Zhu Yaoyun Shandong University

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1 Zhu Yaoyun Shandong University
The Four Ages of Poetry Zhu Yaoyun Shandong University

2 An Introduction to English Poetry
Courtesy of Prof. Zhang University 1. What is poetry? A literary form Written in lines Compressed content Rich imagery Beautiful harmony Great artistic appeal

3 Peotry A literary form /Written in lines /Compressed content /Rich imagery Beautiful harmony /Great artistic appeal Painting is silent poetry，and poetry is a speaking picture.（Simonides, ancient Greek writer）画是无声的诗，诗是有声的画。（西蒙尼特斯） The poet has found the emotion, the emotion has found the word. （Wordsworth） Poetry comes nearer to vital truth than history. (Plato) 诗歌比历史更接近于事实真相。（柏拉图） A great poem is a fountain forever overflowing with the waters of wisdom and delight. (Shelley) 一首伟大的诗有如一座喷泉，不断地喷出智慧和快乐的泉水。（雪莱） Poetry is an art, which brings the whole soul of man into activity Coleridge

4 Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei
2. Kinds of Poetry Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei In terms of content : 1) Lyrical Poems（抒情诗） lyre (里拉) Songs（韵文) odes （颂诗） Elegy（挽诗） 2) Narrative Poems（叙事诗） Epics (史诗) ( heroic poems) ballads（民谣） Homer: Iliad《伊利亚特》; Odyssey《奥德赛》 3) Dramatic Poems（戏剧诗） Danti: Divine Comedy《神曲》 Milton: Paradise Lost 《失乐园》 usu. in dialogue; in blank verse

5 Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei
2. Kinds of Poetry Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei In terms of metre: 1) Metrical Poems（格律诗） Regular Rhyme; Regular Rhythm; Definite Number of Lines 2) Free Verse（自由诗） Irregular Rhyme and Rhythm; Irregular Number of Lines 3) Blank Verse（无韵诗） Without Rhyme ; With Rhythm

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3. Rhythm （节奏） Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are!

7 Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei
4. Foot（音步） 1) Iambus（抑扬格） or: Iambic Foot（抑扬音步） The sun is not abed when I At night u pon my pil low lie ( Iambic Tetrametre or foot Iambus) （四步抑扬格）

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4. Foot（音步） 1) Iambus（抑扬格） 2) Anapaest（抑抑扬格） or: Anapaestic Foot（抑抑扬音步） The stream will not flow, and the hill will not rise, And the co lours have all passed away from her eyes! ( Anapaestic Tetrametre or foot Anapaest) （四步抑抑扬格）

9 Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei
4. Foot（音步） 1) Iambus（抑扬格） 2) Anapaest（抑抑扬格） Or: Trochaic Foot（扬抑音步） 3) Trochee（扬抑格） Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei Shake your chains to earth like dew , Which in sleep had fallen on you ----- You are many they are few . (Trochaic Tetrametre or foot Trochee) （四步扬抑格）

10 Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei
4. Foot（音步） 1) Iambus（抑扬格） 2) Anapaest（抑抑扬格） 3) Trochee（扬抑格） 4) Dactyl（扬抑抑格） Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei or: Dactylic Foot（扬抑抑音步） a) Take her up tenderly , Lift her with care; b) This is a galloping measure a hop and a trot and a gallop ( Dactylic Bi-metre ) （两步抑抑格） ( Dactylic Hexametre or foot Dactyl ) （六步扬抑抑格）

11 Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei
4. Foot（音步） 1) Iambus（抑扬格） 2) Anapaest（抑抑扬格） 3) Trochee（扬抑格） 4) Dactyl（扬抑抑格） Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei 5) Amphibrach（抑扬抑格） 6) Spondee（扬扬格） 7) Pyrric（抑抑格） For the dear God who loveth us （抑抑格） （扬扬格） （抑扬抑格）

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5. Metre（格） Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei Mono-metre Bi-metre Tri-metre Tetrametre Pentametre Hexametre Heptametre Octametre

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6. Sound Patterns Alliteration （头韵） C V C C V C C V C C V C  take time Assonance （准韵） C V C C V C C V C C V C  take late C V C C V C C V C C V C Consonance （谐韵） take like C V C C V C C V C C V C  Para-rhyme （侧韵） take took Reverse-rhyme （逆韵） C V C C V C C V C C V C take tale C V C C V C C V C C V C Full rhyme （完全韵） take lake

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7. Alliteration: Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei phantom fathom ; psychology simple a) To give emphasis: might and main ; fit as a fiddle b) To connect ideas: Please pick up the pretty pink pills for pale people. c) To connect actions: The fighter fled into the field, and, foremost fighting , fell.

15 Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei
8. Rhyme: Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei Home foam ; chair there a) Internal rhyme: I am the daughter of the Earth and Water. (Shelley) We plough and sow---we’re so very, very low. (Ernest Jones) Ah, distinctly I remember it as in the bleak December. ( Poe )

16 Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei
b) Masculine Rhyme（阳韵）: If all be true that I do think. There are five reasons we should drink : Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei c) Feminine Rhyme（阴韵）: (1) What is fame? An empty bubble. Gold? A transient, shining trouble. (2) Rise like lions after slumber, In unvanguishable number. (3) Oh! ye immortal Gods! what is theogony? Oh! thou, too, mortal man! what is philanthropy?

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d) Monosyllabic Rhyme（单音节韵）: I / fly ; fool / rule ; write / fight ; again / remain /sustain e) Bi-syllabic Rhyme （双音节韵） : borrow / sorrow ; daughter /water ; conversation /compensation Roman / no man ; know it / show it f) Tri-syllabic Rhyme （三音节韵） : beautiful / dutiful ; think of it / drink of it e) Eye rhyme（眼韵）: Hour tour ; now know ; dear bear ; save have

18 courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei
9. Rhyme Scheme: 1) aabb（连续韵）: Work while you work, and play while you play, a For that is the way to be happy and gay a All that you do, do with your might, b Things done by halves are never done right b

19 Courtesy of Zhang Xiaomei
2) abab（交叉韵）: How do you like to go up in a swing a Up in the air so blue? b Oh, I do think it the pleasantest thing a Ever a child can do! b

20 3) abba（首尾韵）: I hold it true , whate’er befall ; a
I feel it when I sorrow most ; b ’Tis better to have loved and lost b Than never to have loved at all a

21 10. Stanza: 4) abcb（二四韵）: Spring is green, a Summer is bright, b
Autumn is gold , c Winter is white b 10. Stanza: A stanza is a group of lines ( of any number of lines, most frequently of four lines ) boud together by an end rhyme.

22 11. Sonnet: 1) Italian Sonnet（意大利体十四行诗） 2) Spenserian Sonnet（斯宾塞体十四行诗）
3) Shakespearian Sonnet（莎士比亚体十四行诗）

23 1) Italian Sonnet Francesco Petrach an octave + a sestet
The poetry of earth is never dead : a When all the birds are faint with the hot sun, b And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run b From hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead; a That is the Grasshopper’s --- he takes the lead a In summer luxury, he has never done b With his delights; for when tired out with fun b He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed a The poety of earth is ceasing never : c On a lone winter evening, when the frost d Has wrought a silence, from the stove there shrills e The Cricket’s song, in warmth increasing ever, c And seems to one in drowsiness half lost, d The Grasshopper’s among some grassy hills e

24 2) Spenserian Sonnet 3 quatrains + a couplet Edmund Spenser
Ye tradefull merchants, that with weary toyle a Do seeke nost pretious things to make your gain, b And both the Indians of their treasures spoile, a For loe my love doth in her selfe containe b For loe my love doth in her selfe containe b All this world’s riches that may farre be found c If saphyres, loe her eyes be saphyres plaine: b If rubies, loe her lips be rubies sound; c If pearls, her teeth be pearls both pure and round; c If yvorie, her forehead yvory weene; d If gold, her locks are finest gold on ground; c If silver, her fair hands are silver sheene d But that which fairest is, but few behold: e Her mind, adorned with vertues manifold e

25 3) Shakespearian Sonnet
3 quatrains + a couplet Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? a Thou art more lovely and more temperate b Rough winds do shake the darling buds of may, a And summer’s lease hath all too short a date b Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, c And often is his gold complexion dimm’d; d And every fair from fair sometime declines , c By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimm’d. d But thy eternal summer shall not fade, e Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st, f Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, e When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st f So long as man can breathe or eyes can see, g So long lives this, and this gives life to thee g

26 Metre: （ 五 步 抑 扬 格） Iambic Pentametre ( 5 - foot Iambus)
Shall I compare thee to a sum mer’s day a Thou art more love ly and more tem perate b Rough winds do shake the dar ling buds of may, a And sum mer’s lease hath all too short a date b Metre: Iambic Pentametre ( 5 - foot Iambus) （ 五 步 抑 扬 格）

27 Outline The Age of Iron The Age of Gold The Age of Silver
The Age of Brass Classical poetry Modern poetry (1820)

28 Beyond the Sea Peacock Beyond the sea, beyond the sea,（海那边，海那边，） My heart is gone, far, far from me;（我心已去，离我很远，很远；） And ever on its track will flee（顺着它逃逸的轨迹） My thoughts, my dreams, beyond the sea.（我的思索，我的梦想，去到海那边。） Beyond the sea, beyond the sea,（海那边，海那边，） The swallow wanders fast and free: （燕子在自由地飞旋：） Oh, happy bird! were I like thee,（哦，幸福的鸟儿！如果我是你，） I, too, would fly beyond the sea.（我，也要飞向海的那边。） Beyond the sea, beyond the sea,（海那边，海那边，） Are kindly hearts and social glee: （慷慨的心和相聚的欢喜：） But here for me they may not be;（属于我的并不在此地；） My heart is gone beyond the sea.（我的心早已去到了海的那边） (in Crotchet Castle, 1831)

29 Thomas Love Peacock (1785-1866)
His formal schooling in Greek, Latin, and French ended before he was 13, but throughout his life he read omnivorously in five languages. He coined maybe the longest word Osseocaynisanguineoviscericartilagininervomedullary (51 letters) in Headlong Halla A sympathizer of Neoclassicism an upholder of the ideals of the 18th-century Illustration, which in the 19th century derives towards a reverence for science and an optimistic confidence in the power of mankind to get rid of superstition.

30 Background of the Essay
In 1812 Peacock met Percy Bysshe Shelley ( ), who greatly inspired his writing. Later they were friendly antagonists. Peacock also became Shelley‘s literary executor [ɪgˈzekjətə(r)]执行者 after his death. Through Shelley he was drawn into a wider literary circle, but his knowledge of classical literature also helped the younger poet. Peacock's satirical essay on the value of poetry, The Four Ages of Poetry (1820), provoked Shelley's famous Defence of Poetry (written 1821, published 1840).

31 Background of the Essay
James Mill. Background of the Essay In the East India Company, Peacock's supervisor was the Scottish utilitarian philosopher and economist James Mill. Peacock succeeded him in 1836 to the responsible position of Examiner, retiring in 1856. Mill's famous son was John Stuart Mill; they both sought to ensure the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Their views also influenced Peacock's interest in social issues, exemplified in Four Ages of Poetry. 穆勒（John Stuart Mill）生为苏格兰历史学家、哲学家兼行政官员詹姆士·穆勒（James Mill）的儿子，是幸或不幸，至今见仁见智。他1806年出生于伦敦，未离即摇篮之时，已开始在父亲手中接受教育。以当时流行的浪漫主义标准视之，小穆勒可谓毫无童年。老穆勒显然认为年幼无碍艰深的学习。穆勒15岁读边沁著作（法文版），但更早几年就已进入这位伟人的谈话圈子。穆勒不曾打过板球，少年时代被逼着在功利主义伦理学、古典经济学上表现早熟的聪明，并且熟读历史。到了20岁，穆勒的书本学问大概已多过绝大多数人毕生所有。有人因此说穆勒的心智全是后天制造，或者，至少说他所受教育使他的心智过于容易受外在影响左右。穆勒的著作显示他的心智有非比寻常的开放（孔德的影响是最明显的例子），穆勒也在无意之中提示这一点：他诚实交待他思想论点的来源，并且希望世人知道，我们在穆勒名下读到的东西其实是他与妻子海丽特·泰勒（Harriet Taylor）合作的成果。然而这决不是说穆勒心灵开放而脑子空空。外来影响多，有人为所淹没，有人能容而大；此外，浪漫主义标榜不教而能、遗世独立的天才，颇失浮夸，有人却据此天才观念评断穆勒，说他的思想是二手思想，因此是二流的。 穆勒20岁那年，洒了观念史上最有名的一场眼泪，《自传》所述，今日读来，仍然很难不感动。穆勒是哭他错过的少年，还是哭他早年信奉的功利主义已不能作为人生圭臬，至今仍非完全清楚，不过，这场危机之后，穆勒将感情、感觉的教育与培养列为哲学激进主义（Philosophical Radicalism）的要务，勇敢努力将功利主义与麻木不仁的理性主义分开来。 23岁，穆勒随父亲进入东印度公司，任职至1858年退休。印度叛变（Indian Mutiny）平定之后，英国国内抗议囚犯所受待遇者不过数人，穆勒其一。穆勒单凭知识精力，即足为杰出的维多利亚人。当代所有思潮——浪漫主义、实证主义、政治经济学、选举权问题（包括妇女投票权）、节育、社会主义（穆勒对巴黎公社社员颇有宽厚之言），都在穆勒脑海会合。1865年至1868年，他担任国会议员，代表威斯敏斯特。论自由（On Liberty）1859年问世，海丽特·泰勒前一年去世，其时穆勒已是当代首屈一指的社会科学思想家，自由主义的导师。他1873年去世于阿维尼翁（Avignon），也在那里安葬。 注：约翰·穆勒即约翰·密尔，本文摘自《西方政治思想史》，作者〔美〕约翰·麦克里兰（J.S.McClelland），彭淮栋译，海南出版社，2003年第1版，第1次印刷。

32 Background of the Essay
Peacock's primary aim in writing his essay is a satirical one, and "the clichés of Romanticism do not escape him unscathed" (Adams 490). Peacock parodies the poetry of Wordsworth: he believes that Wordsworth's primitivistic ideals are a hoax and a perversion of the intellect; it is a false return to nature that Wordsworth effects. In fact, all modern poets are the same: While the historian and the philosopher are advancing in, and accelerating the progress of knowledge, the poet is wallowing in the rubbish of departed ignorance, and raking up the ashes of dead savages to find gewgaws and rattles for the grown babies of the age A poet in our times is a semibarbarian in a civilized community. (496).

33 Analysis of the Essay There is a certain contradiction in Peacock's idea of the four ages. On the one hand, he is confident that the age of poetry is well past; on the other he acknowledges that there have been two complete cycles, and that he is living (we are living) in the second brass age. There was one complete cycle starting with the Greeks and ending with the late Roman empire, and another one starting with the Middle Ages and ending now. But Peacock does not seem to believe that a new age of iron is imminent. That is, he seems to be supporting both a linear and a cyclical conception of history. This ambigous attitude towards history is also to be found in Dryden and later neoclassicals.

34 Analysis of the Essay Peacock's essay also represent the immediate link between the Classical doctrine of the four ages of mankind (golden, silver, iron, and bronze), the Viconian ideas about myth and metaphor and the positivist doctrine, soon to be advanced by Comte, of the three ages of mankind (theological, metaphysical, scientific). Like Comte, Peacock rejoices in the disappearance of the mists of the past and the oncoming of a rational future for mankind. The most curious thing about it all is that Peacock was a novelist and poet himself; but then his attitude as a writer is constantly ironic, cynical and contradictory.

35 Outline + Para 1 The Age of Iron The Age of Gold The Age of Silver
The Age of Brass Classical poetry Modern poetry (1820)

36 Para 2 The Age of Iron Bard—poet
Exploit 名/'eksplɔɪt/[usu. Plural]动 /ɪk'splɔɪt/ —N. a brave, exciting or interesting act 他在战争中的英勇行为后来被改编成一部电影。 His wartime exploits were later made into a film. Chief—the ruler of a tribe or person in charge Warrior-N-COUNT (尤指旧时的)勇士，武士  a fighter or soldier, especially one in former times who was very brave and experienced in fighting. Maxim['mæksɪm]-a short statement of a general truth, principle or rule for behaviour格言；基本原理；行为准则 Disguise [dɪs'gaɪz] 这表面是爱，其实是赤裸的欲望。 This is lust thinly disguised as love. Naked [ˈneɪkɪd] a --- fear / a – sword 出鞘的剑 Motto—a short sentence or phrase that expresses a belief or purpose座右铭；格言；箴言

37 P2 The Age of Iron meum[英]['mi:əm] pron.我的东西，我的
tuum[英]['tju:əm] pron.<拉>你的 Priest神父【pastor /minister/ clergyman牧师】 Dejected [dɪ‘dʒekt]-unhappy, disappointed or without hope失意的 depressed/dismay [dɪsˈmeɪ] Expectant—thinking that something pleasant/exciting is going to happen Assume- you imagine that it is true, sometimes wrongly Convenient- easy, or very useful or suitable for a particular purpose Appellation  [,æpə'leɪʃ(ə)n]—a name/title

38 P2 在诗的第一个时代，铁器时代，粗野的歌人，用震耳的旋律，歌颂更粗野的魁酋们的丰功伟业，
当时，人人都是战士，各式社会的最高实践箴言是：“保持我们所有的东西，夺取我们所能夺取。”，这箴言尚未以正义的名义和法律的形式装扮起来，而是刀光剑影的一句露骨格言，白刃相向就是meum et tuum(你我之间)一切问题的裁判和公断。 在那些日子，只有三种职业兴隆（除了时时都兴隆的祭司职业以外），那就是王者、盗贼、乞丐的职业： 乞丐多半是穷途落魄的王者，盗贼则多半是前途似锦的王者。向一个陌生者询问的第一个问题是：“你是乞丐还是盗贼?”陌生人回答，往往先冒充乞丐，等到方便时机，便证明他堪称为盗贼。

39 Para 2 补充 他站立在西方文学长河的源头上。他是诗人、哲学家、神学家、语言学家、社会学家、历史学家、地理学家、农林学家、工艺家、战争学家、杂家——用当代西方古典学者E.A.Havelock教授的话来说，是古代的百科全书。 至迟在苏格拉底生活的年代，他已是希腊民族的老师;在亚里士多德去世后的希腊化时期，只要提及诗人(ho poiētēs)，人们就知道指的是他。此人的作品是文艺复兴时期最畅销的书籍之一。 密尔顿酷爱他的作品，拉辛曾熟读他的史诗。歌德承认，此人的作品使他每天受到教益;雪莱认为，在表现真理、和谐、持续的宏伟形象和令人满意的完整性方面，此人的功力胜过莎士比亚。 他的作品，让我们援引当代文论家H.J.Rose教授的评价，“在一切方面为古希腊乃至欧洲文学”的发展定设了“一个合宜的”方向。这位古人是两部传世名著，即《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的作者， 他的名字叫荷马Homer 。 伊利亚特 (世界英雄史诗译丛)

40 伊利亚特Iliad Anger now be your song, immortal one, Akhilleus’ anger, doomed and ruinous, that caused the Akhaians loss on bitter loss and crowded brave souls into the undergloom, leaving so many dead men—carrion for dogs and birds; and the will of Zeus was done. Begin it when the two men first contending broke with one another—                                                                  the Lord Marshal Agamémnon, Atreus’ son, and Prince Akhilleus. Among the gods, who brought this quarrel on? The son of Zeus by Lêto.  Agamemnon angered him, so he made a burning wind of plague rise in the army: rank and file sicked and died for the ill their chief had done in despising a man of prayer. This priest, Khrysês, had come down to the ships with gifts, no end of ransom for his daughter; on a golden staff he carried the god’s white bands and sued for grace from the men of all Akhaía, the two Atreidai most of all:

41 伊利亚特Iliad   “O captains Meneláos and Agamémnon, and you other Akhaians under arms! The gods who hold Olympos, may they grant you plunder of Priam’s town and a fair wind home, but let me have my daughter back for ransom as you revere Apollo, son of Zeus!” Then all the soldiers murmured their assent: “Behave well to the priest.  And take the ransom!” But Agamémnon would not.  It went against his desire, and brutally he ordered the man away: “Let me not find you here by the long ships loitering this time or returning later; old man; if I do, the staff and ribbons of the god will fail you. Give up the girl?  I swear she will grow old at home in Argos, far from her own country, working my loom and visiting my bed. Leave me in peace and go, while you can, in safety.”

42 伊利亚特Iliad 歌唱吧，女神[1]！歌唱裴琉斯之子阿基琉斯的愤怒—— 他的暴怒招致了这场凶险的灾祸，给阿开亚人[2]带来了
●1. 女神：缪斯。 他的暴怒招致了这场凶险的灾祸，给阿开亚人[2]带来了 ●2. 阿开亚人：Akhaioi，古希腊人的一个主要部族，集居在塞萨利亚（Thess -alia）。墨塞奈（Messene）、阿耳戈斯（Argos）和伊萨凯（Ithake）等地。 “阿 开亚人”在此泛指希腊人。 受之不尽的苦难，将许多豪杰强健的魂魄 打入了哀地斯，而把他们的躯体，作为美食，扔给了 狗和兀鸟，从而实践了宙斯的意志， 从初时的一场争执开始，当事的双方是 阿特柔斯之子、民众的王者阿伽门农和卓越的阿基琉斯。 是哪位神祗挑起了二者间的这场争斗？ 是宙斯和莱托之子阿波罗，后者因阿特桑斯之子 侮辱了克鲁塞斯，他的祭司，而对这位王者大发其火。 他在兵群中降下可怕的瘟疫，吞噬众人的生命。 为了赎回女儿，克鲁塞斯曾身临阿开亚人的 快船，带着难以数计的财礼， 手握黄金节杖，杖上系着远射手 阿波罗的条带[3]，恳求所有的阿开亚人， ●3 条带：stemata，可能是一种羊毛织物（头带），绑在节杖上，作为通神的 标志。

43 伊利亚特Iliad 首先是阿特柔斯的两个儿子，军队的统帅： “阿特柔斯之子，其他胫甲坚固的阿开亚人！ 但愿家住俄林波斯的众神答应让你们洗劫
普里阿摩斯的城堡，然后平安地回返家园。 请你们接受赎礼，交还我的女儿，我的宝贝， 以示对宙斯之子、远射手阿波罗的崇爱。” 其他阿开亚人全都发出赞同的呼声， 表示应该尊重祭司，收下这份光灿灿的赎礼； 然而，此事却没有给阿特柔斯之子阿伽门农带来愉悦， 他用严厉的命令粗暴地赶走了老人： “老家伙，不要再让我见到你的出现，在这深旷的海船边！ 现在不许倘留，以后也不要再来—— 否则，你的节杖和神的条带将不再为你保平信安！ 我不会交还这位姑娘；在此之前，岁月会把她磨得人老珠黄， 在远离故乡的阿耳戈斯，我的房居， 她将往返穿梭，和布机作伴，随我同床！ 走吧，不要惹我生气，也好保住你的性命！” 他如此一顿咒骂，老人心里害怕，不敢抗违。 他默默地行进在涛声震响的滩沿， 走出一段路后，开始一次又一次地向王者 阿波罗、美发菜托的儿子祈愿： “听我说，卫护克鲁塞和神圣的基拉的银弓

44 P3 The Age of Iron Engrossed— absorbed: be –ed in/by/with….
她看书看得太入迷了，都忘了烤箱里的蛋糕了。 She was so engrossed by/in the book that she forgot the cakes in the oven. Be accompanied by Disseminate—to spread or give out something, esp. news, info, etc. to a lot of people散布；传播- -knowledge Possession-the things that you own or have with you at a particular time. Duly—in the correct way or at the correct time; as expected:恰当地；适时地；应当地: He knew he had been wrong, and duly apologized. Commodity- something that is sold for money. In proportion to 按...的比例

45 P3 每个人的自然欲望，是把他所能获得的权势和财产，尽量独占为己有，不择手段，强权就是公理；加上一个同样自然的欲望，那就是让尽可能多的人知道，他在这个普遍追求中夺得多少东西。成功的武士变成魁酋，成功的魁酋转成王者：他接着便需要一个工具来宣扬他的功业的名声和财富的多寡。这个工具他在歌人身上找到了，歌人事前在他的美力充分感发之下，是随时准备歌颂他的武力的。 这就是诗的起源：诗，正如其他职业那样，是因有这种商品的需求而兴起，按照市场范围的扩大而繁荣的。

46 P4 Panegyrical [pænə'dʒɪrɪkəl] 颂文；颂词 Tumid [‘tju:mɪd] adj. 肿胀的；浮夸的
strain -a particular quality in someone's character, remarks, or work. 气质；特性；风格；作风 他的声音听起来有些愤愤不平。 There was a strain of bitterness in his voice. Hyperbole [haɪˈpɜ:bəli] 夸张法；夸张词 Eminent- famous, respected or important

47 P4 所以，诗在起源时是歌功颂德的。 各民族最早的粗野诗歌，好像是一种简要的历史介绍，用臃肿浮夸的调子，颂扬一些杰出人物的功绩和财产。

48 P4 Original They tell us how many battles such an one has fought, how many helmets he has cleft劈开, how many breastplates he has pierced, how many widows he has made, how much land he has appropriated(侵吞), how many houses he has demolished for other people, what a large one he has built for himself, how much gold he has stowed away in it, and how liberally and plentifully he pays, feeds, and intoxicates(使欣喜若狂) the divine and immortal bards, the sons of Jupiter(维纳斯和战神同是Jupiter的女儿和儿子), but for whose everlasting songs the names of heroes would perish.

49 P4 Original This is the first stage of poetry before the invention of written letters. The numerical modulation is at once useful as a help to memory, and pleasant to the ears of uncultured men, who are easily caught by sound: and from the exceeding flexibility of the yet unformed language, the poet does no violence to his ideas in subjecting them to the fetters of number. The savage indeed lisps in numbers, and all rude and uncivilized people express themselves in the manner which we call poetical.

50 P4 Original The scenery by which he is surrounded, and the superstitions which are the creed of his age, form the poet's mind. Rocks, mountains, seas, unsubdued forests, unnavigable rivers, surround him with forms of power and mystery, which ignorance and fear have peopled with spirits, under multifarious names of gods, goddesses, nymphs, genii, and daemons. Of all these personages marvellous tales are in existence: the nymphs are not indifferent to handsome young men, and the gentlemen-genii are much troubled and very troublesome with a propensity to be rude to pretty maidens: the bard therefore finds no difficulty in tracing the genealogy of his chief to any of the deities in his neighbourhood with whom the said chief may be most desirous of claiming relationship.

51 P4 Original  In this pursuit, as in all others, some of course will attain a very marked pre-eminence; and these will be held in high honour, like Demodocus in the Odyssey, and will be consequently inflated with boundless vanity, like Thamyris in the Iliad.  Poets are as yet the only historians and chroniclers of their time, and the sole depositories of all the knowledge of their age; and though this knowledge is rather a crude congeries of traditional phantasies than a collection of useful truths, yet, such as it is, they have it to themselves. In the Odyssey by Homer, Demodocus[ Demodokos) is a poet who often visits the court of Alcinous, king of the Phaeacians on the island of Scherie. During Odysseus' stay on Scherie, Demodocus performs three narrative songs. Thamyris夸口说自己的歌技赛过缪斯,众神惩罚了Thamyris的狂妄,他们剥夺了他的视力和喉咙。

52 Demodocus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodocus_(Odyssey_character)

53 P4 Original They are observing and thinking, while others are robbing and fighting: and though their object be nothing more than to secure a share of the spoil, yet they accomplish this end by intellectual, not by physical, power: their success excites emulation to the attainment of intellectual eminence: thus they sharpen their own wits and awaken those of others, at the same time that they gratify vanity and amuse curiosity.

54 P4 Original A skilful display of the little knowledge they have gains them credit for the possession of much more which they have not. Their familiarity with the secret history of gods and genii obtains for them, without much difficulty, the reputation of inspiration; thus they are not only historians but theologians, moralists, and legislators: delivering their oracles ex cathedra, and being indeed often themselves (as Orpheus and Amphion) regarded as portions and emanations of divinity: building cities with a song, and leading brutes with a symphony; which are only metaphors for the faculty of leading multitudes by the nose.

55 P5 Para. 5 Question 3. Are there any relations between the golden age and the iron age? If yes, what are the details? Yes, there is. The golden age of poetry finds its materials in the age of iron. Question 4. For what reasons did the people think the power and influence of gods and genii were diminished during the golden age? In the golden age, Men have more chances to search the truth and make full use of the observation. Hence, they perceive that the agency of gods and genii is not so frequent among themselves.

56 P5 The Golden Age Retrospective[ˌretrəˈspektɪv] feelings or opinions concern things that happened in the past回顾的；回想的  a retrospective exhibition i polity -an organized society, such as a nation, city, or church, together with its government and administration 政治组织；国家组织；政体 民主实体中宗教信仰的作用 ..the role of religious belief in a democratic polity. Avail [əˈveɪl] to be of use or value to; profit; advantage: All our efforts availed us little in trying to effect a change. avail oneself of, to make use of to one'sadvantage availen, from vailen, from Old French valoir,from Latin valēre to be strong, prevail

57 P5 The Golden Age Aggrandize- make them seem richer, more powerful, and more important than they really are. At the dinner table, my father would go on and on, showing off, aggrandising himself... 我父亲在餐桌上总是滔滔不绝地炫耀并吹嘘自己。 Institution— An institution is a large important organization such as a university, church, or bank.-- financial institutions.机构 An institution is a custom or system that is considered an important or typical feature of a particular society or group, usually because it has existed for a long time. the institution of marriage.制度，机制

58 P5 The Golden Age Hereditary[həˈredɪtri]遗传的；世袭的； Succession—
1. A succession of things of the same kind is a number of them that exist or happen one after the other.  2.继承；继任；She is now seventh in line of succession to the throne. In the light of… 他根据最近的事态发展重新考虑自己的方针。 He reviewed his policy in the light of recent developments.

59 P5 The Golden Age Perceive Agency力量; 代理；机构
Genni-n.鬼，（用魔法召来的）魔仆；（阿拉伯神话故事中的）神怪，妖怪( genie的名词复数 )；（形容将对人们的生活造成永久性的、尤指负面影响的事件已经发生）妖怪已经放出魔瓶了；天才( genius的名词复数 )；天赋；天才人物；（特别的）才能 They had  the most astonishing picture books: all about  dwarfs and giants and genii and fairies and blue-bears and beanstalks 。。他们有着充满了最令人惊奇的图画的书籍，都是关于弯刀、拖鞋和头巾，矮子和巨人，鬼怪和神仙，蓝胡子和豆茎， 。

60 P5 The Golden Age Diminish-becomes reduced in size, importance, or intensity. 联邦制旨在削弱中央政府的权力 Federalism is intended to diminish the power of the central state... Apparently Familiarity Deduce two conclusions-- you reach that conclusion because of other things that you know to be true.推论；推断；演绎 艾莉森已经聪明地推断出那封信就是我写的 Alison had cleverly deduced that I was the author of the letter.

61 P5 The Golden Age Degenerate- become worse 恶化；变糟；衰退；堕落
In favor with--得…宠爱，受…鼓励 He licked the dust in order to curry favor with the political boss. 他卑躬屈膝，为的是讨好政治老板。 Petty- 1. things such as problems, rules, or arguments which you think are unimportant or relate to unimportant things.微不足道的；不重要的 ...endless rules and petty regulations... 2. people or actions that are less important, serious, or great than others.下级的；次要的；小规模的 抢手提包和入室盗窃等轻罪 ...petty crime, such as handbag-snatching and minor break-ins.

62 P5 The Golden Age Acquire stability
Prosperity-a condition in which a person or community is doing well financially. .Japan's economic prosperity. Magnify Vt. 1.-increase its effect, size, loudness, or intensity加强；加大 Poverty and human folly愚昧magnify natural disasters... 2. make it seem more important or serious than it really is.夸大；夸张 他们不去把握大局，而是在细枝末节上花费时间大做文章。 They do not grasp the broad situation and spend their time magnifying ridiculous details...

63 P5 The Golden Age Through the mists of tradition薄雾 At his elbow
他随身带了个持枪保镖。He carried a gunman at his elbow. The man is very interested in cooking and always has a lot of cookery books at his elbow. Traditionary adj.世袭，传统的，惯例的 Contradict Tutelary['tju:tɪlərɪ] adj.守护的；监护的；保护的；守护人的 我们居住的地方不再有忧虑和不信任的阴影笼罩，只有仁慈的守护神保卫我们。 The gloomy family of care and distrust shall be banished from our dwelling, guarded by the kind and tutelary deity. Deity[ˈdeɪəti]  a god or goddess.

64 P5 The Golden Age Invariable The nucleus of- the central part of it
Descent / ancestor Summit[ˈsʌmɪt] the top of a mountainn.顶点；高层会议；最高阶层 Accumulation[əˌkju:mjə'leɪʃn]  a large number of things which have been collected together or acquired over a period of time; the collecting together of things over a period of time. ...an accumulation of experience and knowledge. the accumulation of capital  Superinduce [ˌsju:pərɪn‘dju:s] to bring in or induce as an added feature,circumstance, etc.; superimpose:增添 他那和处境并发的精神状态，加大了他和他的合伙人之间的裂痕。 The very state of his mind, superinduced by his condition, caused the breach to widen between him and his partner.

65 P5 5 诗的黄金时代取材于铁器时代。这个时代开始之时，诗便开始回顾往事，一种类似扩大的国家行政体系的制度已经建立起来，个人的力量和勇敢已经不足以扩张武人勇士的势力，不足以使帝王废立和国家兴亡了，有组织的人群，社会的制度，世袭的继承等等，将予以抑制。人们也更多生活在真理光辉之中，交换着观察成果，从而看出了鬼神的作用不是那么经常在他们之间发生，从古代诗歌和传说看来好像经常在他们祖先之间发生似的。

66 P5 由于个人权利的真正消弱和对于鬼神的明显疏远这两种情况，他们便很容易自然而然的推出两个结论：第一，人类堕落了；第二，人们失宠于神灵。小城池和移民地，现在已经巩固而形成，它们的起源和早期繁荣是归功于某一个领袖的才能和勇武的，当地的居民便在遥远创说的云雾中夸大了它们的创立者，设想他之所以创造奇迹是有神灵或女神常在他左右。他们在唯一可纪念的传统诗歌中，看到他的名声和功绩就是这样被夸张和渲染的。

67 P5-6 An extra original para
When tradition, thus adorned and exaggerated, has surrounded the founders of families and states with so much adventitious power and magnificence, there is no praise which a living poet can, without fear of being kicked for clumsy flattery, address to a living chief, that will not still leave the impression that the latter is not so great a man as his ancestors. The man must in this case be praised through his ancestors. Their greatness must be established, and he must be shown to be their worthy descendant. All the people of a state are interested in the founder of their state. All states that have harmonized into a common form of society, are interested in their respective founders. All men are interested in their ancestors. All men love to look back into the days that are past.

68 P5-6 An extra original para
In these circumstances traditional national poetry is reconstructed and brought like chaos into order and form. The interest is more universal: understanding is enlarged: passion still has scope and play: character is still various and strong: nature is still unsubdued and existing in all her beauty and magnificence, and men are not yet excluded from her observation by the magnitude of cities or the daily confinement of civic life: poetry is more an art: it requires greater skill in numbers, greater command of language, more extensive and various knowledge, and greater comprehensiveness of mind.

69 P5-6 An extra original para
It still exists without rivals in any other department of literature; and even the arts, painting and sculpture certainly, and music probably, are comparatively rude and imperfect. The whole field of intellect is its own. It has no rivals in history, nor in philosophy, nor in science. It is cultivated by the greatest intellects of the age, and listened to by all the rest. This is the age of Homer, the golden age of poetry. Poetry has now attained its perfection: it has attained the point which it cannot pass: genius therefore seeks new forms for the treatment of the same subjects: hence the lyric poetry of Pindar（品达, 希腊抒情诗人） and Alcaeus, and the tragic poetry of Aeschylus 埃斯库罗斯, 《被缚的普罗米修斯》、《阿伽门农》 and Sophocles索福克勒斯《安提戈涅》 ，《俄狄浦斯王》. 品达（希腊抒情诗人） 埃斯库罗斯（Αισχυλος） 公元前525年出生于希腊阿提卡的埃琉西斯。他是古希腊悲剧诗人，与索福克勒斯和欧里庇得斯一起被称为是古希腊最伟大的悲剧作家，有“悲剧之父”、“有强烈倾向的诗人”的美誉。代表作有《被缚的普罗米修斯》、《阿伽门农》、《善好者》(或称《复仇女神》) 等。 《阿伽门农》 埃斯库罗斯另一个出色的悲剧是 《阿伽门农》。阿伽门农是远征特洛伊的希腊联军的统帅，远征军集中的时候，海上突然起逆风，船只无法开航。阿伽门农因此把他的女儿伊菲格湿亚杀来祭女猎神阿尔忒弥斯，以平息神怒而获顺风。该剧写阿伽门农胜利归来，被他的妻子克吕泰墨斯特拉和她的姘夫埃吉斯托谋杀的故事。第二部 《奠酒人》写阿伽门农的儿子俄瑞斯忒斯长大后杀死自己的母亲，为父报仇，受到复仇女神的迫害。第三部《厄默尼德》写雅典城邦的庇护神雅典娜创立阿雷奥帕格法庭，审理复仇女神对俄瑞斯忒斯的控诉，宣判俄瑞斯忒斯无罪。以上构成了《俄瑞斯忒斯》三部曲。描写父权制对母权制的胜利，埃斯库罗斯在这个三部曲中，鲜明地表达了自己的政治观点。他提出实行民主，赞美雅典的城邦民主制，主张对罪犯进行审讯，考虑他杀人动机来处理。从此，法律裁判代替了家族仇杀，人类社会开始由野蛮进入文明，这就是这个三部曲的乐观结论 索福克勒斯早年就盛名远扬，在戏剧竞赛中总能获得胜利，自从公元前468年在戏剧比赛中赢了埃斯库罗斯，到72岁后败给欧里庇得斯，其间罕有人能与之匹敌。据说，在索福克勒斯的坟头上，立了一个善于唱歌的人头鸟雕像，这是人们对他在戏剧方面伟大成就的肯定。他的一生大抵是平静而成功的。阿里斯托芬曾称赞他“生前完满，身后无憾。”。

70 one of his Victory Odes:[5] Creatures for a day!
Pindar one of his Victory Odes:[5] Creatures for a day! What is a man? What is he not? A dream of a shadow Is our mortal being. But when there comes to men A gleam of splendour given of heaven, Then rests on them a light of glory And blessed are their days. (Pythian 8)[6][7]

71 Homer 索福克勒斯 希罗多德塑像 修昔底德
古希腊盲诗人，通译为荷马。生平和生卒年月不可考。相传记述公元前12～前11世纪特洛伊战争及有关海上冒险故事的古希腊长篇叙事史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，即是他根据民间流传的短歌综合编写而成。据此，他生活的年代，当在公元前10～前9、8世纪之间。 荷马史诗是《伊利亚特》与《奥德赛》的合称。荷马史诗被称为欧洲文学的老祖宗，是西方古代文艺技巧高度发展的结晶。三千多年来，许多学者研究这两部史诗，单就研究结果印成的书，就可以自成一个小图书馆。荷马史诗写的是公元前12世纪希腊攻打特洛伊城以及战后的故事。史诗的形成和记录，几乎经历了奴隶制形成的全过程。特洛伊战争结束后，在小亚细亚一带就有许多歌颂战争英雄的短歌流传，这些短歌的流传过程中，又同神的故事融合在一起，增强了这次战争英雄人物的神话色彩。经过荷马的整理，至公元前8世纪和7世纪，逐渐定型成为一部宏大的战争传说，在公元前6世纪的时候才正式以文字的形式记录下来。到公元前3世纪和2世纪，又经亚里山大里亚学者编订，各部为24卷。这部书的形成经历了几个世纪，掺杂了各个时代的历史因素，可以看成是古代希腊人的全民性创作。

72 P5-6 An extra original para
The favour of kings, the honour of the Olympic crown, the applause of present multitudes, all that can feed vanity and stimulate rivalry, await the successful cultivator of this art, till its forms become exhausted, and new rivals arise around it in new fields of literature, which gradually acquire more influence as, with the progress of reason and civilization, facts become more interesting than fiction: indeed the maturity of poetry may be considered the infancy of history.

73 P5-6 An extra original para
The transition from Homer to Herodotus希罗多德《历史》 is scarcely more remarkable than that from Herodotus to Thucydides修昔底德, 《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》 : in the gradual dereliction of fabulous incident and ornamented language, Herodotus is as much a poet in relation to Thucydides as Homer is in relation to Herodotus. The history of Herodotusis half a poem: it was written while the whole field of literature yet belonged to the Muses, and the nine books of which it was composed were therefore of right, as well as of courtesy, superinscribed with their nine names. 所著《历史》一书,共9卷。1～5卷第28章，叙述西亚、北非及希腊诸地区之历史、地理及民族习俗、风土人情。第5卷第29章起，主要叙述波斯人和希腊人在公元前478年以前数十年间的战争。书名和分卷方法均出自希腊化时代的学者之手。该书也是一部文学作品，书中众多人物性格鲜明，语言生动，亦作《希腊波斯战争史》。在古罗马时代,希罗多德就被誉为“历史之父”。[3] 《希腊波斯战争史》 这部著作最初发表于公元前相关书籍 430年前后，原先并不分卷。后来亚力山大城的校注家们把它分成9卷，每卷都有一个明显的主题，并且分别以希腊神话中的9位缪司（即分管各门艺术的女神）的名字作为各卷的标题。[4]  他相信人世间的一切确实都由一个超自然的主宰力量操纵着，相信神的启示及其发出的各种预兆，相信奇迹、预言、幻象、梦兆、占卜等等。他在书中提到征兆的地方多达35处。  

74 P6 The Golden Age Speculation the contemplation or consideration of some subject: to engage in speculation on humanity's ultimate destiny. 我已经在《现代物理评论》上发表了自己对宇宙未来的猜测。 I had published my speculations about the future of the universe in the Review of Modern Physics. Inanimate[ɪnˈænɪmət] 1. not animate; lifeless. 2.spiritless; sluggish; dull. Leda Io Draw off--draw off, to move back or away.

75 P6 The Golden Age- Leda LEDA勒达<希神><罗神>
a daughter of Thestios, King of Pleuron a queen of Sparta斯巴达, the wife of King Tyndareus, seduced byZeus in the guise of the swan Mother of Dioskouroi and Helene

76 P6 The Golden Age - Leda There were several versions of the parentage of her children. Some say she laid an egg from which were hatched the Dioskouroi twins, Kastor and Polydeukes, both sons of Zeus. Others that she laid two eggs, each of which contained one child of the god--Polydeukes in one and Helene in the other--and one child sired by her mortal husband--namely, Kastor and Klytaimnestra. Yet others relate that the second egg, containing just Helene, was delivered to Leda by the goddess Nemesis who had lain with Zeus in the guise of a goose.

77 P6 The Golden Age- Io 一个“小三” 的一生
Princess of Argos.  Zeus  Hera  white heifer. hundred-eyed giant Argos Panoptes Hermes  Peacock gadfly wander miles across the expanse of Europe and Asia.  Prometheus  Epaphus Heracles  naiad[英][ˈnaɪæd] n.水中的仙女，女游泳家 nymph[英][nɪmf] n.仙女；幼虫In Greek and Roman mythology, nymphs were spirits of nature who appeared as young women. Argive[英][ˈɑ:ɡaiv] adj.（希腊东南古城）阿哥斯市的，希腊的 n.（希腊东南古城）阿哥斯人，希腊人 [ˈhefə(r)] （未生育过的）小母牛A heifer is a young cow that has not yet had a calf.  the kingdom of argos阿戈斯国 gadfly[英][ˈgædflaɪn.牛虻 Io as a heifer & Hermes slaying Argus, Athenian red figure vase C5th B.C., Kunsthistoriche Museum, Vienna

78 P6 The Golden Age-- Io Princess of Argos. Zeus fell in love with Io and seduced her. To try to keep Hera from noticing he covered the world with a thick blanket of clouds. This backfired, arousing Hera's suspicions. She came down from Mount Olympus and began dispersing the clouds. Zeus did some quick thinking and changed Io's form from being a lovely maiden. So as the clouds dispersed Hera found Zeus standing next to a white heifer. He then swore that he had never seen the cow before, it had just sprang right out of the earth. Seeing right through this Hera complemented the cow and asked to have it as a present. As turning such a reasonable request down would have given the whole thing away, Zeus presented her with the cow.

79 P6 The Golden Age-- Io She sent the cow away and arranged Argus Panoptes to watch over it. Since Argus had a hundred eyes and could have some of them sleep while others were awake he made a fine watchman. Desperate, Zeus sent Hermes to fetch Io. Disguised as a Shepard, Hermes had to employ all his skill as a musician and story teller to gain Argus confidence and lull him to sleep. Once asleep Hermes killed Argus. As a memorial, Hera took his eyes and set them into the tail of her favorite bird, the peacock.

80 P6 The Golden Age-- Io While Io was now free Hera sent the mother of all gad-flys to sting the still bovine Io. The ghost of Argus pursued her as well. This pushed her near madness, trying to escape she wandered the world. During her wanders she came across Prometheus while chained. He gave her hope. He predicted that she would have to wander for many years. But, she would eventually be changed back into human form and would bear a child. He predicted that a descendent of this child would be a great hero and set him free.

81 P6 The Golden Age-- Io His predictions came true. During her wanderings many geographical features were named after her including the Ionian Sea, and the Bosphorus (which means ford of the cow). She eventually reached the Nile where Zeus did restore her to human form. She bore Epaphus and eleven generations later her descendant Heracles would set Prometheus free.

82 P6 The Golden Age-- Io Hermes, Io (as cow) and Argus, black-figure amphora, 540–530 BC, Staatliche Antikensammlungen(Inv. 585)

83 P6 The Golden Age-- Io

84 P6 关于他的一切传说尽在他的性格之中，这是无可驳斥的。其人其事及其守护神灵，便混淆起来，合成一成不变的联想。神奇的事迹也很像一个雪球，它越滚下来便越增大，直到它在开始从山顶滚下来时所仅有的一点史实的核心，尽埋没在增益浮夸的积聚之中。 缪灵珠 译

85 Online Reading: Thomas Love Peacock
NOVELS Crotchet Castle  Gryll Grange Ch. I – XIII, XV, & XVII. (other chapters will be available soon.)  Headlong Hall  Maid Marian  Melincourt Ch. I – III, & XXI (other chapters will be available soon.)  The Misfortunes of Elphin  Nightmare Abbey VERSE "The Legend of Saint Laura" from Gryll Grange  The Monks of St. Mark  poems from Melincourt  The Round Table; or, King Arthur's Feast  Palmyra [1st edition]  Palmyra [2nd edition]  shorter poems  Sir Hornbook; or, Childe Launcelot's Expedition  Sir Proteus

86 Online Reading: Thomas Love Peacock
OTHER WORKS Calidore—an unfinished novel  The Dilettanti will be available here soon  The Four Ages of Poetry  The Last Day of Windsor Forest  Prospectus: Classical Education  Recollections of Childhood: The Abbey House  Satyrane—an unfinished novel  The Three Doctors

87 Online Reading: Thomas Love Peacock
LINKS, MISCELLANEA, &c.links:- essays by various writers, 19th C. & Romantic Literature sites, Arthurian sites, On-line Text sites &c. The Later Latin Society T. L. Peacock forum (moderated by Informal.)

88 Iron age of modern poetry
the Gospel The founders of the new line of heroes took the place of the demi-gods of Grecian poetry. Charlemagne[查理曼大帝ˈʃɑ:ləˈmein] and his Paladins, Arthur and his knights of the round table, the heroes of the iron age of chivalrous poetry, were seen through the same magnifying mist of distance, and their exploits were celebrated with even more extravagant hyperbole. 查理曼大帝ˈʃɑ:ləˈmein

89 King Arthur and the Half-Man
by: Arthur Guiterman ( ) The summer day was long and hot; King Arthur rode from Camelot; And worn with court-craft, sought repose Among the groves where Ivel flows. There, whiles he lay in shadows dim, A wondrous sight appeared to him.

90 A shadow drifted toward the king-- A clouded, human-seeming thing, A futile, fleeting, feeble shape With listless arms and mouth agape, Devoid of purpose, force or will-- The foolish half-man, Keudawd Pwyll,

91 That quavered out in plaintive key: "Great king, arise, and strive with me!" Loud laughed the champion, "Ho! ho! ho! Shall Arthur strive with such a foe?" The form that seemed of vapor spun Waxed huge and black against the sun, Of goodly girth and ample height, A burly carl of brawn and might That voiced a challenge bold and free: "Arise, O man, and strive with me!"

92 Still paltered Arthur. "Nay. " he said. "What need of strife
Still paltered Arthur. "Nay!" he said. "What need of strife? My hardihead "Is proved and known; and peace is best In summer's glow. So let me rest!" Gigantic swelled that gruesome form, His head a cliff, his brows a storm; All ruth, all guile he cast away; He spurned the monarch where he lay And bellowed forth in evil glee: "Thou fool! Arise and strive with me!"

93 Then Arthur rose for very shame
Then Arthur rose for very shame. He grappled, strove, and overcame; But deep it made his heart to groan Before that wight was overthrown; And sore he taxed his vaulted strength Before the giant lay his length! So panted Arthur: "Aye! forsooth, He called me 'Fool'--and spoke the truth.

94 "Yea, 'fool!' to scorn a feeble foe While false indulgence made him grow!" Boast not thy strength. Make no delay. That foeman waxes day by day. Strike swift! let cravens flinch or flee If Half-Man Habit challenge thee!

95 Golden age of modern poetry
Ariosto亚理奥斯多 (Orlando furioso)《奥兰都的疯狂》 Shakespeare

96 Between the ages of gold and silver
  The greatest of English poets, Milton, may be said to stand alone between the ages of gold and silver, combining the excellencies of both; for with all the energy, and power, and freshness of the first, he united all the studied and elaborate magnificence of the second.