互称呼时所使用的语言可反映出某一文化的丰富内涵。

58 基本词汇、基本语法、基本知识（史地文哲、社会自然、风土人情等）。
翻译的基本功： 基本词汇、基本语法、基本知识（史地文哲、社会自然、风土人情等）。 小节结束

59 2. 3 认真审校 (Proofreading & Correction)
审校就是检查译文有无遗漏丢失、错译误译、前后矛盾、关系混乱、文体逻辑等方面的问题；同时还要润色文字，在译文的“传达”上下功夫，力求用词贴切，文从字顺，增强译语的可读性。

60 审校三步骤： 初校 复校 定稿

61 标点符号 例如： An English professor wrote the words “woman without her man is nothing” on the blackboard and directed students to punctuate them correctly. The male students wrote: “Woman without her man, is nothing.” The female students wrote: “Woman! Without her, man is nothing.” 【译文】一位英语教授在黑板上写了这么一句话“女人没有她男人就什么都不是。”然后让学生用正确标点符号标点出来。男同学这样标点，“女人，没有她男人，就什么都不是。” 女同学则这样标点，“女人！没有她，男人就什么都不是。”

62 “What do you think I shave you for nothing, and give you a drink!”
还有一则外国笑话，说的是有一家理发店门口有这样一个广告： “What do you think I shave you for nothing, and give you a drink!” “本理发店刮胡子修面，不收钱，还给一杯酒喝，怎么样？” 生意好起来后，理发师便偷加标点： “What！Do you think I shave you for nothing, and give you a drink?” “怎么？你认为我会给你免费刮脸修面，并且还给你一杯酒喝吗？”

63 Xiao Yan，a timid girl is arguing heatedly with the students about it.
小燕(呼语)，有个腼腆的姑娘现在正热烈地和同学们辩论。 Xiao Yan，a timid girl，is arguing heatedly with the students about it. 小燕是个腼腆的姑娘，现在也正热烈地和同学们辩论。

64 Tommy Adrews says the boy is a silly donkey.
汤米·安德鲁斯说，这孩子是个大笨蛋。 Tommy Adrews, says the boy, is a silly donkey. 男孩子说，汤米·安德鲁斯是个大笨蛋。 Do you know her brother? 你认识她的哥哥吗？ Do you know her, Brother? 哥哥，你认识她吗？

65 All Londoners who are born within the sound of Bow Bells are called cockneys.
所有土生土长的伦敦人被称为是伦敦佬。 All Londoners，who are born within the sound of Bow Bells, are called cockneys. 所有的伦敦人都是土生土长的，他们都被称为是伦敦佬。

66 Come now. Don’t waste time Come, now. Don’t waste time.
Be good boys． 你们要做好孩子啊！ Be good, boys． 孩子们, 要学乖一些！ Come now. Don’t waste time 勿误时间，现在就来。 Come, now. Don’t waste time. 好的，来吧。不要浪费时间啦!

67 If you want to be slim, don’t eat fast.
Where is my bookmark？ 我的书签在哪儿？ Where is my book，Mark？ 玛克，我的书在哪儿？ If you want to be slim, don’t eat fast. 要想苗条，那就别吃得太快。 If you want to be slim, don’t eat. Fast! 要想苗条，那就别吃饭，饿着吧！ 小节结束

68 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 下面是一篇英语短文，有三种不同译文，分析比较并说明其翻译特点：
As regards health, I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness. I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake. I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome. (to be continued)

69 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days or in sadness about friends who are dead. One’s thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done. This is not always easy; one’s own past is a gradually increasing weight. It is easy to think to oneself that one’s emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one’s mind more keen. If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true. (to be continued)

70 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 (to be continued)
The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigor from its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous. I do not mean that one should be without interest in them, but one’s interest should be contemplative and, if possible philanthropic, but not unduly emotional. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult. (to be continued)

71 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. ( Bertrand Russell: A Successful Old Age)

72 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 【译文1】 谈到健康，我讲不出金玉良言，因为自己少有病患。我这人吃喝随心，醒睡随意，虽然仔细论来个人爱好于健康多无大害，但却从不刻意去养生保健。 从心理学的角度讲，老年人有两忌。一忌过分怀旧。耽于记忆，哀叹旧日，伤怀亡友，这些皆不足取。人要有意识地向前看，有意识地去想仍能有所为之事。当然，这也并非易事。过往的岁月，在我们肩上逐日加重着分量。我们总是认定情感已不复往昔纤细，头脑亦有欠敏锐。倘若真是如此，这话早该被忘记才对；而若人们连这话都记不起，想来话本身也就不会真有道理。 老年人第二忌：切忌抓住青年人不放，以求从其青春中汲取活力。儿女一旦长大，就想有自己的生活，如果这时做父母的还像关心小孩子一样对他们面面俱到，就有沦为负担之嫌。

73 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 当然，特例也有，有的儿女对此就不以为意。我这里不是主张为人父母者不再去关心子女，而是建议父母应从思想上去关心子女，如果有能力的话从经济上去扶持子女。过分地在感情上去关心他们的做法并非上选。动物的幼崽一旦学会自理，母兽就听之任之；但人由于婴儿期长的缘故，父母往往很难对子女完全放手。 我认为有一种人最易将老年活得成功。这种人不拘泥于切身利害，而是依性之所好投入到适宜的活动之中。因为一个人只有在从事这些兴趣爱好时，长期积累的经验才真正得以结出果实，岁月的智慧也最终得以自由流淌。教训长大的子女不要犯错只是徒劳。一是他们不再听从，二是从错误中求教训本是学习之核心。但如若你没有个人爱好，就难免以一味顾念儿孙来填补生活的空虚寞落了。（王巍译）

74 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 【译文2】 谈到健康问题，我就没有什么可说的了，因为我没怎么生过病。我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就喝什么，眼睛睁不开了就睡觉，从来不为对身体有益而搞什么活动，然而实际上我喜欢做的事大都是有助于增进身体健康的。 从心理方面来说，到了老年，有两种危险倾向需要注意防止，一是过分地怀念过去，老想着过去，总觉得过去怎么好，或者总是为已故的朋友而忧伤，这是不妥的。一个人应当考虑未来，考虑一些可以有所作为的事情。要做到这一点并非总是很容易的；自己过去的经历就是一个越来越沉重的包袱。人们往往会对自己说，我过去感情多么丰富，思想多么敏锐，现在不行了。如果真是这样的话，那就不要去想它，而如果你不去想它，情形就很可能不是这样了。

75 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 另一件需要避免的事就是老想和年轻人呆在一起，希望从青年的活力中汲取力量。孩子长大之后，就希望独立生活，如果你还像他们年幼时那样关心他们，你就会成为他们的累赘，除非他们特别麻木不仁。我不是说一个人不应当关心孩子，而是说这种关心主要应该是多为他们着想，可能的话，给他们一些接济，而不应该过分地动感情。动物，一旦它们的后代能够自己照顾自己，它们就不管了；但是人，由于抚养子女的时间长，是难以这样做的。 我认为，如果老年人对于个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣，并参加适当的活动，他们的晚年是最容易过得好的。在这一方面，他们由于阅历深，是能够真正做得卓有成效的，也正是在这一方面，他们从经验中得出的智慧既可以发挥作用，又不致使人感到强加于人。告诫成年的子女不要犯错误，那是没有用的，一来他们不听你的，二来犯错误本身也是受教育的一个重要方面。但是如果你这个人对于个人以外的事情不发生兴趣，就会感到生活空虚，除非你老惦记着儿孙。（庄绎传译）

76 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 【译文3】 提及健康这个话题，本人既少有病痛，故而并无忠告。饮食方面，我从不忌口；睡眠之道，惟“想睡就睡”一条。尽管本人爱做之事，大抵皆有益健康，但我从不刻意经营养生之道。 就心理层面而言，人届老年有两个危险，须得小心在意。一为沉湎过往。老是想当年、伤旧时、念亡友，根本于事无补。人一定要放眼未来，想想人生中尚得发挥之处。当然这并不容易；年岁渐长，过往必定日多于生命之比重。与现时相较，人总自觉往日比较热情易感、灵敏便给，如所言确是，当便抛诸脑后；设若得以相忘，或便不尽属实。 另外尚有一危险，亦即纠缠年轻人不放，有似试图藉由其生命力，返老还春。孩子大了，皆望自有一片天，如果父母还将其视若幼童，整日价嘘寒问暖，那么除非子女麻木异常，否则这样的关心即形同负担。然此并不意味，为人父母当此际应对儿女不闻不问，而是谓关心应存乎内敛含蓄，其人尽可即之也温，其情但求适可而止。百兽一觉幼儿得以自立，总是放手令以自力更生，然人类因婴儿期较长之故，殊难割舍亲情。

77 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 个人深觉，若能超脱于上述儿女兴趣，积极从事合宜活动，晚年生活最易圆满。生命走到这里，长期经验真正称得上成果丰硕；也只有到此时，一个人从经验中累积的智慧，发挥起来才真如春阳融雪，不勉人以强。孩子大了，欲其不犯错根本无用，一来父母言语有如耳边风；二来教育之道本是“错中学” 。设若不能自外于儿孙，自娱老怀，一颗心怕只有藉着关注儿孙，方始有着落之处。

78 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 三种不同译文的分析比较（仅供参考）
这是一篇谈有关健康问题的英语短文，三篇汉语译文对英语短文的理解透彻，短语句子，段落整体，表达准确；不完全受英语原文结构形式约束又不脱离原文所表达的意思，拆句断句，并合重组，处理灵活；直译意译共用，归化异化并举，译文古今兼收；汉语译文体现了“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。应该说，这三篇译文各有所长，译得很好，都是英汉翻译参考的好范文。

79 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 【译文1】 选词遣字，很有讲究，略带文采，译文挥洒自如，优雅精炼。比如Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past.（从心理学的角度讲，老年人有两忌。一忌过分怀旧。）英语原文有36句，而译文共55句，表现了汉语重“意合”的特点。就是有点过于文气，似有迂腐之嫌，今人难以接受。

80 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 【译文2】 没有华丽的词藻、文雅的语言，犹如平日谈话聊天，读起来轻松愉快、和蔼可亲、顺畅自然，非常符合现代人的口味，很容易接受。比如I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake.（我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就喝什么，眼睛睁不开了就睡觉。）这和【译文1】的“我这人吃喝随心，醒睡随意”相比，“雅”似乎逊色一点。译文共46句，但字数偏多，显得平平淡淡，不够精炼。

81 课堂互动6 ：课堂讨论 【译文3】 照顾了【译文1】的“雅”,兼容了【译文2 】的“平”。如 “ 饮食方面，我从不忌口；睡眠之道，惟 ‘想睡就睡’ 一条”，这种译法容易让人接受。译文共67句，句多字少，很精炼，不啰嗦，但有些句子的翻译晦涩难懂，不够顺畅。 小节结束

82 翻译是一项进行再创造的语言实践活动，有许多事情需要脚踏实地地去做，只有不断探索、不断实践、不断总结，才能走出一条成功之道来。

83 第二章综合练习及参考译文 1) We refused to take the advice and failed.
1．翻译下列句子，注意斜体部分的表达并说明翻译的特点 1) We refused to take the advice and failed. 【译文】我们没有听劝告，结果失败了。 2) They are all of an age. 【译文】他们的岁数都相同。 3) I was shanghaied in Shanghai. 【译文】我在上海受骗了。 4) Don’t ride the high horse. （趾高气扬，自鸣得意） 【译文】不要趾高气扬。

84 5) The teacher is popular with his students.
（主动形式，被动意义） 【译文】这位老师很受学生的欢迎。 6) He had a fast life, drinking and gambling. 【译文】他过着放荡的生活，又酗酒又赌博。 7) Man has to fight his way through life on earth! 【译文】人生在世，要奋斗不息。 8) He would be quite a likeable fellow if only he wouldn’t act the goat so much. 【译文】只要他不恶作剧，就是个讨人喜欢的小伙子。

85 9) John can be relied on, he eats no fish and plays the game.
【译文】约翰为人可靠，诚实又正直。 10) Nehru had evidently come to think of their country as the equal of China, or even her superior. 【译文】尼赫鲁显然认为他们的国家应该同中国平起平坐，甚至要高出中国一头。 11) It will soon rain itself out and then we can have our walk. 【译文】雨快停了，我们就能去散步。 12) She was eighteen and beautiful. 【译文】她年方十八，天生丽质。

86 13) There are some beautiful Chinese girls in the picture.
【译文】画中是几个中国美女。（图上是几个漂亮的中国女子。） 14) He was a good father, within his limitations. 【译文】他是个好父亲，虽然也有这样那样的缺点。 15) Look at that old lady, she’s doing everything wrong. 【译文】看看那位老太太，她那个样子最容易出问题。

87 第二章综合练习及参考译文 2．翻译下列段落 In the United States, it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone call made after 11 :00 p.m. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it’s a mater of life and death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance. 【译文】在美国，人们通常不在清早打电话给别人。如果你在早晨别人刮脸或吃早餐的时候打电话来，那就意味着你有非常重要而紧急的事情。晚上11点之后打来电话也一样。人们在睡觉的时间接到电话时就会以为发生了生死攸关的事。打电话所选择的时间表示事情的重要程度。

88 In social life, time plays a very important part. In the U. S
In social life, time plays a very important part. In the U.S. guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. But it is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten. 【译文】时间在社会生活中作用重大。在美国，如果仅仅提前三四天接到宴会的邀请，人们会觉得自己不够受重视。但并不是所有的国家都是这样。在其他国家，人们会觉得提早很多天就预定约会的做法很愚蠢，因为一周以后某一天的计划很有可能被忘掉。

89 The meaning of time differs in different parts of the world
The meaning of time differs in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life. For example, if people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U. S. no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour, for it would be too impolite. Even a person who is five minutes late is expected to make a short apology. 【译文】在不同的地区，时间有不同的意义。因此，来自时间观念不同的两种文化氛围中的人之间就会产生误解。比如：美国社会崇尚迅捷。人们会觉得办事不够迅速的人没有礼貌或不够负责。在美国，人们无法想象让生意伙伴等上一个小时，那简直太失礼了。人们觉得即使只迟到了五分钟，也应该简短地表示歉意。

90 Thank you for your attending
谢谢 Thank you for your attending 返回章重点 退出