Unit 4 English Letters.

Unit 4 English Letters

Unit 4 Sentence problems (2) Basic Knowledge of English Letters
Writing Practice

Sentence Problems (2) Misplaced modifiers （修饰语错位）
Dangling modifiers(垂悬修饰语) 1.Sentence fragments (片段句) 2. Run-on sentence (不间断句)

Misplaced modifiers （修饰语错位）
Misplaced modifiers are words that, because of awkward placement, cannot describe the words the writer intends them to describe. Generally speaking, there are five kinds of misplaced modifiers.

Types of Misplaced Modifiers:
1) Misplaced adverbs 2) Misplaced phrases 3) Misplaced clauses 4) Squinting modifiers歧义修饰语 5) Split infinitive不定式拆分

Types of Misplaced Modifiers:
1) Misplaced adverbs 2) Misplaced phrases 3) Misplaced clauses (omitted)

4) Squinting modifiers歧义修饰语
Types of Misplaced Modifiers 4) Squinting modifiers歧义修饰语 A squinting modifier is a word or phrase that appears to modify both the words that precede and follow it.

e.g.: (1) The monkeys attract the visitors with sheer stone faces. (Correct) The monkeys with sheer stone faces attract the visitors. (2) Tony bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission. (Correct) Tony bought an old car with a faulty transmission from a crooked dealer.

(3) The rains that the crops had needed badly damaged the roads.
e.g.: (3) The rains that the crops had needed badly damaged the roads. (Correct) The rains that the crops had badly needed damaged the roads. / The rains that the crops had needed damaged the roads badly. (4) He always tries to efficiently and promptly do his work. (Correct) He always tries to do his work efficiently and promptly.

(5)she laughed as John raged with delight.
(Correct) She laughed with delight as John raged. (6)He returned the lawn-mower(割草机 ) to a neighbor that was broken. (Correct) He returned the lawn-mower that was broken to a neighbor. (7)Suzy had a kitten in the house that ate birds. (Correct) In the house, Suzy had a kitten that ate birds.

Types of Misplaced Modifiers
5) Split infinitive不定式拆分 When a word, phrase, or clause comes between the sign of the infinitive, to, and a verb, the construction is called a split infinitive.

For example: She used to secretly admire him. You have to really watch him. 改为： She used secretly to admire him. You really have to watch him.

Different Opinions on Split Infinitive:
Some people believe that split infinitives are grammatically incorrect and should be avoided at all costs. But there’s no real justification for their objection. People have been splitting infinitives for centuries, especially in spoken English, and avoiding a split infinitive can sound clumsy. It can also change the emphasis of what’s being said. You really have to watch him. [i.e. ‘It’s important that you watch him’] You have to really watch him. [i.e. ‘You have to watch him very closely’]

To split or not to split? The ‘rule’ against splitting infinitives isn’t followed as strictly today as it used to be. Nevertheless, some people do object very strongly to them. As a result, it’s safest to avoid split infinitives in formal writing, unless the alternative wording seems very clumsy or would alter the meaning of your sentence.

Ex 1: Identify and underline the misplaced modifiers and then reposition them.
1)We have an artillery shell in the basement that Father bought back from Italy. 2)The boa(蟒 ) ate live chickens to which Ann was devoted. 3)The paper he had folded neatly scattered across the room. 4) I nearly climbed to the top before I slipped and fell. 5)The man saved the little girl with a bushy, black beard. 6)She could have guessed what he was doing with some imagination .

1)In the basement we have an artillery shell that
Father bought back from Italy. 2)The boa, to which Ann was devoted, ate live chickens. 3)The paper, which he had folded neatly, scattered across the room. 4) I climbed nearly to the top before I slipped and fell. 5)The man with a bushy, black beard saved the little girl. 6) With some imagination she could have guessed what he was doing.

Dangling modifiers(垂悬修饰语)
It is a phrase or an elliptical clause that is illogically separated from the word it modifies. ( or: A dangling modifier is a group of words that has no grammatical connection to any element in the sentence.) （垂悬修饰语即修饰语在句中找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象）

Generally speaking, there are four kinds of dangling modifiers:
Types of Dangling Modifiers: Generally speaking, there are four kinds of dangling modifiers: 1) Dangling participial modifiers 2) Dangling gerunds in Prepositional Phrases 3) Dangling infinitive Modifiers 4) Dangling Abbreviated clauses

1) Dangling participial modifiers
It is very common for a sentence to begin with a participial phrase that modifies the subject of the main clause, but problems arise if the subject is a word to which the participial cannot logically apply. For example: -Flattened by the impact, Jane survey her bike. -Running down the street, my nose felt frozen. Participial elements at the end of clause can also dangle when there is nothing in the clause for them to modify. -A track suit must be worn running in the stadium. Dangling results as well when another noun comes between the participial and the word it is supposed to modify. -The apple was sitting on the dish half-eaten by the little boy.

How to correct dangling participial modifiers?
1)Rewrite the modifiers as a clause with subject of its own 2) Rewrite the main clause so that its subject is what the writer meant to modify. For example: -Flattened by the impact, Jane survey her wrecked bike. -Running down the street, my nose felt frozen. 可改为： Jane survey her wrecked bike，which was flattened by the impact. Running down the street, I felt as if my nose were frozen.

2) Dangling gerunds in Prepositional Phrases
When a gerund is used as the subject of a prepositional phrase, the whole phrase functions like a participial modifier, and the gerund demands an actor for the action it expresses. If no suitable actor is available, the gerund dangles. For example: -After hiking all day, the mountain seemed no nearer. -Before touching her toes, her muscles were already loose. -The beans seemed quite tender before starting to season them.

How to Correct? -After hiking all day, the mountain seemed no nearer. -Before touching her toes, her muscles were already loose. -The beans seemed quite tender before starting to season them. 可改为 -After we hiked all day, the mountain seemed no nearer. -Before touching her toes, she felt her muscles were already loose. -The beans seemed quite tender before we started to season them.

3) Dangling infinitive Modifiers
Used as modifiers, infinitives and infinitive phrases demand actors. If no appropriate actor is present, the infinitives or infinitives phrases dangle. For example: -To be well informed, reading widely is necessary. -To get up early, the clock was set at six. -A steady hand is needed to paint landscapes.

How to Correct? -To be well informed, reading widely is necessary.
-To get up early, the clock was set at six. -A steady hand is needed to paint landscapes. 可改为： -If you want to be well-informed, reading widely is necessary. -To get up early, he set the clock at six. -We need a steady hand to paint landscapes.

4) Dangling Abbreviated clauses
In abbreviated or elliptical clauses, the subject and the verb are omitted and left to be understood by the reader. Such constructions dangle if their understood subject is not the same as the subject of the main clause. -When full of gas, he found the car rode uncomfortably. -While absorbed in reading, someone knocked at the door.

How to Correct Dangling Abbreviated causes
Expand the dangler back into a full clause. Change the subject of the main clause so that it fit the abbreviated clause as well. -When full of gas, he found the car rode uncomfortably. -While absorbed in reading, someone knocked at the door. 可改为： -When it was full of gas, he found the car rode uncomfortably. -While absorbed in reading, he heard a knocking at the door.

Note： Set phrases of indefinite reference and absolute construction are not dangling modifiers. The former ones are intended to modify the whole sentence, while the latter ones have subjects of their own. -To be frank, I do not think he is the right man for the job. -Generally speaking, at this age, girls are more mature than boys. -The majority approving of the project, he had to give in.

Ex 2. Identify and underline the modifiers that dangle and then revise the sentences.
1)While eating my sandwich, five mosquitoes bit me. 2) Singing, the doorbell rang. 3)Though polluted, I am still fond of the river . 4)To hull walnuts, they should be full ripe. 5)He held out his hand to the small terrier （小猎狗） holding the leash(皮带) behind his back. 6)The crowd stood around the acrobats（杂技演员） and some jugglers（玩杂耍的人） watching intently. 7)By sitting on the porch, the affairs of the community can be monitored. 8)Although compassionate, her selfishness could not be condoned .

The sentences can be revised as:
1)While I was eating my sandwich, five mosquitoes bit me. Or: While eating my sandwich, I was bit by five mosquitoes. 2) While singing, I heard the doorbell ring. 3)Though it is polluted, I am still fond of the river . 4)To hull walnuts, they should wait until they are full ripe.

5) Holding the leash behind his back, he held out his hand to the small terrier.
6)The crowd stood around and watch intently the acrobats and some jugglers 7)By sitting on the porch, they hope the affairs of the community can be monitored. 8) Although compassionate, he could not condone her selfishness.

Basic Knowledge of English Letters
Letter VS Types of English Letters Types of Mail Service Formats of English letter Envelope Key elements of English Letters Formats of English Letters.

Letter VS Similarities and differences Pros and cons

Letters will still play a major part in our communication, even though the technology-based communication means have become increasingly popular.

Types of English Letters
By Writing Style：Formal and Informal Letters By recipients: Personal Letters & Business Letters By functions: Letter of thanks Letter of Apology Letter of Invitation and its Replies Letter of Congratulation Letter of Commiseration Letter of complaint and the Reply Letter of Inquiry or Request Letter for Admission Cover Letter/letter of resignation

1. By Airmail 2. Express Delivery 3. Registered; Recorded 4. Urgent
Types of Mail Service 航空信件快件挂号急件密件亲收 1. By Airmail 2. Express Delivery 3. Registered; Recorded 4. Urgent 5. Confidential 6. Personal

Formats of English Letter Envelope
Two Main Styles Full block (齐头式) Indented form (缩行式)

Full Block(齐头式) (Stamp) School of Foreign Languages
Shandong University Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China Prof. John Wood Department of Applied Linguistics Southern Rhode Island University Sussex Rd, RI 12901 U.S.A (Stamp) Addresser’s address Addressee’s address 2018/9/20

(Stamp) Indented form (缩行式) School of Foreign Languages
Shandong University Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China Prof. John Wood Department of Applied Linguistics Southern Rhode Island University Sussex Rd, RI 12901 U.S.A (Stamp) Addresser’s address Addressee’s address 2018/9/20

China National Chemicals 34 Sanyuanli Road Beijing, 100012 P. R. China
Mr. Wang Kai-ming Ｃ／Ｏ Miss Wang Lin School of Business King Henry I Street Portsmouth PO1 2DZ UK stamp Front Addressee’s address Mr. Park Davis China National Chemicals 34 Sanyuanli Road Beijing, P. R. China Back Addresser’s address

China National Chemicals 34 Sanyuanli Road Beijing, 100012 P. R. China
To Mr. Wang Kai-ming School of Business King Henry I Street Portsmouth PO1 2DZ UK stamp Front From Mr. Park Davis China National Chemicals 34 Sanyuanli Road Beijing, P. R. China Back

Notes in English Letter Envelope Writing
1. The addressee ’s name and address are put in the lower right part of the envelope. (收信人的姓名，地址写在信封的右侧、偏下部.) 2. For the name of the addressee, you can just write the first letter. For example,Elizabeth Jane Paulsen, can be written as： E. J. Paulsen , Elizabeth Paulsen, Elizabeth J. Paulsen 41 2018/9/20

3. Put Ｍr, Mrs, Miss or Ms before the addressee ’s full name. If the addressee has a position or title, put Chairman, Dean, Prof(Professor), Dr(Doctor), President, etc before his or her name. For example: Miss Elizabeth Jane Paulsen, Dr E. J. Paulsen, Prof Elizabeth Paulsen, or Ms Elizabeth J. Paulsen. Do not write Miss Elizabeth, Prof Elizabeth or Ms Elizabeth Jane

4. “To” can be put before the addressee’s name and “From” before the addresser’s name 5. The addresser’s name can be omitted if the mail is not a registered one. 6. If the letter is given to another by the receiver, write C/O (Care of) and the name of the person it concerns right under the receiver’s name.

航空（Air Mail）”，“挂号(Registered）”， “快信（Express）”等，is put at lower right or near the stamp. “急件(Urgent)”，“密件(Confidential)”，“印刷品(Printed matter)”，“只有照片(Photo only)”，“不可折叠(Do not fold)” is put at lower right. 2018/9/20 44

Key elements of English Letters
Heading (full address and date of the letter ) Inside address Salutation Body Complimentary close Signature Postscript

Key elements of English Letters
heading (date) Inside address salutation body Complimentary close signature

Formats of English Letters
Block Style Indented Style Modified Block style

The layout of English Letter Styles
Modified Block Style Block Style Indented Style ________________ _______________ ___________ __________________________________________________________________ ______________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________ ___________ __________________________________________________________________ ______________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________ _______________ _____________ __________ ___+____________ ___________ _____________________________ _________________________________ _____________________ ________________ 2018/9/20

Format of a Business Letter
一缩进式 (Indented style) 封内地址和其他需要分行的地方的后一行,都比前一行缩进二格或三格。信的正文,每一段的开始一行都缩进若干格。

二平头式 (Block style) 每一行都是从左边开始取齐,成一垂直线。

三混合式 (Semi-blocked style/modified block style) 前两种格式的混合体,或叫改良齐头式。信的正文部分采用平头式，作者的地址、日期、结尾敬语及签名采用缩行式。

A sample of Personal Letter
Heading信头 Date 日期 Inside address 封内地址 4. Salutation称呼 5. Body 正文 6. Complimentary close结尾敬语 7.Signiture签名

A Sample of Business Letter
1.信头 letter Head 参考号 Ref.No. 2.日期 Date 3.封内地址 Inside Address 经办人 Attention : 4.称呼 Salutation 事由 Subject(Re:) 5. 正文 Body 6.结尾敬语 Complimentary Close 7.签名 Signature 8.附件 Enclosure 抄送 Carbon Copy

Layout of a Business Letter
1. Letterhead Generally, a letterhead will include the company logo（商标，标识）, company's name, address, telephone number, fax number and address, and the web address if available.

信头上的地址名称按从小到大的顺序写。即第一行写发信人（单位）的名称；第二行写门牌号码和街名及邮政编码；第三行写市（县）、省（州、郡）名，寄国外的信件要写上国名（国名也可另起一行）；第四行写日期。

Letterhead/Heading (信头)
Sample: Golden Trading Company Ltd. 34 Northern Avenue, New York, U.S.A. Tel: Telex: GBC Fax:

Sample: Finance Section, Class 20070321 Finance Department
Shanghai Finance College Shanghai,China Jan. 5th, 2009

2. Date 02/01/03 2002年1月3日 2003年2月1日 2003年1月2日 Chinese way American way British way To avoid confusion, it is a common practice to write months in words.

(Note the Omission of the comma)
There are different ways of writing the date. The following two are recommended. September 15, 1994 (or: Sept 15, 1994) 15 September (15 Sept. 1994) (Note the Omission of the comma)

信内地址是指收信人的姓名和地址，位于信头下方一两行处，顶格写。 3. Inside Address（信内地址） Always include the recipient's name, address and postal code. Add job title if appropriate.

The Inside Address (信内地址)
Examples of the inside address: (1) To an individual in a company Mr. George F. Moore Advertising Manager Price & Patterson 234 Seventh Avenue New York 5, New York U.S.A.

The Inside Address (封内地址)
Examples of the inside address: (2) To an anonymous official in the company Sales Manager Office Systems Pty Ltd 124 Oak Street Chatswood NSW 2067 Australia

The Inside Address (封内地址)
Examples of the inside address: (3) To a company Messrs, Kato & Co., Ltd 2 Nichome, Ginza Nishi Chuo--ku, Tokyo

4. Salutation（称呼）称呼即收信人对写信人的称呼用语，位于信内地址下一两行处，顶格写。称呼中每个词的首字母都要用大写，称呼后可用逗号，也可用冒号，但一般用逗号。头衔，职称要写在称呼的前面。

4. Salutation（称呼） If unsure to whom you should address a letter, you should use the following salutations: Dear Sir or Madam, When addressing a group of people, use one of the following salutations: Ladies and Gentlemen: Dear Sirs or Madams, Gentlemen:/Dear Sirs, (if all the readers are male) Ladies:/Dear Madams, (if all the readers are female)

对同龄好友或弟妹，习惯于写“（我）亲爱的＋名字”。比如，假若他叫Jonh Smith ，就该写： Dear/My dear John 。
对年长的朋友或熟人，习惯于写“亲爱的＋先生（太太，小姐）或博士（教授）＋姓”。比如，给你父亲的朋友Arthur Williams 的信，就该写出Dear Dr Williams 。不过，如果他平时喜欢别人对他直呼其名，也可以写Dear Arthur. 2018/9/20 67

对比你年长的家庭成员，习惯于写“亲爱的＋亲属关系的名称”。比如：Dear Father , Dear Aunt…… 等。
如果写信给一对夫妻，可写作某某 “先生和夫人”，如：Dear Mr. and Mrs. Paulsen（亲爱的鲍尔生先生和夫人）。有时也可写作Dear Dr. and Mrs. Paulsen（亲爱的鲍尔生博士和夫人）。如果两个收信人不是一家人，就对两发别称呼。如：Dear Mr. White and Miss Paulsen（亲爱的怀特先生和鲍尔生小姐）。

5. Body of a letter The body of a business letter typically has three paragraphs: · 1.introductory paragraph · 2.one or more body paragraphs 3.concluding paragraph

信的正文信的正文是信的主体，一般在称呼下一两行处开始写。最好一段一个内容，以便条例清楚。写正文也要考虑两个问题：
1. 写这封信的目的是什么？为达到此目的写什么内容。 2.措辞如何表达?

6. Complimentary Close Yours faithfully, (Faithfully yours,) Yours sincerely, (Yours very sincerely,) Yours truly, ( Very truly yours,) Capitalize only the first word in the complimentary close, and follow all phrases with a comma.

6. Complimentary Close（结束语) 结束语是写信人对收信人的谦称或对收信人表示敬意或客气的措辞，是有礼貌地结束一封信的方式。一般只占一行，位置在正文下一两行处，可以在信笺的正中写起，也可靠右写。第一个词的字母要大写，末尾加逗号。

7. Signature（签名） Company’s name Your signature typed signature (job title) ELECTRONICS LTD. Harold Jones manager

7. Signature（签名）是写信人的署名或是他所代表的单位的名称。署名要结束语下面偏右的地方。若已经用电脑打上了名字，习惯上仍需要亲笔签名。签名时如需要写上自己的头衔或职称，可将其写在签名的下一行。 LucyJones Professor of Chinese

Other Elements：（1） Enclosure（附件）
Enclosure refers to thing or things put in an envelope with a letter. It serves both as a check to the recipient of the letter that everything was actually enclosed and as a reminder to the letter writer of what was sent. The enclosure list is typed flush left（左对齐）, two spaces below the signature block. If more than one document is enclosed, list the number in parentheses （括号）. 2018/9/20 75

如果信函有附件，需在信笺的左下角注明，以便收信人查阅。如果附件不止一个，应写上是几个附件，以及什么附件。附件的缩写 Encl， Enc 或 Encls。

Examples: Sincerely yours, C. A. James Enclosures ：(7) Yours truly,
Encl. ：Application for Teacher Certification 2018/9/20 77

Enclosures : 1. Check for ＄240.00 2. Registration Form
Very truly yours, C. A. James Enclosures : Check for ＄240.00 2. Registration Form 2018/9/20 78

Other Elements：（2） Copy Notation（抄送）
The copy notation is used for saying copy is being sent to the person(s) mentioned. If the writer wants the recipient to know of distribution of copies of the letter, type Copy to and the name of the individual(s) flush left, two lines below all other notations. The abbreviation cc (carbon copy) may also be used. 如果本信函需要抄送他人阅览，则须注明抄送人的名称，例如： cc. Mr. David Schiller, Executing Manager 2018/9/20 79

List multiple recipients of copies alphabetically:.
Sincerely yours, C. A. James Copy to Mrs. Jones Golden Cordially, C. A. James Cc Ms. Vogel List multiple recipients of copies alphabetically:. Sincerely yours, C. A. James Cc: Ms. Gates Mr. Holmes Mr. Woods 2018/9/20 80

书信的其他事项 1.reference（编号）
信函的编号可用数字或字母表示，编号可以使此信与先前发出的信件联系起来，并确保该信即使送达确切的收信人或部门，如: Your ref. ALM/PS Our ref.2385 编号也可以写在复信的第一段，作为正文的一部分，如 Dear Sirs， Thank you for your letter, reference ALM/PS, of 6th september. 编号还可以写作信函的标题，如 Your Ref：ALM/PS

书信的其他事项 2. for the attention of （送呈…收启）
For the attention of Mr. Williams

Ex: Write in English the address of the central campus of Shandong University. 山东大学山东省济南市山大南路27# 邮编：250100 电话：（ 86）传真：（86）　

Campuses’ Address of SDU
Central Campus Shandong University 　 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan,Shandong P.R.China 　250100 Phone(International Office)：　　Fax：　

　Hongjialou Campus Shandong University
　Add:　5 Hongjialou, Jinan,P.R.China 　250100 2.Baotuquan Campus Shandong University 　Add:　44 West Wenhua Road Jinan, Shandong P. R. China 3.Qianfoshan Campus Shandong University 　Add:　73 Jingshi Road Jinan, Shandong P. R. China

Unit 4 English Letters.

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