大学英语四级写作指导.

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1 大学英语四级写作指导

2 大学英语四六级作文评分标准 2分……条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。
（注：虽然现在作文不是15分满分，但作文分值仍然占整卷的20%左右） 2分……条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分……基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分……基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。(注: 白卷, 作文与题目毫不相关, 或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。)

3 英语四、六级写作基本文体 首先要指出的是，四、六级作文在准备和对策上是基本一致的，因为两者评分标准基本一致，除了字数上的差距，四级120词，六级150词。英语考试的作文大体可以分为： 1、正反论证 2、原因现象描述类； 3、图表；

4 作文得分技巧总结 1、 卷面整洁，书写清楚 2、 构思简单，少犯错误 3、 中心突出，层次分明 4、 重在变化，宁简勿烂

5 写作的“七项基本原则” 1、长短句原则 As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

6 2、主题句原则 主题句通常放在句首 To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

7 3、阐述观点的一二三原则 （1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）
（2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）　 （3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原 因：俗） （4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗） （5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐） （6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐） （7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐） （8）most important of all, moreover, finally （9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况） （10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）

8 4、短语优先原则 写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，你的得分率将会降低；相反，如果发现一些精彩的短语，你的文章定会得高分。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如： I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.

9 5、多实少虚原则 原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。所谓虚词是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该只说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital之类的形象词。再比如： 走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room

10 6、多变句式原则 （1）加法（串联） 写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and,但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：
　6、多变句式原则 （1）加法（串联） 　　 写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and,但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说： I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式： Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用： besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

11 （2）转折（拐弯抹角） 批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，写文章的时候只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个转折词就够了。 The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短语： despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

12 （3）因果（so, so, so） 昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！ The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短语： then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

13 （4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重） 文章中如果出现失衡句子，更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。
This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. 同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分： When to go, Why he goes away…

14 （5）附加（多此一举） 在句子中穿插定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语，使句子有变化。
The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. I don't enjoy that book you are reading. Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going. 附加法其实很简单：同位语——要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句——借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom /that关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

15 （6）排比（排山倒海句） 文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个的对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！ Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（气势恢宏）

16 议论文写作的基本模式 从2006年6月四级改革以来，议论文已经成为四级作文的绝对主流，无论是学生还是老师，都对此类题目进行了充分的准备。对于这种类型的文章，写作框架如下： 　　 　　第一段：现象背景介绍+引出话题（公众观点+大概理由）； 　　 　　第二段：关于话题的相关因素（影响，作用，好处，危害或原因等）； 　　 　　第三段：陈述自己观点或预期未来。 　　 组成一篇文章的三要素是：结构，内容和语言。对于此类型的文章，同学们是很难在结构上略胜一筹的； 至于具体内容，也完全不需要推陈出新，因为批卷老师是完全没有时间仔细看理由的。所以，如何体现我们的写作能力和文章价值，关键在于文章遣词造句的质量。 　　 此类文章的高分原则为：第一，在文章中必须有五个左右的衔接词，来体现逻辑性。第二，用词尽量避免重复，体现语言的灵活和升级。第三，尽量使用非陈述句式，如倒装、被动、虚拟语气及插入语等。

17 辩论式议论文模版1 Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3. In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或:From above, we can predict that 预测.

18 辩论式议论文模版2 People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. 　　For one thing, 论据1. 　　For another, 论据2. 　　Last but not the least, 论据3. To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above, we can predict that 预测.

19 辩论式议论文模版3 There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点)。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 论据1。 Furthermore, 论据2。 Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3。 A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。 As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.

20 1.利弊议论文 Model 1 ▲It is a new thing that credit cards have been widely used by college students. Many people welcome this new development while others have expressed their concern about this. ▲Those who take sides against this new trend believe that because some college students have no proper sense of consumption. ▲One common argument, however, for the using of credit cards on campus_ is that some college students have no proper sense of consumption. ▲Of the two views discussed above, I am in favor of the former. My reason is that if college students realize the advantages of using credit cards, they will accept this modern way of consumption .

21 个人观点议论文 Model (1) Nowadays more and more people pay more attention to college students’ using credit cards_. Some people argue that this will lead to a tendency of college student’s spending money without limitation while others firmly hold that college students are adults and they have the ability to choose whatever way of spending money In my opinion, I think this question should be probed in depth. On one hand, the first group is not totally correct because money in a credit card is not countless and the host bank has certain strict disciplines of using credit cards. On the other hand, the second group seems not quite right because there are really some college students who have no self-control when it comes the spending of money. In a word, we can see clearly that the key lies in college students self-control when they go shopping with credit cards. Otherwise the advantages of using credit cards may become a burden to them.

22 3.解决方法类议论文 Model (1) If you fail the exam what will you feel? Of course, you will feel Sad because have to go over what you have learned again. Besides this, there are also other reasons for your sorrow. For one thing, you will not allowed to have a further study on this subject, For another, your parents and your teachers will be very disappointed at you . No easy solution can be taken to cope with the problem of using disposable plastic bags, but if we want to make our environment clean, we must take certain measures . Therefore, my viewpoint is that our government should at first ban the producing of disposable plastic bags There is no doubt that this is the most effective way of solving this problem.

23 Model (2) Most of us today recognize that __environmental pollution__ has been a greatly serious problem. Therefore, we should take some measures to deal with it.From above, we can find that the reasons why _credit cards are very popular___, are as follows, the primary reason, I think, _is that using credit cards is very convenient___. For example, _you can put lots of money into one card instead of cash____. However, _you must remember the code of each credit card. Second,if your credit card is lost, you can easily apply for a new one without losing money in it____. The third reason actually is the result of _college students’ sense of consumption_.

24 writing task: Recreational activities
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled "Recreational activities". You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1.娱乐活动多种多样。 2.娱乐活动可以使人们受益，也可能带来危害。 3.作为大学生，我认为……

25 Recreational activities
P1 。Everyone needs some recreational activities to help them relax after a day's work or study. And there are many recreational activities available to us in today's society. For example, sports fans may choose to play basketball or football. Or one may take a break by watching TV or listening to music. P2。Among the large number of recreational activities, some are carefully designed and can be beneficial to us. For example, playing basketball can help us get stronger and healthier. It can also enrich friendships while we play together with our teammates. However, some activities may cause harm, especially to young people who are curious about everything but are unable to control themselves. Playing computer games is one such activity. Many college students play them every day. Some students even develop addictions and skip school or stay up late into the night to play them. This can affect their study and health. Recreational activities

26 P3。As college students, we should strike a balance between work and rest.Recreation is of great importance to our life, but study is our primary task. If we want to play, we need to know clearly which activities are good and which are bad. At the same time, we should exercise self-control so that we won't get addicted to some bad activities.

27 2. 各种题型的写作方法。 对比选择型：基本方法为：阐述一种观点或态度并表明这种观点或态度正确的理由;阐述第二种(相对或相反的)观点或态度并说明这种观点或态度正确的理由;表明个人支持或反对以上观点或态度，并说明原因。 现象解释型：基本方法为：描述现象→分析原因→对现象做出预测或如何促进(限制)这种现象的进一步发展。 问题解决型：基本方法为：提出问题→分析问题→解决问题。 观点论证型：基本方法为：分析主题→得出结论→举例论证→得出结论(证明观点的正确性)。 应用文基本方法为：分析所给情景→选择写作方法。

28 三段式作文的结构安排

29 现象解释型模板一

30 现象解释型作文模板二 ① Recently, . ①描述现象，引起话题② What amazes us most is ②表现较为典型的一个方面③ It is true that . ③对于现象做出的评论④There are many reasons explaining ④承上启下,解释这一现象的原因⑤The main reason is ⑤说明原因一⑥What is more, ⑥原因二⑦Thirdly, ⑦原因三　⑧As a result, . ⑧讲述导致的结果⑨Considering all these, . ⑨作者的态度⑩For one thing, . ⑩观点一11.For another, . 11.观点二12.In conclusion, . 12.总结全文

31 Writing task Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance My College Education. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below： 　　1 上大学的费用(tuition and fees)可以通过多种渠道解决 　　2 哪种渠道适合于我(说明理由)

32 How I Finance My College Education
　　Nowadays, tuition and fees for college education are much higher than ever before. How to finance college education has become a matter of concern for many students. 　　Different people have different ways to solve this problem. Some get all of the money from their parents. Some apply for a loan especially set up for college students. Some acquire the money completely by themselves, doing a full-time job in summer or winter holiday. Some other students may ask their parents for most of it and earn the rest in their spare time in college, by doing a part-time job. 　　As far as I’m concerned, I prefer the last way. Having acquired most of the tuition and fees from my parents, I needn’t worry too much about the money and can concentrate on my study; on the other hand, a part-time job in my spare time makes my campus-life colorful. I can make a lot of friends, improve my abilities and learn lots of knowledge. So, I choose this way to cover my tuition and fees.