第十六章 英汉互译实例及技巧 用前置法翻译定语从句

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1 第十六章 英汉互译实例及技巧 用前置法翻译定语从句
This is the soldier who just returned from the front. Those who sacrifice themselves for the people’s cause are the real heroes of history.. Everything that we saw at the Industrial Exhibition greatly interested us.

2 用后置法(即并列法）以重复先行词方式翻译
The great inviolate place had the ancient permanence which the sea cannot claim. He’ll show her the place where they could make her look a proper dame —— for next to nothing. He was none of the long-winded prosy speakers, who seem to delight in talking chiefly because they give delight to nobody.

3 用后置法中的省略先行词的方式翻译 A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. Occasionally there would be the days when my depression would dissipate temporarily.

4 用溶合法翻译下列句子 There has never been a man around me who wrote so many memos. There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity.

5 翻译练习 Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the French revolution. The ambassador, who had long been interested in Asian affairs, was flattered.

6 用溶合法翻译定语从句 “We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist. We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.

7 用后置法中的定语从句后置法翻译句子 I knew that John would tell his mother, who would probably tell Mary. But listen, I met a man, who said you could hire.

8 翻译练习 He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.

9 翻译练习 He insisted on buying another coat, which he had no use for.

10 翻译练习 He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.

11 翻译练习 Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist. Those who are in favour please hold up their hands.

12 翻译练习 After this she went downstairs to her husband, who was sitting in the lower room. 都收拾完了，德北太太下了楼，走到她丈夫面前，那时她丈夫正在楼下坐着。（重复先行词） Winterbourne presently released the child, who departed, dragging his alpenstock alog the path.温特伯恩不久放开了孩子，孩子走了，沿路拖着他那根登山杖。（重复先行词）

13 定语从句 翻译下列段落，注意被动语态和定语从句：
In consequence of an agreement between the sisters, Elizabeth wrote the next morning to her mother, to beg that the carriage might be sent for them in the course of the day. But Mrs. Bennet, who had calculated on her daughters remaining at Netherfield till the following Tuesday, which would exactly finish Jane's week, could not bring herself to receive hem with pleasure before. Her answer, therefore, was not propitious, at least not to Elizabeth's wishes, for she was impatient to get home. Mrs. Bennet sent them word that they could not possibly have the carriage before Tuesday; and in her postscript it was added that, if Mr. Bingley and his sister pressed them to stay longer, she could spare them very well Against staying longer, however, Elizabeth was positively resolved --- nor did she much expect it would be asked; and fearful, on the contrary, as being considered as intruding themselves needlessly long, she urged Jane to borrow Mr. Bingley's carriage immediately, and at length it was settled that their original design of leaving Netherfield that morning should be mentioned, and the request made. (186 words)

14 译文比较 班纳特姐妹俩商量妥了以后，伊丽莎白第二天早上就写信给她母亲，请她当天就派车子来接她们。可是，班纳特太太早就打算让她两个女儿在尼日斐花园待到下星期二，以便让吉英正好住满一个星期，因此不大乐意提前接她们回家，回信也写得使她们不大满意，-- 至少使伊丽莎白不十分满意，因为她急于回家。班纳特太太信上说，非到星期二，家里弄不出马车来。她写完之后，又补写了几句，说是倘若彬格莱先生兄妹挽留她们多待几天，她非常愿意让她们待下去。怎奈伊丽莎白就是不肯待下去，她打定主意非回家不可--也不怎么指望主人家挽留她们，她反而怕人家以为她们赖在那儿不肯走。于是她催促吉英马上去向彬格莱借马车。她们最后决定向主人家说明，她们当天上午就要离开尼日斐花园，而且把借马车的事也提出来。（王科一译）（321字）

15 译文比较 贝内特家姐妹俩商定之后，第二天早晨伊丽莎白便给母亲写信，请她当天就派车子来接她们。可是，贝内特太太早就盘算让女儿们在内瑟菲尔德待到下星期二，以便让简正好住满一个星期，因此说什么也不乐意提前接她们回家。所以，她的回信写得也不令人满意，至少使伊丽莎白感到不满意，因为她急于回家。贝内特太太在信里说，星期二以前不能派车去接她们。她在信后又补充了一句：如果宾利兄妹挽留她们多住几天，她完全没意见。怎奈伊丽莎白坚决不肯再待下去--也不大指望主人家挽留她们。她只怕人家嫌她们赖在那里不走，便催促简马上去向宾利先生借马车。两人最后决定向主人家表明，她们当天上午就想离开内瑟菲尔德，而且提出了想借马车。（孙致礼译）（291字）

16 译文比较 本内特姐妹俩商量好了以后，伊丽莎白第二天早晨就给母亲写信，要求当天派马车来接她们。但是本内特太太原来合计让两个女儿在内瑟菲德逗留到下一个星期二，让简在那儿刚好待够一个星期，因此不愿意在此之前接她们回家。这样，她的回信并不让人遂心，至少不符合伊丽莎白的愿望，因为她迫不及待地想回家去。本内特太太的回信说，在星期二以前她们别指望有马车；而且在信末尾的附言中还加了一句，如果宾利先生和他妹妹坚决挽留她们多住几天，她完全同意她们留下。然而伊丽莎白下定决心不再继续逗留，而且她也觉得，他们不会提出挽留；相反，她还害怕别人认为她们这两个不速之客待得太久，所以催促简立刻去借用宾利先生的马车，最后姐妹俩决定向他们说明，她们原来打算这天上午离开内瑟菲德，然后提出借车。（张玲、张扬译）（325字）

17 长句的翻译（之一） 长句的译法 翻译长句时，首先要弄清楚原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思，然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系（因果、时间顺序等），再按照汉语特点和表达方式，正确地翻译出原文的意思，不拘泥于原文的形式。

18 长句的译法主要有下列几种：（一）顺序法；（二）逆序法；（三）分译法；（四）综合法。
顺序法：有些英语长句所叙述的一连串动作基本上是按动作发生的时间先后安排，也有些英语长句的内容是按逻辑关系安排，这与汉语表达方法比较一致，因此翻译时一般可按照原文顺序翻译出来，适当垫进一些动词或虚词，补足语气，并连接上下句。

19 顺序法 ①As for the other question momentarily agitating the capitalists / ② as to what new line of activity they could substitute for their own extinguished business, / ③Vanderbilt soon showed / ④ how railroads could be made to yield a far greater fortune than commerce. 这个句子虽长，所带的状语、定语、从句也不少，但大致上可分为四个意群，而中译则可按次序逐片翻译： ①至于如何解决另一个使资本家时刻感到不安的问题，/② 也就是他们有可能搞哪一门新的生意来代替那被迫停止的买卖，/ ③范德比尔特不久就表明，/④办铁路比做买卖更容易发财。

20 练习参考译文 At this the whole pack rose up into the air, and came flying down upon her; she gave a little scream, half of fright and half of anger, and tried to beat them off, and found herself lying on the bank, with her head in the lap of her sister, who was gently brushing away some dead leaves that had fluttered down from the trees upon her face. （68字） 这时，整付纸牌都跳到半空中，纷纷向她飞来；她又惊又气，轻轻尖叫一声，想用手把它们打掉，却发现自己躺在河岸上，头枕在姐姐的膝上。树上飘下的几片黄叶落在她的脸上，她的姐姐正轻轻地把它们掸掉。 （92字）

21 翻译练习 His affection for her soon sunk into indifference; her's lasted a little longer; and in spite of her youth and her manners, she retained all the claims to reputation which her marriage had given her. 韦翰对丽迪雅不久便情淡爱驰，丽迪雅对他比较持久一些，尽管她年轻荒唐，还是顾全了婚后应有的名誉。（王科一译）威克姆不久便情淡爱驰，莉迪亚对他少许持久一些，尽管她年纪轻轻，行为放纵，还是顾全了婚后应有的名声。（孙致礼译）他对她的感情不久就冷淡下来，她对他的感情此后也没有维持多久。尽管她年幼无知，行为不检，不过总算还达到各种要求，维持住她结了婚而挽回了的名誉。（张玲、张扬译）

22 长句的翻译(之二) 逆序法:有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时就必须从原文后面翻译起，逆着原文的顺序翻译。这种翻译方法又叫倒拆法。从形式看，按意群把句子拆散，逆着原文的句法排列，逐片往上倒译，或者说，把原句的句首部分放到译文的句末去翻译；而原句的句末却安排到译文的前部去。

23 逆序法 ①Time goes fast for one ②who has a sense of beauty, ③when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch! 分析：这个句子是由一个主句、两个定语从句和一个状语从句组成。"时间是过得很快的"是主句，也是全句的中心内容。全句共有四层意思：（一）时间是过得很快的；（二）如果你懂得什么是美的话；（三）当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇地接受东西；（四）你所捉上来的东西。按照汉语先发生的事先叙述以及条件在先结果在后的习惯，这个句子可逆着原文顺序翻译。

24 逆序法 译文：③当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇地接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候，②如果你懂得什么叫美的话，①时间是过得很快的！

25 翻译练习 Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch! 当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇地接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候，如果你懂得什么叫美的话，时间是过得很快的！

26 翻译练习 His delegation welcomed the fact that UNDP was prepared to respond to emergency needs as they rose, despite the basically long-term operations that characterized those programmes. 尽管联合国开发计划署的特点是开展基本上比较长期的业务活动，但是该机构也作了应急准备；对此，他的代表团表示欢迎。

27 翻译练习 It had been anticipated that results would now begin to show an increase in living standards in Russia. Instead, the necessity to greatly increase the direct expenditure on armaments and still further raise the already high percentage of the national income devoted to defense means a further postponement of reward to the ordinary workers and consumers as a consequence of the great industrial effort since war. 原来预料俄国的生活水平现在会因此而提高。可是不然，直接的军费需要大大增加，在国民收入中已占很大比例的国防费用黑需要更加提高。这也就是说，由于战后工业方面的巨大努力，普通工人和消费者可得到好处的时间，又要推迟了。

28 翻译练习 The Prime Minister added, “We are now once again regarded by other states as a power whose judgment can be trusted and whose promises can be relied on.” 首相说：“我们这个大国的判断是可以相信的，我们这个大国的诺言是可以信赖的；现在其他国家又把我们当作这样的大国了。”

29 长句的翻译(之三) 分译法:有时英语长句中主句与从句或主句与修饰语之间的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可按汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句中的从句或短语化为句子，分开来叙述；为使语意连贯，有时还可适当增加词语。 ①His delegation agreed with the Executive Director/ ②that the fund should continue working /③for a better understanding of the interrelationship between economic, social and demographic factors. 按原词序排列的译文实在欧化得令人难以卒读。拆译是必要的，而且也不难，只要按上述原则，顺着拆开的三个意群，逐片翻译：①他的代表团同意执行主任的意见，/②认为该基金会应继续努力，/③以求更好地了解经济、社会和人口这三方面的相互关系。 顺原意排列的程序，逐片翻译，并没有多大困难，但有一点必须注意：拆译后的句子，相互之间必须衔接，这往往需要加一些动词，如本句的“认为”；加一些虚词，如本句的“以求”。另外，因为有些片段只是个短语，还需要把某些词的词性加以改变，如本文的understanding，这样才能把各句的意念连接起来。

30 长句的翻译（之四） 综合法:有些英语长句顺译或逆译都感不便，分译也有困难，这时就应仔细推敲，或按时间先后，或按逻辑顺序，有顺有逆、有主有次地对全句进行综合处理。 ①Mr. Weston was a great favourite , ②and there was not a creature in the world to whom she spoke with such unreserved, ③as to his wife; not any one, ④to whom she related with such conviction of being listened to and understood, ⑤of being always interesting and always intelligible, ⑥the little affairs, arrangements, perplexities and pleasures of her father and herself. (61 words) ①她非常喜欢韦斯顿先生，③而他的那位太太，②则是她天下最能推心置腹的人；⑥她和父亲但凡有什么安排，或者遇到什么琐碎的、为难的或高兴的事，还就爱跟那位太太讲，④知道她喜欢听，善解人意，⑤而且总是很感兴趣，总能心领神会。（在这个译文中，译者考虑到英汉两种语言的句法差异，把英语中后置的as to his wife，翻译成汉语中前置的“而他的那位太太”，形成了整句话的转折点，然后根据汉语的行文习惯，有条不紊地陈述下去，其中还调整了little affairs, arrangements, perplexities and pleasures的次序，并恰如其分地使用了“推心置腹”、“善解人意”、“心领神会”等汉语成语，可谓文从字顺，既忠实地传达了原文的意义，又能使读者领略到阅读的情趣。）

31 翻译练习 Almost before her misgiving at the news could find time to shape itself she took, under her companion’s direction, two of the most beautiful of the Hamburghs in her arms, and followed the maid-servant, who had likewise taken two, to the adjacent mansion, which, though ornate and imposing, showed traces everywhere on this side that some occupant of its chambers could bend to the love of dumb creatures — feathers floating within view of the front, and hen-coops standing on the grass.

32 参考译文 她听了这话，心中起了一种疑惧,但是几乎还没等她辨过来自己心里到底是怎么回事，那个女仆就已经叫她抱起两只顶好看的汉布鸡，自己也抱起两只,带着她往紧紧邻接的上房去了；上房看着倒是华丽宏壮，不过草地上放的是鸡笼子,房前目力所及的空中又飞的是羽毛，这么到处都有痕迹表示出来，住在那些屋子里的，一定是个连哑巴动物都爱护的人。

33 原文 The descendants of these bygone owners felt it almost as a slight to their family when the house which had so much of their affection, had cost so much of their forefather’s money, and had been in their possession of several generations before the D’Urbervilles came and built here, was indifferently turned into a fowl-house by Mrs. Stoke-D’Urbervilles as soon as the property fell into hand according to law.

34 翻译练习 这份产业法定的典期刚满，司陶——德伯太太就满不在乎地把这所草房变成了养鸡的地方了；旧房主的子孙们，觉得这简直地是寒蠢他们的家，因为这所房子是他们很爱护的，是曾经花过他们的祖宗很多钱的，德伯家还没来到这儿置产业盖房子以前，他们已经在那儿住了好些辈儿了。

35 增词译法和减词译法

36 Adding 增词译法 英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能将词类转换，有时候也可能将词量增减。
增词法就是在翻译时按意义上或修辞上或句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、通顺地表达原文思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意乱加，而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其义的一些词。

37 Adding verbs e.g. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and flowers. — 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“中国群众”挥舞纸旗和花束的场面。 e.g. After the banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. — 参加完宴会，出席过音乐会，观看了乒乓球表演赛之后，他还得起草最后公报。 e.g. I’m really busy this morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an interview. — 我今天上午的确很忙，要上两节课，开一个会，还要接受一个采访。

38 Adding adjectives e.g. With what enthusiasm the Beijingers are studying foreign languages! — 北京的人们正以多么高的热情学习外语啊！ e.g. What a day/life! — 多么（ 热/冷/难熬/幸福/悲惨 ）的一天/生活啊！

39 Adding adverbs e.g. How the little girl looked after her old mother! — 那个小女孩照顾她的年迈的母亲是多么地细心周到啊！ e.g. The crowd melted away. — 人群渐渐地散去了。 e.g. As he began talking, words poured out. — 他一开讲，就滔滔不绝地讲个没完。

40 e.g. Be sure to wash before meal. — 饭前一定要洗手。
Adding nouns After the intransitive verb e.g. Be sure to wash before meal. — 饭前一定要洗手。 e.g. Doesn’t she wash after getting up? — 起床后她难道不洗漱（洗脸刷牙）吗？ e.g. He sometimes forgets to wash before going to bed. — 他有时忘记洗脚就上床睡觉。 e.g. Day after day she does the same: washing, sweeping, and cooking. — 她日复一日地做着同样的家务：洗衣服，拖地板，做饭。 Before the adjective e.g. The radio is indeed cheap and fine. — 这台收音机真是物美价廉。 e.g. She is a complicated girl – moody, sensitive and skeptical. — 她是个性格复杂的人：喜怒无常，多愁善感，疑神疑鬼。

41 e.g. After all preparations were made, the sports meet began.
After the abstract noun e.g. After all preparations were made, the sports meet began. — 一切准备工作就绪后，运动会开始了。 e.g. In the summer of 1969, the government publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. — 一九六九年夏天，政府公开主张缓和与中国的紧张关系。 After the concrete noun e.g. He felt the patriot rise within his breast. — 他感到胸中涌起了一股爱国热情。 e.g. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. — 法官的职责战胜了父子之情，他最终判决自己的儿子有罪。

42 Adding words which indicate the plural form
汉语中名词的复数没有词型变化，很多情况下不必表达出来，但要表达 指多数人的名词时，可用“们”，如“老师们，同学们”，或在名词前加“各位／诸位” 或独立使用“大家”；表达事物的复数时可用“若干”等。此外，英语名词复数汉译时还可根据情况，增加重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达，以提高修辞效果。 增加重叠词表示复数 e.g. Flowers bloom in the fields. — 朵朵鲜花开满原野。 e.g. Every summer, tourists go to the coastal cities. — 一到夏季，旅游者纷纷涌到海滨城市。 e.g. Rows of new houses have been set up. — 一排排的新房建成了。

43 e.g. The lion is the king of animals. — 狮子是百兽之王。
增加数词或其它词表示复数 汉语中有些数字词汇在文中并不表示具体的数字，只是表示“多，众多”的意思，如百（百花齐放，百家争鸣，百鸟朝凤，百感交集）、千（千篇一律，千人一面，千方百计）、万（万众一心，万紫千红，万水千山，千难万险）等；还有些词，如、 群、众、历、丛等也表示数量的多： e.g. The lion is the king of animals. — 狮子是百兽之王。 e.g. The mountains were covered with snow. — 群山白雪皑皑。 e.g. The crowd made a way for him. — 众人给他闪开了一条道。

44 e.g. I bought a new bike yesterday. — 我昨天买了一辆新自行车。
Adding quantifiers 英语中的名词，特别是可数名词，一般直接与数词或冠词连用；而汉语几乎总是要用量词。 e.g. I bought a new bike yesterday. — 我昨天买了一辆新自行车。 e.g. A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. — 一轮红日在平静的海面上冉冉升起。 英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语时常需增加一些表示行为、动作的动量词。 e.g. Shall we have a rest? — 我们休息一下好吗？ e.g. Once they quarreled bitterly. — 有次他们大吵了一架。 e.g. I had a look at the photo and recognized her at once. — 我看了一眼照片，马上就认出了她。

45 Adding words which indicate the tense
英语动词的时态是靠动词词型变化和加助动词来表达的。汉语动词没有时态变化，表达时态时除用具体表示时间的词或词组，如昨天、此时此刻、下周、２０年前等，还要借助于时态助词“曾、已经、过、了／正在、着、／将、就、要、会、便”被用来表示过去／现在／将来发生的动作或存在的状态。 对时间概念作强调时，往往加词翻译。 e.g. I had heard about him before I met him. — 我在见到他之前就听说过他了。 e.g. Once I was his boss ,but now he is mine. — 我一度曾是他的上司；不过现在是他领导我。 强调时间的对比时，要加词翻译。 e.g. They say his father was a fisherman. He used to be as poor as we are. — 听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也跟我们现在一样穷。

46 Adding auxiliary words which indicate the tone
汉语中有许多语气助词，如：的、吧、呢、啊、呀、吗、嘛、啦、了、罢了、而已等。在英译汉时，要细心体味原文，使用汉语语气助词，更好地表达原文的修辞色彩。 e.g. Don’t take it so seriously. I just make fun of you. — 不要当真嘛！我不过是跟你开玩笑罢了。 e.g. As for me, I have nothing to say. — 我呢，也没有什么可说的了。

47 Adding words which are syntactically omitted in the source text
问答句 e.g. — Is this your book? — Yes, it is. — 这是你的书吗？ — 是我的。 e.g. — what? Don’t you love him? — Yes, of course I do. — 什么？难道你不爱他？ — 我当然爱他！ 排比句 e.g. “Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man…” — “读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。”（培根:《论读书》王佐良译）

48 e.g. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
比较句 e.g. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. — 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 e.g. The villagers are as ready to look after her as they were their own daughter. — 村民们愿意照顾她，正如他们愿意照顾他们自己的女儿一样。 隐含条件句 e.g. At the time of Kennedy’s assassination, people thought that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster. — 肯尼迪遇刺时，人们认为，假如他再任一届总统的话，大概不是功高盖世，就是祸国殃民。 e.g. But without Adolf Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich. — 然而如果没有希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定没有第三帝国。

49 Adding words which indicate the textual / social context
e.g. In April, there was the “ping” heard around the world. In July, the ping “ponged”. 如只照原文译出“四月份，全世界听到乒的一声；七月里，这乒声乓了一下。”读者肯定不知所云。根据中美建交的背景知识，把这段外交史话译为： — 四月里，全世界听到中国乒的一声把球打了出去；到了七月，美国乓的一声把球打了回来。 e.g. Mao and Zhou learned that Nixon had the desire for a visit. — 毛泽东和周恩来获悉尼克松有访华的念头。

50 Adding summarizing words
英汉语中都有概括词。对应译成“总之”“等等”即可。但有时英语句子中并无概括词，而翻译时往往要加上一些词，而省掉英语中的连接词： e.g. The foreign ministers of China, Russia, Japan and the U.S. met in Tokyo. — 中、俄、日、美四国外长在东京会晤。 e.g. China is willing to exchange views with any countries, politically, culturally and economically. —中国愿意同任何国家在政治、文化、经济等各个方面进行交流。

51 Adding linking words e.g. Yes, he likes football. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion, maybe. —不错，他喜欢足球。现今很多人喜欢足球。这似乎是种时髦。 e.g. You have made a mistake, and a serious one. —你犯了一个错误，而且还是个严重错误。

52 Cutting words From the Grammatical Aspect Cutting pronouns
Cutting the pronoun as subject 根据汉语习惯，后句主语若与前句相同，不必重复出现。 e.g. But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. — 不过我就是这个脾气，虽然竭力想改，终究还是改不了。 2.泛指人称代词作主语时，即便是第一个主语，也往往省略掉。 e.g. You can never tell. — 很难说。 e.g. We eat to live, but not live to eat. — 吃饭是为了活着，可活着不是为了吃饭。 e.g. Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist. — 不承认这个事实，就不是唯物主义者。

53 e.g. This formula makes it easy to determine the wavelength of sounds.
Cutting the pronoun as object e.g. This formula makes it easy to determine the wavelength of sounds. — 这一公式使得测定声音的波长十分简单。 e.g. Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. — 交出翻译之前必须多读几遍，看看里面有没有要修改的地方。 Cutting the possessive pronoun e.g. For two weeks, he had been studying the house, looking at its rooms, its electric wiring, its path and its garden. — 连着两星期他都在观察房子的情况，检查各个房间，查看线路、通道和花园的布局。 e.g. The train came. He pinched his little sister lovingly, and put his great arms about his mother’s neck and then was away. — 火车来了。他疼爱地捏了捏小妹妹，粗壮的胳膊搂了一下母亲的脖子，然后就走了。

54 Cutting “it” as impersonal pronoun
Cutting the pronoun in comparative sentence e.g. The climate in Switzerland is absolutely different from that in Somalia. — 瑞士的气候与索马里截然不同。 Cutting “it” Cutting “it” as impersonal pronoun e.g. Outside it was raining cats and dogs as she shut the door. — 她关门时外面正下着滂沱大雨。 Cutting “it” as emphatic pronoun e.g. It was only then that I began to have doubts whether my story would ever be told. — 直到那时我才开始怀疑，我的经历究竟能不能公诸于众。

55 — 他认为国家安全委员会机构过于庞大臃肿，人多嘴杂，容易泄密。
Cutting conjunctions Cutting the coordinating conjunction e.g. He considered the National Security Council too large and bulky and thus too leaky, too many people who talked too much. — 他认为国家安全委员会机构过于庞大臃肿，人多嘴杂，容易泄密。 e.g. Your parents or your wife or your son or your best friends might be expecting you back home safe and sound. — 也许你的父母，妻儿，或者你最好的朋友都在盼望你平安回家呢。

56 e.g. We knew that summer was coming, as we could see a swallow.
Cutting the subordinate conjunction 省略表示原因的连接词 e.g. We knew that summer was coming, as we could see a swallow. — 我们看见一只燕子，知道夏天就要来临了。 e.g. Because the departure was not easy, we’d better make it brief. — 离别不是件容易的事（离别真叫人难受），我们还是简短些吧。 省略表示条件的连接词 e.g. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? — 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（雪莱《西风颂》） e.g. I would not have said it if I had known it. — 早知如此我就不说了。

57 省略表示时间的连接词 e.g. When at last he stood upon the bluff, he turned to his little sister and looked upon her sorrowfully. — 最后他站到了悬崖上，转过身来，悲哀地看着他的小妹妹。 e.g. At long last, on June 6, 1944, after the European war was basically decided and Hitler licked, the allies launched their long-delayed western front. — 1944年6月6日，欧洲战局基本已见分晓，希特勒败局已定，盟军终于在这一天开辟了延迟了很久的西线战场。

58 Cutting articles e.g. Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. — 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子构成。（类别） e.g. The moon was slowly rising above the sea. — 月亮从海上冉冉升起。（独一无二的事物） e.g. When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun. — 我到电影院时，电影已经开始了。（特指）

59 但在下列情况中冠词不能省略： 不定冠词 “a(n)” 强调数目“一”或“每一”、“同一”时： e.g. twice a week; birds of a feather 同一种类的鸟 e.g. He left without saying a word. — 他一句话不说就走了。 定冠词 “the” 强调“这”、“那”时： e.g. This is the boy who broke our window five minutes ago, sir!

60 Cutting prepositions e.g. The difference between the two machines consists in power. — 这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。 e.g. Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic weight of — 氢是最轻的元素，原子量为1.0008。 **一般说来，表示时间和地点的介词短语放在译文句首时大都可省。 e.g. The battle began at 11:00 p.m. — 夜晚11点，战役打响了。（比较：战役在夜晚11点打响。） e.g. An ancient castle stood on the edge of the cliff. — 悬崖边矗立着一座古堡。（比较：一座古堡矗立在悬崖边。）

61 Cutting verbs e.g. When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. — 气压低，沸点就低。 e.g. Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do. — 如同液体和气体一样，固体也会膨胀和收缩。

62 From the Rhetorical Aspect
Cutting the repeated phrase e.g. Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all ages knocked me about and starved me. — 那时打我、让我挨饿的不只是一个老太婆，而是老老少少各式各样的人。

63 Cutting words which are not necessary
e.g. His younger sister is an actress. — 他妹妹是个（女）演员。 e.g. As scheduled, Chinese and American diplomats met on January 20, at the Chinese Embassy in Poland. It was their first get-together in more than two years. 中美两国外交官按照预定计划于一月二十日在波兰的中国大使馆会晤。这是两年多来的第一次。 e.g. University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. — 报考大学的人，有工作经验的将优先录取。

64 正反译与反正译（正说与反说） 人们在叙述同一事物或表达同一思想时，可以正说，也可以反说，汉语如此，英语也如此。
他是外乡人。He is a stranger here. Or: He is not a native. 黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，不怀好心。The weasel goes to pay respects to the hen not with the best of intentions. Or: The weasel pays a courtesy visit to the hen with evil intent. 到目前为止，联合国辜负了世界人民所寄予的希望。The United Nations has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world place in it. 我们决不辜负全国人民对我们的希望。We will live up to the expectations of our people.

65 例句 他的解释不能让人满意。His explanation is far from satisfactory.
他虽然贫穷，但无论如何也不会说谎。Poor as he was, he was above telling a lie in any case. ( He is above taking profits for himself. 他不屑于为自己谋利。) 余新江没有留意对方的关切。Yu Hsin-chiang failed to notice the other’s concern.

66 汉英两种语言的习惯用法不同 油漆未干。Wet paint.
在他还没来得及阻拦我之前，我已经跑出教室。Before he could stop me, I had rushed out of the classroom. (* Before he could not stop me…) 在收据尚未签字以前不得付款。Before the receipt has been signed, the money must not be paid. (* Before the receipt has not been signed…)

67 例句 俗话说，‘男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处’嘛。（周克芹：《许茂和他的女儿们》）As the saying goes, “Men only weep when deeply hurt.” Or: As the saying goes, “Men never weep unless and until deeply hurt.” 如果没有他的帮助，我早就失败了。But for his help, I should have failed. 白茫茫的老鸦窝，除了呼呼的北风外，没有一点声响。Except for the howl of the north wind, all was still in snow-mantled Ravens Nest.

68 例句 而阿Q总觉得自己太失意：既然革了命，不应该只是这样。Yet Ah O still felt dissatisfied. He thought since a revolution had taken place, it should be something more than this. 阿Q候他略停，终于用十二分的勇气开口了，但不知道因为什么，又不叫他洋先生。Ah Q waited for him to pause, and then screwed up all his courage to speak. But for some reason or other he still did not call him Mr Foreigner. 陈松林说的这些名字，许云峰都不知道。These names mentioned by Chen Songlin were new to Xu Yunfeng.

69 例句 郑克昌轻轻推了一下门，门开了。店门是虚掩着的。Zheng Kechang pushed the door lightly and it opened. It had not been locked. 赵家遭抢之后，未庄人大抵很快意而且恐慌，阿Q也很快意而且恐慌。After the Zhao family was robbed most of the people in Weizhuang felt pleased yet fearful, and Ah Q was no exception. 挂好了扫帚以后，他放心了一些，危险再不能威胁党和同志们了。He breathed more easily after hanging up the broom. The Party and his comrades were safe.

70 英语中含否定语气的词语有： a．动词：fail, miss, lack, ignore, refuse, withhold, refrain (from), neglect, deny, overlook, exclude等等。 使我们失望的是他不顾大局。To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account. 他上火车站去接他的朋友，可是未能在人群中见到他。He went to the station to meet his friend, but he missed him in the crowd.

71 b. 名词：absence, failure, refusal, ignorance, neglect, exclusion等等。
他开车时心不在焉，几乎闯祸。His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident. 我们完全不知道他的计划。We are in complete ignorance of his plan. 他未能履行诺言，我们大家都很失望。His failure to carry out his promise has disappointed everyone of us.

72 c. 形容词和形容词短语：few, little, free from, far from, safe from, short of等等。
这次演出根本没有失败，而是十分成功。The show was far from being a failure; it was a great success. 他的作文几乎没有语法错误。There are few grammatical mistakes in his composition. 据悉敌军给养不足。It is reported that the enemy troops are short of supplies.

73 d. 副词和副词短语：little, otherwise, too…to等等。
他显然有不同的想法。He evidently thinks otherwise. 我根本不知道他会遇到什么麻烦。I little knew what trouble he was going to have. 他兴奋得说不出话来了。He was too excited to speak.

74 e. 连词：unless, before, until, rather than, or等等。
不了解这一点，就不能得到起码的知识。Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even elementary knowledge. 他宁愿饿死，不愿行窃。He will die of hunger before he steals. 部队宁可绕道走，也不踩庄稼。The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops.

75 f. 介词和介词短语：without, above, except, beyond, instead of, in place of, out of等等。
社会主义无疑比资本主义优越。Socialism is beyond doubt superior to capitalism. 要不是你帮忙，那件任务我无法按时完成的。Without your help, I could not have fulfilled the task in time. 我要铅笔，不要钢笔。I want a pencil instead of a pen.

76 正说反说互译练习 日子很快过去了，她做工却丝毫没有松懈。 他不在，我感到很寂寞。 我很高兴看见你安然无恙。 他们的供应不足，冬季又将来临。
他不自然地咳了起来。

77 参考译文 The days passed quickly, but she worked as hard as ever.
In his absence, I felt very lonely. I am glad to see you safe and sound. Their supply line was thin and winter was coming on. He coughed with embarrassment.

78 练习 你早晨来看我的时候，我还没有起床。 他只顾自己，不顾别人，使得大家都很生气。 她没有同伴，只一个人坐在车厢一角动也不动。
是重力使我们不至于从地球上抛出去。 他下意识地举起手来搔他的头顶。

79 参考译文 When you called on me this morning, I was still in bed.
His lack of consideration for the feelings of others angered everyone present. Travelling alone, she was sitting still in the corner of the carriage. It is gravity that keeps us from falling off the earth. He involuntarily raised his hand to scratch his head.

80 练习 返回祖国的念头始终萦绕在他们心中。 只要他没有病倒，他是不会不来的。 她只觉得头晕眼花，辩不出路径。
一遇到机会，他总是要发表一通议论。 他的暗示没有引起我的注意。 你恐怕弄错了。

81 参考译文 The thought of returning to his motherland never deserted him.
He’ll certainly come unless he is ill. She felt too dizzy to remember the way she had come. He was never tired of harping upon his arguments once more whenever an opportunity presented itself. His hint escaped me. I’m afraid you are mistaken.

82 四字格与习语的翻译

83 习语的翻译策略 一.直译 直译能够比较完整地保留原习语的比喻形象、民族色彩和语言风格，但必须以不引起读者误解和不违背译文表达习惯为前提。例如： （1）处理人民内部的矛盾，必须坚持和风细雨的方法，坚持“团结-批评-团结”的方法。 It is essential to persist in using methods as mild as a drizzle and as gentle as a breeze, and to adhere to the formula of “unity-criticism-unity”, in dealing with contradictions among the people. （2）所以这李纨虽青春丧偶，且处于膏粱锦绣之中，竟如“槁木死灰”一般，一概不问…… So this young widow living in the lap of luxury was no better off than withered wood or cold ashes, taking no interest in theoutside world… （3）他一家子在这儿，他的房子、地在这儿，他跑？ 跑了和尚跑不了庙。 Escape? But his home and property can’t escape. The monk may runaway, but the temple can’t run with him. （4）咳！这一来，竹篮子打水一场空了！ Ah! We are drawing water in a bamboo basket.

84 当直译有困难或勉强译出而英语读者无法理解式，一般应采用意译法。这主要是翻译时抓住内容和喻义，牺牲形象、结合上下文比较灵活地转达原意。
二.意译 当直译有困难或勉强译出而英语读者无法理解式，一般应采用意译法。这主要是翻译时抓住内容和喻义，牺牲形象、结合上下文比较灵活地转达原意。 （5）她怕碰一鼻子灰，话到了嘴边，她又把它吞了下去。 She was afraid of being snubbed, so she swallowed the words that came to her lips. （6）她好久不来信了，一家子盼了星星盼月亮。 For many months no letter came from her.Till her whole family worried over her day and night. （7）我要是有个三长两短，你给玉山捎个话！ If anything should happen to me, let Yushan know! （8）你不能戴着木头眼镜，只看一寸远。 The trouble with you is you cannot see an inch beyond your nose. 翻译是人类最复杂,最困难的活动之一.它涉及人的认知,审美,语言文化素养,对翻译的认识等诸多要素.翻译活动产生两千多年以来,人们对它的研究和探讨从未中止.时代在发展,翻译的范围和规模在发展,人们对翻译性质的认识也在发展.

85 在汉语习语中，常有并列的对偶结构，用两个不同的喻体表达相同的喻意。对此类汉语习语通常可采用节译法，即省去并列重复的部分，保留它的基本喻意。
三.节译 在汉语习语中，常有并列的对偶结构，用两个不同的喻体表达相同的喻意。对此类汉语习语通常可采用节译法，即省去并列重复的部分，保留它的基本喻意。 （9）冷淡的阳光照着他们的愁眉苦脸和长发白眼。 The cold, pale sunlight fell on their gloomy faces, long hair and lustreless eyes. （10）最可恶的是行里的同仁背后骂我是个老糊涂，瞎了眼，叫一个不学无术的三等货来做我的襄理。 What is most detestable is that all my colleagues in the bank call me a blind old fool behind my back because I have engaged an uneducated thirdrater as my assistant. （11）忽闻有人在牡丹亭畔，长吁短叹。 Suddenly he heared a rustle in the peony pavilion and someone sighing deeply. （12）“这断子绝孙的阿Q！” 远远地听得小尼姑的带哭的声音。 “AH Q, may you die sonless!” sounded the little nun’s voice tearfully in the distance. 翻译是人类最复杂,最困难的活动之一.它涉及人的认知,审美,语言文化素养,对翻译的认识等诸多要素.翻译活动产生两千多年以来,人们对它的研究和探讨从未中止.时代在发展,翻译的范围和规模在发展,人们对翻译性质的认识也在发展.

86 在采用直译以保留原文比喻形象的同时，又兼用意译，又是略作适当补充，使译文能更加清晰地传达原文含义。
四.直译和意译兼用 在采用直译以保留原文比喻形象的同时，又兼用意译，又是略作适当补充，使译文能更加清晰地传达原文含义。 （13）我说二三百两银子，你就说二三十两！戴着斗笠亲嘴，差着一帽子！ When I say two or three hundred taels, you say twenty or thirty! It’s like kissing in straw helmets ---- the lips are far apart! （14）她一个单身人，无亲无故…… But this girl was all by herself and far from home, without a single relative or friend to help her. （15）王冕一路风餐露宿，九十里大站，七十里小站，一径来到山东济南府地方。 Braving the wind and dew, Wang Mian travelled day after day past large posting stations and small, till he came to the city of Jinan. 翻译是人类最复杂,最困难的活动之一.它涉及人的认知,审美,语言文化素养,对翻译的认识等诸多要素.翻译活动产生两千多年以来,人们对它的研究和探讨从未中止.时代在发展,翻译的范围和规模在发展,人们对翻译性质的认识也在发展.

87 英语里有一些习语和汉语的一些习语采用相同或相似的形象或比喻，表达相同或相似的喻意，可以借用英语同义习语来翻译。
五.借用英语中的同义习语 英语里有一些习语和汉语的一些习语采用相同或相似的形象或比喻，表达相同或相似的喻意，可以借用英语同义习语来翻译。 （16）如今便赶着躲了，料也躲不及，少不得要使各“金蝉脱壳”的法子…… Well, it’s too late to hide now. I must try to avoid suspicion by throwing them off the scent… （17）只有大胆地破釜沉舟地跟他们拼，也许还有翻身的那一天！ All you can do is to burn your boats and fight them in the hope that one day you’ll come out on top. （18）我没想到他对同志们的批评竟充耳不闻。 I didn’t expect him to turn a deaf ear to the comrades’ criticism. 翻译是人类最复杂,最困难的活动之一.它涉及人的认知,审美,语言文化素养,对翻译的认识等诸多要素.翻译活动产生两千多年以来,人们对它的研究和探讨从未中止.时代在发展,翻译的范围和规模在发展,人们对翻译性质的认识也在发展.

88 The onlooker sees most of the game. 艳如桃李 as red as rose
天长地久 as old as the hills 胆小如鼠 as timid as a hare 泰然自若 as cool as a cucumber 水中捞月 to fish in the air 苦如黄连 as bitter as wormwood 鸡皮疙瘩 goose-flesh 轻如鸿毛 as light as a feather 旁观者清 The onlooker sees most of the game. 艳如桃李 as red as rose 翻译是人类最复杂,最困难的活动之一.它涉及人的认知,审美,语言文化素养,对翻译的认识等诸多要素.翻译活动产生两千多年以来,人们对它的研究和探讨从未中止.时代在发展,翻译的范围和规模在发展,人们对翻译性质的认识也在发展.

89 Birds of a feather flock together. 非驴非马
狐假虎威 ass in the lion’s skin 物以类聚 Birds of a feather flock together. 非驴非马 Neither fish, nor flesh, nor fowl. 如释重负 to take a load off one’s mind 挥金如土 to spend money like water 弱不禁风 as weak as water 瞬息之间 in the twinkle of an eye 泪如泉涌 a stream of tears 瓮中之鳖 a rat in a hole 翻译是人类最复杂,最困难的活动之一.它涉及人的认知,审美,语言文化素养,对翻译的认识等诸多要素.翻译活动产生两千多年以来,人们对它的研究和探讨从未中止.时代在发展,翻译的范围和规模在发展,人们对翻译性质的认识也在发展.

90 to make mountains out of molehills 格格不入 a square peg in a round hole
扬眉吐气 to hold one’s head high 一针见血 to touch one on the raw 不翼而飞 to take wings to itself 小题大做 to make mountains out of molehills 格格不入 a square peg in a round hole 山穷水尽 at the end of one’s rope 冷若冰霜 as cold as marble 半斤八两 six of one and half a dozen of the other 胸有成竹 to have a card up one’s sleeve 翻译是人类最复杂,最困难的活动之一.它涉及人的认知,审美,语言文化素养,对翻译的认识等诸多要素.翻译活动产生两千多年以来,人们对它的研究和探讨从未中止.时代在发展,翻译的范围和规模在发展,人们对翻译性质的认识也在发展.

91 to put all one’s eggs in one basket 纸上谈兵 armchair strategy 白费唇舌
孤注一掷 to put all one’s eggs in one basket 纸上谈兵 armchair strategy 白费唇舌 to speak to the wind 同行相嫉 Two of a trade can never agree. 一文不名 without a penny to one’s name 翻译是人类最复杂,最困难的活动之一.它涉及人的认知,审美,语言文化素养,对翻译的认识等诸多要素.翻译活动产生两千多年以来,人们对它的研究和探讨从未中止.时代在发展,翻译的范围和规模在发展,人们对翻译性质的认识也在发展.

92 to be exvellent in quality 品种齐全 in complete range of articles 款式繁多
质地优良 to be exvellent in quality 品种齐全 in complete range of articles 款式繁多 with various patterns 选料考究 choice material 做工精细 fine wormanship 色泽鲜明 bright-coloured 零售价格 retail price 批发价格 wholesale price 货到付款 payment against arrival 翻译是人类最复杂,最困难的活动之一.它涉及人的认知,审美,语言文化素养,对翻译的认识等诸多要素.翻译活动产生两千多年以来,人们对它的研究和探讨从未中止.时代在发展,翻译的范围和规模在发展,人们对翻译性质的认识也在发展.

93 to be exvellent in quality 品种齐全 in complete range of articles 款式繁多
质地优良 to be exvellent in quality 品种齐全 in complete range of articles 款式繁多 with various patterns 选料考究 choice material 做工精细 fine wormanship 色泽鲜明 bright-coloured 零售价格 retail price 批发价格 wholesale price 货到付款 payment against arrival 翻译是人类最复杂,最困难的活动之一.它涉及人的认知,审美,语言文化素养,对翻译的认识等诸多要素.翻译活动产生两千多年以来,人们对它的研究和探讨从未中止.时代在发展,翻译的范围和规模在发展,人们对翻译性质的认识也在发展.

94 2. 那么，什么时候解决战斗？ 还是老牛拉破车，慢慢吞吞的吗？ 3. 他咯咯地笑着说：“这叫画饼充饥!” 4。“人勤地不懒”，这话真不假。
翻译以下各句，注意划线的习语的译法： 1. 咱们不能黑影里点灯，只看脚下。 2. 那么，什么时候解决战斗？ 还是老牛拉破车，慢慢吞吞的吗？ 3. 他咯咯地笑着说：“这叫画饼充饥!” 4。“人勤地不懒”，这话真不假。 5。失败乃成功之母。 6。最重要的是，她不是小姐堆里娇生惯养出来的人。 7。人怕出名猪怕壮。 8。薛蟠也来上学， 不过是三日打鱼，两日晒网。 9。送君千里，终有一别。 10。东风压倒西风。 11。夫妻无隔夜之仇。 12。打蛇先打头，擒贼先擒王。 13。她觉得丈夫这句话说的对，真是一阵见血，点头附和道…… 14。木已成舟，也只好如此了。 15。青黄不接的季节…… 翻译是人类最复杂,最困难的活动之一.它涉及人的认知,审美,语言文化素养,对翻译的认识等诸多要素.翻译活动产生两千多年以来,人们对它的研究和探讨从未中止.时代在发展,翻译的范围和规模在发展,人们对翻译性质的认识也在发展.

95 第十七章 诗歌的翻译 诗歌翻译的难点及基本原则 ——以《天净沙.秋思》的 几种译文为例

96 天净沙·秋思 ——“三美”论分析

97 马致远(约 ) 元代著名的杂剧家。大都（今北京）人。马致远以字“千里”，晚年号“东篱”，以示效陶渊明之志。他的年辈晚于关汉卿、白朴等人，生年当在至元（始于1264）之前，卒年当在至治改元到泰定元年（1321—1324）之间。马致远与关汉卿、郑光祖、白朴同称“元曲四大家”，是我国元代时著名大戏剧家、散曲家。青年时期仕途坎坷，中年中进士，曾任江浙行省官吏，后在大都（今北京）任工部主事。马致远晚年不满时政，隐居田园，以衔杯击缶自娱，死后葬于祖茔。

98 原文及译文 天净沙 秋思 ——（元） 马致远 枯藤老树昏鸦， 小桥流水人家， 古道西风瘦马。 夕阳西下， 断肠人在天涯。

99 译文 枯藤缠绕的老树栖息着黄昏归巢的乌鸦，小桥旁潺潺的流水映出几户人家，荒凉的古道上，迎着萧瑟的秋风走来一匹孤独的瘦马。 夕阳早已落下，漂泊未归的游子还在天涯。

100 译者介绍 V1 翁显良（１９２４－１９８３），笔名子羽。翻译家。广东顺德人。１９４７年毕业于中山大学政治系。１９８２年加入中国共产党。曾任粤赣湘力区纵队武工队副队长，香港《虎报》、《德蔬西报》记者。建国后，历任《南方日报》记者、编辑，广州外国语学院副教授，暨南大学教授、外语系副主任，《世界文艺》杂志主编，中国英语教学研究会、中国美国文学研究会理事，广东省语言文学学会副会长。中译英有《古诗英译》、《一代新人在成长》，著有《意志由来画不成？》、《英语语音教程》等

101 V2&V3 吕俊教授1967年毕业于东北师范大学外文系，现任南京师范大学外国语学院教授、博士生导师，兼中国英汉语比较研究会副会长，专业方向翻译理论与实践。现致力于建构主义翻译学和翻译批评学的理论研究。发表论文七十余篇，著作4部，译著5部。我国著名翻译理论家。

102 V4 Schlepp, Steven  Mr. Schlepp is Director of DDi Corp. He is president of Integrated Executive Services Corporation, a General Business and Private Equity Consulting Firm, since From 1996 to 2002, Mr. Schlepp served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Multilayer Technology Inc. (Multek), a provider of printed circuit board and backpanel fabrication services. From 1990 until 1996, Mr. Schlepp served as President of Toppan West Incorporated, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Toppan Electronics Ltd.

103 V5 丁祖馨 1928年7月25日生于浙江省宁波市。抗日战争爆发后随父母迁居上海，在上海读完小学及初中。1943年15岁时，由于家庭经济拮据，在上海北苏州路源益铁号当学徒，学徒期间利用业余时间或夜间仍自修高中课程，1947年9月，得亲友支助，以同等学历资格考入上海光华大学外文系攻读英美文学，受业于孙贵定、吕思勉（著名历史学家）、徐燕谋、曹未风诸先生。1949年8月转入北京外国语学校（北京外国语学院前身）英语系继续学习，受业于许国璋、王佐良、周珏良诸先生。1953年至1954年曾在北京外交部国际司工作。1956年调入沈阳师范学院外语系任教，讲授英语。1958年调入辽宁大学外语系任教，先后聘为英语教员、讲师、副教授、教授，并历任副主任、系主任等职。1986年当选为中国翻译家协会理事。此外，他还担任过辽宁省高等学校外语教学研究会理事长、辽宁省翻译工作者协会副理事长等职。

104 形美

105 形美 黄国文：“‘形式对等’可以作为一种标准来衡量译文的合适性。” 刘重德：“译诗一定要用与原诗同样的形式来译，这样才算真正对得起读者。”
楚至大：“任何诗的风格、情趣，都不能脱离其表现形式——亦即形美。”

106 （一）语法结构 V2 Withered vines, old trees, evening crows;/Tiny bridge, flowing brook, hamlet homes;/Ancient road, wind from east, bony horse;/The sun is setting,/Broken man, far from home, roams and roams. V4 Dry vine, old tree, crows at dusk,/Low bridge, stream running, cottages,/Ancient road, west wind, lean nag,/The sun westering/And one with breaking heart at the sky’s edge.

107 从汉诗原文的语法特征及现代英诗的可接受性出发，我们认为《天净沙·秋思》5个译文中的译文2、4总体上所采取的名词意象并置法比其他译文更为可取。
因为原诗中9个名词词组所列举的9种意象（枯藤、老树、昏鸦、小桥、流水、人家、古道、西风、瘦马——中国古代村落景观的空间意象）在这两个译文中得到的相应形式对等比其他译文要突出。

108 名词意象叠加是一种颇具审美效应的召唤结构,它的审美认知机制是凸显意象,引起审美注意,借助词语缺席,召唤解读欲望,启动“完形感知心理”,运用审美经验,展开审美联想,在知觉的自下而上加工和自上而下加工的相互统一的作用下,实现审美认知。 意象叠加(image hosition)作为现代诗论中的一个命题,是由20世纪初英美意象派最早提出的。美国意象派代表诗人庞德在研究中国诗歌时发现,一个意象与另一个意象并置叠合,会产生微妙的效果,如赫尔姆所说:“二个视觉意象形成我们可以称之为视觉和弦的东西,联合起来提示一个与二者。

109 （二）词汇 定语的应用 a 小桥流水人家 V3 ’Neath tiny bridge a cot a clear stream flows
V4 Low bridge, stream running, cottages V5 A few houses hidden past a narrow bridge

110 Low/narrow 两个词所包含的语义似乎不太合适，虽然两个词都含有small 的意思，但是low主要是相对于high，而narrow 也主要是相对于wide/broad. 因此这两个词的固定语义容易限制其他联想。 Tiny 在Longman 词典有“very small indeed很小的；丁点儿的”意思，因此该词的含义更为宽泛，用其来对“小”可以使读者引起无限制的联想。

111 b 小桥流水人家 V1 Yonder is a tiny bridge over a sparkling stream(顺译 定语+中心名词） V3 ’Neath tiny bridge a cot a clear stream flows(变通为小句） V5 And below the bridge quiet creek running (变通 中心名词+定语）

112 虽然三种形式在表意上都是符合原文的，但是从形式美的角度来看，我们认为第一种顺译原文“定语+中心名词”结构是最佳选择。
因为V-ing结构作前置定语在诗歌中是很常见的结构形式。

113 形美小结 英美意象诗歌中虽然也有传统的小句形式，但是具有现代意识的孤立名词词组或意象并置的现象比传统诗歌显然更突出。
在词汇的选择方面一定要遵循原诗的风格和意境。

114 意美

115 意美 诗歌“形音意”三美原则中，“意美”的原则是首位的，所以译诗也要将意美置于首位。如刘重德所言：“意义，意境是一首诗的重要组成部分，译者只有力求再现的义务，绝无任何更改的权利。”什么是意境？意境原来是属于佛教用语，指修行悟道的境界，后来被古代文评论家借来论诗，指诗的思想感情和它所描写的生活画面的和谐统一。诗若无思想感情则无灵魂；诗若无载体，则无依托，也无法表达情意。所以诗必须有情有景，情景的结合才能成意境。意境不仅有图画美，还能创造出联想，激起情思，令人玩味无穷的艺术氛围。

116 译文1 AUTUMN     Crows hovering over old trees wreathed with rotten vine— the day is about done. Yonder is a tiny bridge over a sparkling stream, and on the far bank, a pretty little village. But the traveler has to go on down this ancient road, the west wind moaning, his bony horse groaning, trudging towards the sinking sun, farther and farther away from home.（翁显良译）

117 译本2 TUNE:TIAN JING SHA      Withered vines hanging on old branches,      Returning crows croaking at dusk,      A few house hidden past a narrow bridge      And below the bridge a quiet creek running.      Down a worn path, in the west wind,      A lean horse comes plodding.      The sun dips down in the west      And the lovesick traveler is still at the end of the world. (丁祖馨、Burton Rafflel 译)

118 译文3 At dusk o’er old trees wreathed with withered vine fly crows;
’Neath tiny bridge beside a cot a clear stream flows; On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes. Westward declines the sun, Far, far from home is the heartbroken one.

119 译文4 AUTUMN THOUGHT     Dry vine, old tree, crows at dusk.      Low bridge, stream running, cottages,      Ancient road, west wind, lean nag,      The sun westering       And one with braking heart at the sky’s edge.                           (Cyril Birch译)

120 翻译5 TUNE:TIAN JING SHA Withered vines hanging on old branches,
Returning crows croaking at dusk, A few house hidden past a narrow bridge And below the bridge a quiet creek running. Down a worn path, in the west wind, A lean horse comes plodding. The sun dips down in the west , And the lovesick traveler is still at the end of the world.    

121 《天净沙·秋思》的意境 《天净沙·秋思》作者通过“枯藤”，“老树”，“昏鸦”,“小桥”, “流水”, “人家” “,古道”, “西风”, “瘦马” ,“夕阳”, “天涯”11个画面，把”断肠人“的秋思之情表达出来。若单看，诗中是一个个表面上独立的画面，但是它们表达的内在联系：”枯藤老树昏鸦“是凄凉荒芜的景象，而“小桥流水人家”是温暖亲切的景象，两相对比，引起游子归思之念，加上走在“古道”上，迎着“西风”，骑着“瘦马”，又在“夕阳西下”时分怎能不令游子“断肠”？这其中写的景，景景皆寄情；清中有景；景中有情，景融入情。情与景的密切结合，由诗人漂泊天涯的秋思，把各个画面贯穿起来，构成完整的意境.而译文1.3.5因为一下五种因素，不但改变了原文的意境也阻碍了读者的想象空间，扭曲了原文的意美。

122 一.增减不妥（例文一） Crows hovering over old trees wreathed with rotten vine— the day is about done. Yonder is a tiny bridge over a sparkling stream, and on the far bank, a pretty little village. But the traveler has to go on down this ancient road, the west wind moaning, his bony horse groaning, trudging towards the sinking sun, farther and farther away from home. 翱翔 盘绕 更远的 呻吟 1.呻吟 2.跋涉 减 增 断肠人？

123 二.语际关系改变 V1：Crows hovering over rugged trees wreathed with rotten vine
枯藤老树昏鸦 V1：Crows hovering over rugged trees wreathed with rotten vine V3: At dusk o’er old trees wreathed with withered vine fly crows V5：Withered vines hanging on old branches,/Returning crows croaking at dusk V1：乌鸦在盘绕着枯藤的老树上翱翔 V3：昏鸦在盘绕着枯藤的老树上飞翔 V5：枯藤盘绕在老树上，归巢的乌鸦在黄昏中“呱呱”地叫。 原文中枯藤，老树，昏鸦是三个平行并列的词组，但在译文1，3，5中，它们 之间的关系却被变通为修饰和被修饰的关系。

124 小桥流水人家 （原文中，“小桥”与“流水”与”人家“也是平行、并列的名词词组） 二.语际关系改变 V1 Yonder is a tiny bridge over a sparkling stream, and on the far bank, a pretty little village V3 Neath tiny bridge beside a cot a clear stream flows V5 A few house hidden past a narrow bridge /And below the bridge a quiet creek running. V1 那边闪闪发光的小溪上有一座小桥，在远处的河岸边有一个小村庄 V2 在小桥、人家的旁边，一条清澈的小溪在流淌 V3 几户人家隐现在小桥那边，小桥的下面有一条静谧的小溪在流淌 在译文3中， ，“小桥”、“流水”与”人家“在在结构上被变通为修饰与被修饰的关系 在译文5中， “小桥”与“流水“在在结构上被变通为修饰与被修饰的关系 译文1中，“小桥”与“流水”在结构上被变通为修饰与被修饰的关系

125 二.语际关系改变 夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯 V1 But the traveler has to go on down this ancient road, the weat wind moaning, his bony horse groaning, trudging towards the sinking sun, farther and farther away from home. V2 On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes./ Westward declines the sun, /Far, far frome home is the heartbroken one. V3 Down a worn path, in the west wind,/A lean horse comes plodding./The sun dips down in the west ,/And the lovesick traveler is still at the end of the world.     但是游子不得不走在这个古道上，西风萧瑟，他的瘦马在呻吟，艰难的走向夕阳，渐行渐远的离开家乡 瘦马前行在刮着西风的古道上。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。 瘦马艰难地前行在刮着西风的古道上。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。 原文中瘦马跟断肠人之间的关系没有点清但是译文1却将其明确化。 译文3，5把古道西风瘦马的句内平行与并列也都变通为修饰与被修饰的关系

126 二.语际关系改变 天净沙 秋思 　　（元） 马致远 　　枯藤老树昏鸦， 　　小桥流水人家， 　　古道西风瘦马。 　　夕阳西下， 　　断肠人在天涯。 句际间平行并列 Crows hovering over old trees wreathed with rotten vine— the day is about done. Yonder is a tiny bridge over a sparkling stream, and on the far bank, a pretty little village. But the traveler has to go on down this ancient road, the west wind moaning, his bony horse groaning, trudging towards the sinking sun, farther and farther away from home. 文中的3，4，5句 译文1重组了句子，消解了原文的句间本意

127 三.静态性改变 译文中增添的动词 AUTUMN
Crows hovering over old trees wreathed with rotten vine— the day is about done. Yonder is a tiny bridge over a sparkling stream, and on the far bank, a pretty little village. But the traveler has to go on down this ancient road, the west wind moaning, his bony horse groaning, trudging towards the sinking sun, farther and farther away from home. At dusk o’er old trees wreathed with withered vine fly crows; ’Neath tiny bridge beside a cot a clear stream flows; On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes. Westward declines the sun, Far, far from home is the heartbroken one. TUNE:TIAN JING SHA       Withered vines hanging on old branches, Returning crows croaking at dusk, A few house hidden past a narrow bridge And below the bridge a quiet creek running. Down a worn path, in the west wind, A lean horse comes plodding. The sun dips down in the west , And the lovesick traveler is still at the end of the world.     译文中增添的动词 而原文中只有“夕阳西下”中可能包含了动词元素 原文的静态画面变成了动态

128 四.事物性更改 原文 译文1回译 译文3回译 译文5回译 枯藤老树昏鸦， 乌鸦在盘绕着枯藤的老树上翱翔 昏鸦在盘绕着枯藤的老树上飞翔 枯藤盘绕在老树上，归巢的乌鸦在黄昏中“呱呱”地叫 小桥流水人家， 那边闪闪发光的小溪上有一座小桥，在远处的河岸边有一个小村庄 在小桥、人家的旁边，一条清澈的小溪在流淌 几户人家隐现在小桥那边，小桥的下面有一条静谧的小溪在流淌 古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下， 断肠人在天涯。 但是游子不得不走在这个古道上，西风萧瑟，他的瘦马在呻吟，艰难的走向夕阳，渐行渐远的离开家乡 瘦马前行在刮着西风的古道上。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。 瘦马艰难地前行在刮着西风的古道上。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。 从功能语义上分析的角度来看，事物（Thing）通常有名词词组来体现，情形由小句（Clause）提此案。原文主要是由事物构成的，而译文1则是情形构成的，也就是说，原文主要由名词词组体现意义，而译文1，3，5则主要由小句体现意义。如果把3种译文在翻译过来，我们就会发现这些译文所表达的意义与原文相去甚远，

129 五.语言风格更改 根据Longman词典，yonder一词可以为adj.或adv.，意思是at a place or in a direction shown, suggested, or in view; over there那边。但是这个词becoming rare（渐罕），不符合原文的风格 V1：Crows hovering over old trees wreathed with rotten vine— the day is about done. V1：’Neath tiny bridge beside a cot a clear stream flows; ‘Neath和cot都是诗歌用语。（见Longman： ‘Neath意思是beneath，用于诗歌；cot的意思是a small house; hut; cottage用于诗歌。） ”西风“表达为westernbreeze不妥，正确表达应该为west或westerly wind V1：Westward declines the sun,

130 修改后译文 Dry vine, old tree, evening crow,
Small bridge, sparkling stream, a hamlet home; Ancient road, west wind , a bony horse, The setting sun homing, And heartbroken man, far from home, is roaming, roaming.

131 意美小结 1.字面上的增减，在翻译过程中，尤其在译诗过程中是不可避免的。不过要时刻记得，层间的运用主要是为了更好地表达原诗和原文的意思和精神。 2.理解原诗的语际关系，避免句内和句间的重组。 3.尊重原诗所营造出来的画面，选择动词名词 4.区别事物性和情形性，根据具体情况选择名字词组和小句 5.根据原诗的语言风格选择词语。如原诗的语言风格是口语性质，以”语言朴素新鲜“为特点

132 音美

133 音美 汉语是富有音乐性的语言，讲求声音之美是汉语修辞的传统。在英汉翻译中，译文要做到音节匀称平整，声调铿锵和谐，才能够再现原文的审美价值。而在翻译古代诗，词，曲的时候，音美显得尤其重要。

134 音美 天净沙·秋思 作者：马致远 枯藤老树昏鸦， 小桥流水人家。 古道西风瘦马。 夕阳西下， 断肠人在天涯。
马致远一曲小令，短短28字，意蕴深远，结构精巧，平仄起伏，顿挫有致，音韵铿锵，直贯灵心。天净沙是曲调，如宋词中的词牌，它规定了这种类型曲的韵律，在本曲中的韵为“a”,五句同一韵，朗朗上口

135 押韵 押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法
押韵在不同语言的诗歌中对诗歌的意境和美感都起着不同程度的重要作用。黑格尔在《美学》中谈到：“韵是诗的原始的愉悦感官的芬芳气息。”

136 除了v1是散文体外，译文2.3.4.5都以韵体诗行对译原文，其中2.3在押韵上都程度上再现了原文的音美。
一. 押尾韵 除了v1是散文体外，译文 都以韵体诗行对译原文，其中2.3在押韵上都程度上再现了原文的音美。

137 V2. Withered vines, oden trees, evening crows,
Tiny bridge, flowing brook, hamlet homes. Ancient road, wind from east, bony horse , /əuz/ The sun is setting. Broken man, far from home, roams and roams. 5行对译，主要押元音/əuz/，全诗押韵格 以标为aabca, 基本忠实了原文的押韵风格 很好的表现出了原文的曲的音乐美。

138 /ʌn / V3. (Schlepp版） V3 也5行对译，押2个韵，一个全韵/əuz/和一个耳韵/ʌn/。全诗押韵为aaabb。
At dusk o’er old trees wreathed with withered vine fly crows------a Neath tiny bridge beside a cot a clear stream flows------a On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes------a Westward declines the sun------b /əuz/ Far, far from home is the heartbroken one b /ʌn / V3 也5行对译，押2个韵，一个全韵/əuz/和一个耳韵/ʌn/。全诗押韵为aaabb。

139 二. 押内韵（internal rhyme)

140 V2. Withered vines, olden trees, evening crows
V4. Low bridge, stream running, cottages V5 . And the lovesick traveler is still at the end of the world. 3个版本都在译文中运用了内韵的押韵形式，如V2, V4的元音韵，V5的辅音韵，使译文朗朗上口，符合原曲的音乐性风格。

141 三. 头韵（排韵）

142 V2. tiny bridge, flowing brook, hamlet homes.
V3. at dusk o’er old trees wreathed with withered vine fly crows. V4. ancient road, west wind, lean nag. V5. returning crows croaking at dusk. 4个版本的译者都在译文中多出应用了头韵的押韵手法，蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美,使得语言声情交融、音义一体,具有很强的表现力和感染力.

143 语音联结（Phonaesthesia)

144 语音联结 特定的语音形式会引起某种心里联想。也就是诗词的发音，虽然不直接唤起某种听觉经验，但是可以引起一种运动感觉，或者某种物质或精神特性的感觉。

145 V2中，尾音/m/的使用，音值比较长，很好的表现了原曲的发而思，思而悲，悲而泣，泣而痛悲凉的气氛。
Withered vines, oden trees, evening crows, Tiny bridge, flowing brook, hamlet homes. Ancient road, wind from east, bony horse , The sun is setting. Broken man, far from home, roams and roams V2中，尾音/m/的使用，音值比较长，很好的表现了原曲的发而思，思而悲，悲而泣，泣而痛悲凉的气氛。

146 小结 诗歌的欣赏过程是一个审美的过程，而诗歌翻译则是一种美的创造。诗的译者首先应该是一个诗人，有一颗诗人的心灵，在创造美的过程中“带着镣铐跳舞”，却奋力追求一种“从心所欲不逾矩”的艺术境界。 翻译中追求音美，才能将原文的所要传达的美感演绎出来。带给读者美的享受

147 第十八章 翻译批评及译文片段赏析 一、翻译风格与翻译批评 二、译文片段赏析

148 译者的翻译思想与译者风格

149 译者的翻译思想与译者风格 1、翻译思想 2、翻译策略 3、翻译思想与翻译策略的关系 4、翻译策略与译者风格的关系
5、译者的翻译思想在译者风格中的体现 6、译者翻译思想的变化与译者风格的变化 7、译者的翻译思想是译者风格的制约因素之一

150 1、翻译思想 Theory (Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation) 1. (explanation of the) general principles of an art or science (contrasted with practice) 2. reasoned supposition put forward to explain facts or events 3. sth conjectured, not necessarily based on reasoning

151 Principle (Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation)
1. basic truth; general law of cause and effect 2. guiding rule for bahaviour 3. general law shown in the working of a machine, etc

152 刘宓庆(中西翻译思想比较研究 中国对外翻译出版公司，2005，11）
translation principle 指翻译家对翻译之“道”的经验的高度提升或高层级认知，这种认知又反过来指导他在更高层级上的实践，由此获得新的经验，从此周而复始。翻译思想通常表现为对译事的某种原则主张或基本理念，通常经历三个深化（或提升）阶段：体验(experiencing)、体认(knowing)、体悟(apprehending) 翻译思想是翻译理论的第三个层级（第一个是方法论；第二个是对策论）

153 2、翻译策略 Strategy The art of planning operations in war, esp of the movements of armies and navies into favourable positions for fighting; skill in managing any affairs Translation strategy (not listed in Shuttleworth, Mark & Cowie, Moira Dictionary of Translation Studies 上海外语教育出版社，2004):

154 3、翻译思想与翻译策略的关系 翻译思想的特征：高层级性、能产性、模糊性、传承性、迁延性 能产性（productive）：产生对策、产生技巧
翻译思想产生对策，对策产生方法、技能、技巧。我国传统文化中有所谓“思定于笔”，也可以解释为思想决定技法，翻译也是如此：翻译思想决定翻译方法。

155 4、翻译策略与译者风格的关系 翻译策略直接限制译者风格

156 5、译者的翻译思想 在译者风格中的体现 傅雷的翻译思想与其翻译风格 严复的翻译思想与其翻译风格 朱生豪的翻译思想与其翻译风格

157 傅雷的翻译思想与其翻译风格 傅雷的翻译思想：傅雷在1951年9月撰写的《<高老头>重译本序》一文中提出：“翻译应像临画一样，所求的不在形似，而在神似。”他对此进一步的解释是“译文必须为纯粹之中文，无生硬拗口之病”[3](P291)。“纯粹之中文”就是中国规范语文。“译书的标准应该是这样，假设原作者是精通中国语文的，译本就是他使用中文完成的创作。” 傅雷的翻译策略：“我并不是说原文的句法绝对可以不管，在最大限度内我们是要保持原文句法的。但无论如何，要叫人觉得尽管句法新奇而仍不失为中文。”又曰：“风 格的传达，除了句法外，就没有别的方法可以传达。”而且“非杂糅各地方言不可”，不妨使用“旧小说套语”和“文言”，关键在于“如何调和，使风格不致破碎”[3](P155)。

158 傅雷的翻译风格：傅雷创造性地采取了在白话文中加入方言、行话、文言[5]和“旧小说套语”等办法来转达原文的风格和“神韵”，使之“水乳交融，语言流畅”。当中文不足以表达原作信息时，傅雷又提出在翻译中要“采用西洋长句”，“创造中国语言，加多句法变化”[3](P148)等。

159 傅雷译文举例 出生的婴儿在摇篮里扭动。老人进来虽然把木靴脱在门外，走路的时候地板还是格格的响：孩子哼啊嗐的哭了。母亲从床上探出身子抚慰他；祖父摸索着点起灯来，免得孩子在黑夜里害怕。灯光照出老约翰·米希尔红红的脸，粗硬的白须，忧郁易怒的表情，炯炯有神的眼睛。他走进摇篮，外套发出股潮气，脚下拖着双大蓝布鞋。鲁意莎做着手势叫他不要走近。她的淡黄头发差不多象白的；绵羊般和善的脸都打皱了，颇有些雀斑；没有血色的厚嘴唇不大容易合拢，笑起来非常胆怯；眼睛很蓝，迷迷惘惘的，眼珠只有极小的一点，可是挺温柔；——她不胜怜爱的瞅着孩子。（《约翰·克利斯朵夫》第一部 黎明）

160 严复的翻译思想与其翻译风格 严复的翻译思想： “译事三难：信、达、雅。求其信已大难矣，顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。
“…… 此在译者将全文神理，融会于心。则下笔抒词，自然互备。至原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当前后引衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为达，为达即所以为信也。 “《易》曰：‘修辞立城。’子曰：‘辞达而已。’又曰：‘言之无文，行之不远。’三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信、达而外，求其尔雅。…… ” 严复的翻译策略：“他以桐城派古文译西书”[9]，而且译书时“往往加上许多按语，发挥自己的见解”[12]，“词句之间，时有所颠倒附益，不斤斤于字比句次。”（严复）“把整段原文拆开而照汉语习见的方式重新组句…… ” (王佐良）对于科学名词的处理“独有自具衡量，即义定名。…… ” （严复）

161 严复的翻译风格：译文尔雅，也合于达的标准，至于信，第一期似乎偏重意译，略亏于信，有读先秦子书的风味；第二期则略近直译。将原文透澈译出，而无颠倒删削，另外增加了许多原文所无之词句，不惟未变愿意，且使原文更显透达，译文更美丽流畅。（贺麟）

162 严复译文举例（《天演论》的开场白）： It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in southern Britain, the whole country-side visible from the windows of the room in which I write, was in what is called “the state of Nature.” Except it may be, by raising a few sepulchral mounds, such as those which still, here and there, break the flowing contours of the downs, man’s hands had made no mark upon it; and the thin veil of vegetation which overspread the broad-backed heights and the shelving sides of the coombs was unaffected by his industry. 赫胥黎独处一室之中，在英伦之南，背山而面野。槛外诸境，历历如在几下。乃悬想二千年前，当罗马大将恺彻未到时，此间有何景物。计惟有天造草昧，人工未施，其借征人境者，不过几处荒坟，散见坡陀起伏间。而灌木丛林，蒙茸山麓，未经删治如今日者，则无疑也。

163 王佐良评：严复把整段原文拆开而照汉语习见的方式重新组句的：原文里的复合长句在译文里变成了若干平列短句，主从关系不见了，读起来反而更加流畅。原文里的I成了译文里的“赫胥黎”，也是值得注意的变化。为什么要这样变？很可能，是为了要使译文读起来象中国古代的说部与史书，史书的开头往往是：太史公曰、臣光曰之类

164 朱生豪的翻译思想与其翻译风格 朱生豪的翻译思想：朱生豪在译莎士比亚时曾言“第一在求于最大可能之范围内,保持原作之神韵,必不得已而求其次,亦必以明白晓畅之字句,忠实传达原文之意趣；而于逐字逐句对照式之硬译,则未敢赞同。 朱生豪翻译策略：凡遇原文与中国语法不合之处,往往再三咀嚼,不惜全部更易原文之结构,务使作者之命意豁然呈露,不为晦涩之字句所掩蔽。”

165 朱生豪的翻译风格：充分利用了汉语表达的优势，不拘泥于原文的语言细节，将原文的词序、句子结构、句型等加以熔化、分解、重新组合，再创造，产生出自然、通畅的译文。其译笔浑厚畅达、气势磅礴，如“行云流水”，“晦涩处也无滞重之笔”，他在“用散文体再现莎氏无韵诗的过程中，特别注意汉语言文字的音乐美，讲究平仄、押韵、节奏等声韵上的和谐。”[11]。 朱生豪的译文举例：朱生豪和曹禺翻译的莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的最后两句（For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo）的译文： 朱译：古往今来多少离合悲欢，谁曾见这样的哀怨辛酸！ 曹译：人间的故事，不能比这个更悲惨。 像幽丽叶和她的柔密欧所受的灾难。

166 译者的翻译思想随着对翻译认识的加深会发生变化 译者风格也随着译者的思想变化而随之发生变化 鲁迅的翻译思想与其翻译风格
6、译者翻译思想的变化与译者风格的变化 译者的翻译思想随着对翻译认识的加深会发生变化 译者风格也随着译者的思想变化而随之发生变化 鲁迅的翻译思想与其翻译风格

167 鲁迅的翻译思想：由“意译”到“直译” 鲁迅早期的翻译思想、策略与其风格：“改良思想，补助文明”，“翻译为媒介，使外国优秀文学作品起到思想上的借鉴作用”（郭著章等） “虽说译,其实乃是改作”, “年青时自作聪明, 不肯直译, 回想起来真是悔之已晚。” （鲁迅） 鲁迅的后期翻译思想、策略与其风格：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾两方面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存这原作的风姿，但这保存，却又和易解相矛盾：看不惯了。不过它原是洋鬼子，当然谁也看不惯，为比较顺眼的起见，只能改换他的衣裳，却不该削低他的鼻子，剜掉他的眼睛。我是不主张削鼻剜眼的，所以有些地方，仍然宁可译得不顺口。” （鲁迅） 实际上是直译、意译兼顾，译文表现出简洁、凝练的艺术特色，译文中根本看不到因过分生吞活剥的痕迹，它既再现了原作者所特有的细密笔触，又不失表达上的优美与流利。

168 鲁迅前期译文举例（《地底旅行》） ： 第二回 割爱情挥手上征途 教冒险登高吓游子 却说亚蘺士梦中听得叫声，吓了一跳，幸而子细听去，是平日常来惊梦的洛因，在外扣窗说道：“亚蘺士君，再不起来，又要讨叔父的骂了。”亚蘺士连声称是。急忙起床，洗盥毕，已是朝餐时候。走进食堂，见叔父列曼，笑容可掬的，已吃得腹笥便便，还拿乳羔炙鸡，张着口大啖不止。……

169 译文对比赏析 ——朱自清散文《匆匆》两种译文的批评及赏析

170 匆匆

171 作者简介 朱自清，原名自华，字佩弦，号秋实 生于光绪二十四年十月初九( 1898年11月22日)，逝于1948年8月12日
现代著名散文家、诗人、学者、战士。原籍浙江绍兴。

172 作品赏析 朱自清的散文诗《匆匆》写于1922年3月28日。时是“五四”落潮期，现实不断给作者以失望。但是诗人在彷徨中并不甘心沉沦，他站在他的“中和主义”立场上执着地追求着。 全诗在淡淡的哀愁中透出诗人心灵不平的低诉，这也反映了“五四”落潮期知识青年的普遍情绪。

173 作品赏析 本文围绕“匆匆”展开叙述，先写日子一去不复返的特点；再写自己八千多个日子来去匆匆和稍纵即逝，作者思绪万千，由景及人，叹息不已。最后，作者发出内心的感叹。 文章的特点： 一是结构精巧，层次清楚，转承自然，首尾呼应 二是文字清秀隽永，纯朴简练 三是情景交融，无论是写燕子、杨柳、桃花，还是写太阳，都与“我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢”的感叹融为一体，处处流露出作者对时光流逝感到无奈和惋惜。

174 译者简介 V1:张培基：中国翻译界的权威专家，桃李满天下，著作颇丰。张教授的翻译风格忠实凝炼，英文十分地道。

175 Outline Part1.选词忠于原文风格与情感 Part2.选词准确译出语义连贯译文 Part3.句子结构与句法处理

176 选词忠于原文风格与情感 匆匆 part1

177 在默默里算着，八千多日子已经从我手中溜去；象针尖上一滴水滴在大海里，我的日子滴在时间的流里，没有声音也没有影子。我不禁头涔涔而泪潸潸了
V1:At the thought of this ,sweat oozes from my forehead and tears trickle down my cheeks. Oozes：慢慢地冒出, 渗出 Trickle: 滴, 淌, 细流 V2:I can’t help dripping with sweat and weeping many tears. Dripping： 滴出, 漏下 Weeping：（通常因悲伤）哭泣，流泪

178 “ooze”和“trickle” 传神地表达了作者因紧张、焦虑、羞愧而出汗和流泪的情景 “dripping”和“weeping” 表达了汗流浃背、满头大汗、泪眼滂沱的形象

179 太阳他有脚啊，轻轻悄悄地挪移了；我也茫茫然跟着旋转
V1:The sun has feet too,edging away softly and stealthily. And,without knowing it,I am alerady caught in its revolution . softly and stealthily：再现了原文中“轻轻悄悄地”这样叠字的效果 Softly:轻轻地; 轻柔地; 温和地; 柔和地 Stealthily:悄无声息的， 表达了作者对斗转星移，时间流逝的无奈心绪 V2:The sun also has feet; it moves away on tiptoe and I follow it aimlessly. on tiptoe：“踮着脚尖 ，蹑足而行 ”，有静悄悄，偷偷摸摸的意思。有一种俏皮感，无法将作者内心的那份无奈之情体现出来。

180 我觉察他去的匆匆了，伸出手遮挽时，他又从遮挽着的手边过去，
V1: Aware of its fleeting presence. I reach out for it only to find it brushing past my feet. Fleeting: 短暂的；闪现的，一闪即逝的。 brushing past：擦过 V2:When I feel them go away so hurriedly, I reach out my hands only to hold them back before they are beyond my grasp. hurriedly：仓促地,慌忙地

181 Hurry ：则给人一种急急忙忙的感觉，有主观的意味在其中，无法表达出时光悄然而逝的意味，并且没有美感！
Fleeting& hurriedly Fleeting： 能够形象地表示出时间的短暂性，是转瞬即逝的。就好像我们在说话的此刻，时间已经一分一秒地过去，并且一去不复返。这是客观的，使我们无法控制的。 Hurry ：则给人一种急急忙忙的感觉，有主观的意味在其中，无法表达出时光悄然而逝的意味，并且没有美感！ 因此，fleeting更能准确地传达原文中作者的情感！表现出作者对时间逝去的无奈与惋惜。这是hurry一词所无法达到的！

182 在八千多日的匆匆里，除徘徊外，又剩些什么呢？
V1: What have I been doing during the 8,000 fleeting days except wavering and wandering? V2: In these over eight thousand hurried days, what has been left to me besides hesitation?

183 Hesitate&waver 这两个动词均含“犹豫，踌躇”之意。
传神地描绘出有志青年心中的犹豫、彷徨以及对自己的前途的迷茫之感！能够更好地传递原文的情感！！不是hesitation这种对具体事情的犹豫。

184 小结 V1---（张培基译） 较准确与传神地译出原文作者的情感：对时光逝去的无奈 用词更具有美感，符合原文散文诗的特点。
有些选词不能准确地传达作者的感情 部分选词没有美感

185 小结 原文风格与感情不可忽视 文学翻译要注意措辞的文学性, 创造性, 具有文学色彩 译者必须心领神会原作的精神, 避免机 械地逐词翻译
译者应先捕捉原作的思想、感情、风格、神韵, 然后运用自己的匠心把它们表现在另一语言里。 摘自

186 选词准确译出语义连贯译文 匆匆 part2

187 题目 “ 匆 匆 ” V1:The Transient Days
V2:Days gone by Transient: 暂短的，转瞬即逝的即逝的 (continue only a short time ) Go by: 逝去，过去 (to pass)

188 transient 1.“transient”的暂短，转瞬即逝与文中主题“匆匆”意义相符——the days passed quickly without being conscious of them (在文中“匆匆”是表达了作者对时光匆匆流逝而感到无奈) 2.“transient”一词更能表达出对短暂的事物的无奈，感慨之情。如what a transient life! (多么短暂的生命啊！) go by 1.体现出的是“时间在逝去”，还有“追悔失去的美好日子” 之意，并未体现出作者想表达的“短暂，快”

189 我不知道他们给了我多少日子；但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。
V1：I don't know how many days I am entitled to altogether, but my quota of them is undoubtedly wearing away. V2:I don't know how many days I have been given, but they in my hands are becoming numbered. Wear away:消逝，衰退，变光滑，变薄，磨薄 (make sth become ,gradually thinner or smoother by continuously using.) Numbered:有限的,时日无多的

190 Wear away 1.（消逝，衰退，变光滑，变薄，磨薄）一种形象化的翻译对应了作者形象化的描述 2.“wear away”这个词所表达的意思是一个过程，正好对应了文中的“渐渐”二字 Numbered 1.此词用在这里有点牵强，作者写此文时年仅二三十岁，用“时日无多”来形容显得有些不妥。 2.用此词翻译使文章失去了味道

191 聪明的你，告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？
聪明的你，告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？　 V1:But, tell me, you the wise, why should our days go by never to return? V2:But please tell me, genius, why then have my days gone and never returned? Wise:充满智慧的，英明的 (able to make sensible decision and give good advice because of the experience and knowledge that you have. ) Genius:天才，天资(usually great intelligence , skill or artistic ability )

192 Wise 1.作为形容词在意思上和原文符合 2.多用于文学作品中 3.韵律 Genius 1.意思上与原文有出入 2.口语化

193 我的日子滴在时间的流里，没有声音也没有影子。
V1: ……my days are quietly dripping into the stream of time without leaving a trace. V2:……my days been dripping into the river of time, quietly and invisibly. Stream：小河，溪，流 (a small narrow river, a continuous flow of liquid or gas. ) River:河，江 (a natural flow of water that continuous in a long line across land to the sea/ocean. )

194 Stream River 1.不管从直译的角度，还是意译的角度这个词都符和文意。Stream这个词多用于文学作品中。 2.这个词有比喻性
1.一个很正规的词，无比喻性，使翻译出来的文章缺乏美感 2.指大事件的时间流

195 在逃去如飞的日子里，在千门万户的世界里的我能做些什么呢？
V1：Living in this world with its fleeting days and teeming millions, what can I do but waver and wander and live a transient life? V2:In these swiftly escaping days, what can I do in this world amongst thousands of households? Teeming:大量的，充满的 (present in large numbers; full of people)

196 Thousands of households
Teeming millions 1.用teeming millions，来再现原文的“千门万户”， 与原文的夸张形容达到吻合 2. 属貌不似而神似 Thousands of households 1.所用的词语貌似忠实于原文，实际上仅有语言形式的对应，而非思想内涵的等值，是脱离语境，导致理解出现偏差，所以译文未能达意

197 小结 语言中一词多义的词语很多，词语的意义是不固定的，在不同的场合会有不同的意义，词语按不同的方式组合起来也会产生意义的变化，只有使它进入句子这样的符号链中，或者在特定的上下文中，其意义才能得到确定。 从翻译的角度来看，脱离上下文，就无法译出语义连贯的译文，因此在翻译实践中，必须结合具体的语境进行得体的选词，而不是把词孤立于语境之外，盲目地寻找字面上的“等值”。

198 老舍 搞创作的有遣字造词的自由，搞翻译的却没有；翻译工作者必须随着原文走，不能望生义，随便添减。

199 句子结构与句法处理 匆匆 part3

200 燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。
V1.If swallows go away, they will come back again. If willows wither, they will turn green again. If peach blossoms fade, they will flower again. 一般现在时 表示恒常的事实（时间的匆匆流逝是不以人的意志为转移的，是浑然一体的，并暗示了读者要珍惜宝贵的时间） 三个独立的句子 结构上不够紧凑，层次感不强 V2. When the swallows have gone, there is still time to return; when the poplar and willow trees have become withered, there is still time to see green; when the peach flowers have already faded, there is still time to blossom. 现在完成时 用在这样的主题下欠妥 三个分句 将具有代表性但表示同类“有去有回”的景象联系在了一起，表达同一层意思，与后文形成对比。更易于突出时间的“一去不复返 ”

201 于是——洗手的时候，日子从水盆里过去；吃饭的时候，日子从饭碗里过去；默默时，便从凝然的双眼前过去。
V1.Thus the day flows away through the sink when I wash my hands; vanishes in the rice bowl when I have meal; passes away quietly before the fixed gaze of my eyes when I am lost in reverie. 状语后置，主语只出现一次 复合英文习惯，整个句子紧密连接，层次感强，简洁 V2.When I wash my hands, my days wash off into my basin; when I am eating, the days vanish from my bowl; and when I am sitting silently, my days pass by my gazing eyes. 状语前置，主语出现了三次 按照中文习惯，死板地照搬中文的平行结构，拖沓 “翻译时并不是所有的平行或对等结构都要‘对等的’译过去，否则译文会变得邋遢又啰嗦，也不能表达出原文的深层含义” ——张培基

202 是有人偷了他们罢：那是谁？又藏在何处呢？是他们自己逃走了：现在又到了哪里呢？
是有人偷了他们罢：那是谁？又藏在何处呢？是他们自己逃走了：现在又到了哪里呢？　　 V1. Perhaps they have been stolen by someone. But who could it be and who could be hide them? Perhaps they have just run away by themselves. But where could they be at present moment? 虚拟语气 表示了作者的怀疑、不相信，点明了时间的一维性、一去不复返性 V2.If some people have stolen them, then who are they? And where are they hidden? If they have escaped by themselves, then where are they now? 真实条件句 虽然是表示假设，但与文章主旨不符

203 V1.Why should I be made to pass through this world for nothing?
但不能平的，为什么偏要白白走这一遭呢? V1.Why should I be made to pass through this world for nothing? 被动语态 与《圣经》中上帝造物观点一致，符合西方人观念，易于读者理解 V2.But，this is unfair to me…why did I come to this world for nothing? 主动语态 比较汉语化，不符合西方人观念 由于表达习惯上的差异，英语往往习惯用被动语态来表达， 而汉语则用主动语态来表达。翻译时经常进行语态的转换是十分必要的。 从语法角度看，在未明确主语的前提下用被动语态更佳

204 过去的日子如轻烟却被微风吹了，如薄雾，被初阳蒸融了。 {一个主语，两个宾语，谓语采用被动式，并列分句}
V1.The bygone days, like wisps of smoke, have been dispersed by gentle winds, and, like thin mist, have been evaporated by the rising sun. 句子成分与汉语相同，两个并列分句句式相同 V2. The past days like light smoke are blown away with the breeze or like a thin layer of mist evaporate with the morning sun. 两个并列分句句式相异，后句采用了主动式，变宾语为状语

205 小结 “翻译时并不是所有的平行或对等结构都要‘对等的’译过去，否则译文会变得邋遢又啰嗦，也不能表达出原文的深层含义” ——张培基
由于表达习惯上的差异，英语往往习惯用被动语态来表达，而汉语则用主动语态来表达。翻译时经常进行语态的转换是十分必要的。从语法角度看，在未明确主语的前提下用被动语态更佳

206 reference 谈译文的形式与内容--比较张培基和张梦井翻译的朱自清散文《匆匆》 《实用汉英翻译教程》外语教学与研究出版社
《汉英翻译基础》 上海外语教育出版社 A Course in Chinese-English Translation 《张培基先生和他的翻译》

207 Thank you ^^

208 附：《匆匆》原文及两个译文 　  燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？——是有人偷了他们罢：那是谁？又藏在何处呢？是他们自己逃走了：现在又到了哪里呢？　　     我不知道他们给了我多少日子；但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。在默默里算着，八千多日子已经从我手中溜去；象针尖上一滴水滴在大海里，我的日子滴在时间的流里，没有声音也没有影子。我不禁头涔涔而泪潸潸了。　　     去的尽管去了，来的尽管来着，去来的中间，又怎样的匆匆呢？早上我起来的时候，小屋里射进两三方斜斜的太阳。太阳他有脚啊，轻轻悄悄地挪移了；我也茫茫然跟着旋转。于是——洗手的时候，日子从水盆里过去；吃饭的时候，日子从饭碗里过去；默默时，便从凝然的双眼前过去。我觉察他去的匆匆了，伸出手遮挽时，他又从遮挽着的手边过去，天黑时，我躺在床上，他便伶伶俐俐地从我身边垮过，从我脚边飞去了。等我睁开眼和太阳再见，这算又溜走了一日。我掩着面叹息。但是新来的日子的影儿又开始在叹息里闪过了。　　     在逃去如飞的日子里，在千门万户的世界里的我能做些什么呢？只有徘徊罢了，只有匆匆罢了；在八千多日的匆匆里，除徘徊外，又剩些什么呢？过去的日子如轻烟却被微风吹散了，如薄雾，被初阳蒸融了；我留着些什么痕迹呢？我何曾留着象游丝样的痕迹呢？我赤裸裸来到这世界，转眼间也将赤裸裸地回去罢？但不能平的，为什么偏要白白走这一遭啊？　　     你聪明的，告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？　　                                                     1922年3月28日 　　

209 张培基译文 Transient Days 　　If swallows go away,they will come back again. If willows wither, they will turn green again.If peach blossoms fade, they will flower again. But, tell me, you the wise, why should our days go by never to return? Perhaps they have been stolen by someone. But who could it be and who could be hide them?Perhaps they have just run away by themselves. But where could they be at present moment? 　　I don't know how many days I am entitled to altogether, but my quota of them is undoubtedly wearing away. Counting up silently, I find that more than days have already slipped away through my fingers.Like a drop of water falling off a needle point into the ocean, my days are quietly dripping into the stream of time without leaving a trace. At the thought of this ,sweat oozes from my forehead and tears tickle down my cheeks. 　　

210 What is gone is gone, what is to come keeps coming
What is gone is gone, what is to come keeps coming. How swift is the transition in between! When I get up in the morning, the slanting sun cast two or three squarish patches of light into my small room. The sun has feet too, edging away softly and stealthily. And, without knowing it, I am already caught in its revolution .Thus the day flows away through the sink when I wash my hands; vanishes in the rice bowl when I have meal; passes away quietly before the fixed gaze of my eyes when I am lost in reverie. Aware of its fleeting presence. I reach out for it only to find it brushing past my feet. By the time when I open my eyes to meet the sun again ,another day is already gone. I have a sigh, my head buried in my hands. But, in the midst of my sights, a new day is flashing past. 　　Living in this world with its fleeting days and teeming millions, what can I do but waver and wander and live a transient life ? What have I been doing during the 8,000 fleeting days except wavering and wandering? the bygone days, like wisps of smoke, have been dispersed by gentle winds, and, like thin mist, have been evaporated by the rising sun. What traces have I left behind? No ,nothing, not even gossamer-like traces. I have come to this world stark naked, and in the twinkling of an eye, I am go to back as stark naked as ever. However, I am taking it very much to heart: why should I be made to pass through this world for nothing at all? 　　O you the wise, would you tell me please: why should our days go by never to return?

211 张梦井译文 Days Gone By When the swallows have gone, there is still time to return; when the poplar and willow trees have become withered, there is still time to see green; when the peach flowers have already faded, there is still time to blossom. But please tell me, the genius, why then have my days gone and never returned? If some people have stolen them, then who are they? And where are they hidden? If they have escaped by themselves, then where are they now? I don't know how many days I have been given, but they in my hands are becoming numbered. Counting silently, eight thousand days have slipped by. Just like water drops a pinpoint dripping slowly into the vast ocean, my days been dripping into the river of time, quietly and invisibly. I can’t help dripping with sweat and weeping many tears.

212 Although the goings have gone and the comings are constantly coming, how hurried is the time between? When I get up in the morning, I see two or three ribbons of light streaming into my room. The sun also has feet; it moves away on tiptoe and I follow it aimlessly. When I wash my hands, my days wash off into my basin; when I am eating, the days vanish from my bowl; and when I am sitting silently, my days pass by my gazing eyes. When I feel them go away so hurriedly, I reach out my hands only to hold them back before they are beyond my grasp. When it is dark, I lie upon my bed and watch days cleverly jump over my body or fly away from my feet. When I open my eyes to meet the sun again, another day has gone by. I cover my face and sigh, but the spark of a new day begins to flash away in my breath. In these swiftly escaping days, what can I do in this world amongst thousands of households? I can do nothing but hesitate and hurry. In these over eight thousand hurried days, what has been left to me besides hesitation? The past days like light smoke are blown away with the breeze or like a thin layer of mist evaporate with the morning sun. And what mark have I left in the world? When have I ever left a mark as tiny as a hairspring? I came to this world naked, soon I’ll leave here naked too. But, it's unfair to me. . . why did I come to this world for nothing? You, the genius, please tell me why our days have gone by and have never returned?