Lecture One An introduction.

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1 Lecture One An introduction

2 Contents of this lecture
A brief introduction to this course ; 2. Course arrangement； 3. Requirements of this course ; 4. An introduction to translation；

3 Translation Theory and Practice is a course for English major of senior ones. It demands you to go on training your basic language skills and learn more about English major. Meanwhile, it demands you go on enlarging your scope of knowledge and strengthening your sensibility to cultural differences so as to improve your ability to translate between English and Chinese . 理论性；实践性

4 翻译是一项艰辛的劳动 It is probably the most complex type of events in the history of the cosmos. (I.A. Richards ,1953) It is quite demanding. Many people hold that exceptional translators are born, not made. (e.g. Nida) Potential translators must have a high level of aptitude for the creative use of language.

5 It is not a peripheral discipline, but what it involves goes beyond the boundary of any particular branch of learning. It is not inter-lingual transfer, but cross-cultural transfer. (Mary Snell-Hornby)

6 Prerequisites of a translator
The enhancement of our political consciousness The betterment of our command of the relevant languages The broadening of the range and scope of our general knowledge. By Zhou En-lai

7 Course arrangement Introduction Translation theory
Translation skills and practice Exercises

8 Requirements 1. Class attendance (If your absence goes to three times, including the third one, your final marks will be decreased. ) 2. Class performance (Every one of you will be demanded to translate/interpret in the class and I will record them) 3.Exam

9 To sum up Why( 为何翻译？) What(何为翻译？) How(翻译何为？)

10 Basic Knowledge of Translation Theory
Translation criteria or principle Translation strategies Literal translation and liberal translation Terms

11 “洪荒造塔语言殊，从此人间要象胥”（马祖毅，2004：1）
Translation exists because men speak different languages. (Steiner,2001:51) 斯坦纳说：“翻译之所以存在，是人们讲不同的语言。” “正是因为语言不通，人们才产生要对话的欲望……才产生翻译”（郑海凌，2000：5）

12 西欧所以能有今天的文明，用一个西方学者的话来说，这要“归功于翻译者”。（Kelly：1979：1）

13 五千年来，虽然经历了不少波折，走过了不少坎坷的道路，但是中华文化却一直没有消逝？
“倘若拿河流来作比，中华文化这一条大河，有水满的时候，也有水少的时候，但却从未枯竭。原因就是有新水注入。注入的次数大大小小是颇多的。最大的有两次，一次是从印度来的水，一次是从西方来的水。而这两次的大注入依靠的都是翻译。中华文化所以能常葆青春，万应灵药就是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉！”（林煌天，1997：季羡林序）

14 The definition in the old days
翻译活动在中国由来己久，在《礼纪.王制》中就有记载：“中国、夷、蛮、戎、狄……五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同。达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄踶，北方曰译。”（马祖毅，2004:2）在此后，翻译已经并正在经历着发展的高潮。

15 “译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。”——贾公彦(618-907) 唐朝
“夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。音虽似别，义则大同。”——法云( ) 宋代 The British scholar Dr. Samuel Johnson once said: “To translate is to change into another language, remaining the sense.”

16 The current definition(1)
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style Nida Catford defines translation as “the replacement of texual material in one language (SL) by equivalent texual matererial in another language (TL)” (1965:21)

17 A good translation is one which has the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work Tytler

18 The current definition(2)
The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) Prof. Huang Long Translatology 翻译是把一种语言所承载的文化信息转换成另一种另一种语言的文化信息，它包括语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。（曹明伦）

19 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言表达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。（孙致礼）

20 In summary Translation is the information transferring between two languages and the cultural communication between two language families. Translation is a rendering from one language into another. Translation is an art, a bilingual art, a craft, a skill, an operation and communication. Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.

21 Basic points in Translation
1. Binary opposition eg: Synchronic perspective ---- Diachronic perspective prescriptive----descriptive Literal translation ---- Liberal translation

22 2. Differences between Chinese and Western Translation Studies:各自产生于各具特色的中国和西方文化．中华民族与西方民族的思维方式不同，差距很大。 　　Ａ．中国译论：产生于中国文化，是主观印象式的理论。特点：个性的，联想发挥式的，不乏真知灼见，言简意赅，但缺乏系统性和可操作性。 　 Ｂ．西方译论：客观分析式的理论。科学的、客观的、系统的、往往具有自身的体系性，具有与之相关的一系列术语，可操作性强。

23 Classification of Translation
a)       In terms of languages 1.  Translation from native languages into foreign languages 2. Translation from foreign languages into native languages b)  In terms of mode 1.   oral interpretation 2.   written translation 3.   machine translation

24 C).SL and TL: Interlingual translation, Intralingual translation, Intersemiotic translation
d). In terms of disposal (处理方式) 1.    full-text translation （全文翻译) 2.  abridged /adapted translation （摘译/辑译) 译写？

25 e) In terms of materials to be translated
1.    Materials for science and technology 2.  translation of literary works such as novels ,stories, prose , poetry ,drama etc. 3.  translation of materials in political field such as treatises on social problems, reports, speeches etc. 4. translation of practical writings such as official documents, contracts and agreement, notices, receipts, etc.

26 Translation Criteria or Principle
Tytler’s translation criteria Yanfu’s translation criteria Others translation criteria

27 Tytler’s Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1790
A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.

28 Yan Fu’s Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance
“Faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying of the original content of thought; “Expressiveness” demands that the version should be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense; “Elegance” refers to the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty.

29 Others’ translation principles (1)
Lu Xun’s: Rather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language) in opposition to Liang Shi-qiu’s translation principle in 1930s. Fu Lei’s : TL should be similar to SL both in Form and in Spirit. Liu Zhongde’s : faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness. faithfulness: to be faithful to the content of the original; expressiveness: to be as expressive and smooth as the original; closeness: to be as close to the original style as possible.(信、达、切) Liang Shiqiu ‘s and Zhao Jingshen’s : “It’s better to have a smooth version than a faithful one.” 中国传统译伦四大支柱：案本---求信---神似---化境

30 Others’ translation principles (2)
Eugene A. Nida’s : Dynamic equivalence or Functional equivalence or Equivalent-effect theory. The translator is to produce as nearly possible the same effect on his readers as was produced on the readers of the original.

31 Others’ translation principles (3)
Peter Newmark’s : Semantic translation and Communicative translation. Semantic translation: The translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to produce the precise contextual meaning of the author. Semantic translation focuses primarily upon the semantic content of the source text. Communicative translation: The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the TL readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers. Communicative translation focuses essentially upon the comprehension and response of receptors.

32 Translation criteria Faithfulness and smoothness
Faithfulness refers to that content and style of TL should be faithful to the SL. Smoothness requires that version should be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read without signs of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and logic.

33 Translation strategies: foreignization and domestication
Foreignization: If the translator’s preference is placed on preserving the language and cultural differences of the Source Text, we call this kind of approaches or its translation foreignizing or foreignization.（ SL culture-oriented strategy） Domestication: the method or practice of adapting the translation to the norms and values of the Target Language and culture is called domesticating or domestication. （TL culture-oriented strategy）

34 Examples (1) 谋事在人，成事在天。（曹：95）
Man proposes, Heaven disposes. (Yang: 90) Man proposes, God disposes. (Hawkes: 152)

35 Examples (2) Unless you’ve an ace up your sleeve, we are dished.
除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们是输定了。 除非你手中藏有王牌，否则我们是输定了。

36 Examples (3) Among Wolves one must howl. 入乡随俗 在狼群中你就得嗥
Go to law for a sheep, you lose a cow. 捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜。（归） 为一只羊打官司，却损失了一头牛。（异）

37 Two basic translation methods
Literal Translation means word-for-word translation. It takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech. Liberal Translation is also called Free Translation. It is a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech.

38 Examples (1) To kill two birds with one stone. 一石二鸟 一箭双雕，一举两得

39 Examples (2) The worst wheel of a cart creaks most. 最坏的车轮最会嘎吱响。
才学最差，叫喊最响；出力最少，抱怨最忙；能猫不叫，叫猫不能。

40 Examples (3) 树倒猢狲散 When the tree falls, the monkeys scatter.
Members run away when the family falls. / Rats leave a sinking ship.

41 Terms (1) Polysemy: One word has various parts of speech and various meaning. Firth said: “Each word when used in a new context is a new word.” Examples

42 Examples (1) I want my martini dry.
There are still some dry states in the United States. She prefers dry bread.

43 我的马丁尼酒不要甜的。 在美国尚有几洲禁酒。 她喜欢无奶油的面包。

44 Examples (2) The cows are dry. He gave us a dry lecture yesterday.
I am sure what he presented was a dry fact.

45 这些母牛缺奶。 昨天他给我们作了一个枯燥无味的讲演。 我相信，他所列举的是铁一般的事实。

46 Terms (2) Commendatory and derogatory words: Commendatory word means a praising word, or a word in good sense. Derogatory word means a word to lessen or impair the power or authority or a word in bad sense. Examples

47 Examples (1) Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times. 很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。 Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work. 他虽然很年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。

48 Example (2) They incited him to go into further investigation.
他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。 The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers. 阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。

49 Terms (3) Diction: It means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. Examples

50 Examples (1) We can make out the meaning of the word from the context.
我们可以从上下文判断出这个词的意思。 We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. 我们应当在和平共处五项原则的基础上解决这些争端。

51 Examples (2) It is in this context that the tragedy of Sahara was born. 撒哈拉沙悲剧正在这种情况下发生。 We must operate within the context of the Olympian Spirit. 我们必须按照奥林匹克精神办事。

52 Examples (3) In this context, I’ve to call your attention to the fact that the peaceful trend in the Indo-China Peninsula is essential to peace in the world. 就此而论，我不得不提醒大家注意这样一个事实：印度支那半岛局势的稳定对世界和平来说是至关重要的。

53 Examples (4) The traditional pattern of classroom experience at the college level brings the professor and a group of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50 minute class session two or three times a week. The most common mode of instruction is the lecture. 由一位教授和二三十名学生每周会晤两三次，每次授课时间45分钟到50分钟，是大学程度课堂教学的传统方式。最普遍的教学方式是讲课。

54 Terms (4) Repetition: In translation we are required to repeat words over and over again for clearness, for the sake of emphasis and for attractiveness (vividness). Examples

55 Examples Big families had their own difficulties. 大家庭有大家庭的难处。
Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. 无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。

56 Terms (5) Amplification: It means supplying necessary words in our translation work so as to make the version correct and clear. Words thus supplied must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically. Examples

57 Examples (1) The number of children being excluded in the area is getting out of hand. 该地区学生被开除的现象已到了无法控制的地步。 “According to Dr. John,” he said, “the patient’s life is still in danger. The first aid must be rendered as soon as possible.” “根据约翰大夫的诊断，”他说，“这位患者的生命仍然处于危险之中，必须尽快采取急救措施。”

58 Examples (2) Then a little over decade ago, Professors Hoyle, Bondi, and Gold, working at Cambridge, proposed an entirely different scheme. 然而三十多年前，剑桥大学的霍伊尔、邦迪和哥尔德三位教授却提出了完全不同的学说。

59 Terms (6) Omission: In the process of translation we may make proper omission of some individual words in accordance with the corresponding laws inherent in the two languages concerned in order to retain and better express the original meaning. Examples

60 Examples He who has never reached the Great Wall is not a true man.
不到长城非好汉。 As the temperature increases, the volume of water becomes greater. 温度增高，水的体积就会增大。

61 Terms (7) Conversion: It means that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language. Examples

62 Examples The turning point of my life was my decision to give up a promising business career and study music. 我生活的转折点是我决定不做发迹有望的商人而专攻音乐。 A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。

63 Terms (8) Inversion: By inversion in translation we mean that the constituent elements of a sentence are arranged in way different from the general rules of word order of the language in question. Examples

64 Examples It’s good you’ve so considerate. 你想得这样周到很好。
Formerly a worker himself, he was now an engineer. 他过去是工人，现在当了工程师了。 Send us a message in case you have any difficulty. 万一有什么困难，请给我们一个信。

65 Terms (9) Negation: It means in translation some words, phrases or sentences with negative expression in SL may be transformed into affirmative expression in TL. Vice versa, some affirmative expression in SL may be transformed into negative expression in TL, to make the version clearer and more explicit. Examples

66 Examples I wrote three books in the first two years, a record never reached before. 我头两年写了三本书，打破了以往的记录。 The machine is far from being complicated. 这部机器一点也不复杂。 Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine. 赶快把这部机器擦好。

67 Terms (10) Division: It means the necessary splitting of a long sentence into shorter ones. Examples

68 Examples There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met. 我访问了一些地方，遇到不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。 After singing a concert in this city, he said he wanted to greet his admirers backstage as he always does. 他在那个城市演唱了一场音乐会。音乐会结束以后，他提出要向往常那样到后台去见见他的崇拜者。

69 Change of the voice the active and the passive E-C : the active voice
C-E : the passive voice esp. in EST (English for Science and Technology) Examples

70 Examples The happy man cannot be harried. 吉人自有天相。
He is said to be the most respected teacher in our department. 据说他是我们系上最受尊敬的老师。

71 Homework 1 1.A World Bank report released at the time of the conference, which ended on 10 November, insists that Vietnam’s overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing. 2.Human history began when the inheritance of genetics and behavior which had until then provided the only way of dominating the environment was first broken by conscious choice.

72 3.The marchers every short while shouted slogans about the strike, but she didn’t join in.
4.Now we have solved the problem and have arrived at the same conclusion as they arrived at. 5.The recruiting assistant made a quick decision, Skid-Row was the most likely place to find a prospective recruit. 6.Brian got the message. He knew it wasn’t going to be easy; but unlike many of his peers, he was not in awe of Gorge Halas .Actually, he couldn’t wait to meet him.

73 7. Heavy ～ weather , ～ crops , ～ fog , ～ traffic, ～ soil ～ sky , ～ storm, ～ ice, ～ road, ～ fire ～ heart, ～ food, ～ sea ～ hand, ～bread ～ applause, ～ look, ～ tongue, ～ money, ～ drinking

74 7.恶劣的天气， 大丰收， 浓雾， 拥挤的交通， 难耕的土地
阴沉的天空， 大风暴， 厚冰， 泥滑难走的路， 猛烈的炮火 沉重的心情， 难消化的食物，汹涌的大海， 严厉的手段， 不好的面包 热烈的鼓掌， 忧愁的面容， 笨嘴笨舌 大笔的钱， 狂饮

75 Sixty years ago today, the free world held its breath
Sixty years ago today, the free world held its breath. In America, daily life paused almost completely, subdued by the news that the invasion of Europe----D-Day----had begun. From the 21st century, we try to imagine the scale of what went forward in that gray dawn after years of preparation----the ships and men and materiel, the reserves of willpower and determination. What we sometimes forget to imagine is the almost prayerful nature of the day, the profound investment of hope and fear it entailed. It was a day in America and in Europe when civilians as surely as soldiers felt the whole of their lives concentrated on the outcome of a few hours. There has not been another time like it, when we knew that history was about to turn before our eyes.